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#' Encode Categorical Missing Values in a Data Frame
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is a helper function to encode missing entries across groups of categorical
#' variables in a data frame.
#'
#' @details Missing entries are those with `NA` or empty strings and will
#'   be replaced with a specified value. If factor variables include missing
#'   values, the missing value will be inserted as the last level.
#'   Similarly, in case character or logical variables should be converted to factors
#'   with the `char_as_factor` or `logical_as_factor` options, the missing values will
#'   be set as the last level.
#'
#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr data set.
#' @param omit_columns (`character`)\cr names of variables from `data` that should
#'   not be modified by this function.
#' @param char_as_factor (`flag`)\cr whether to convert character variables
#'   in `data` to factors.
#' @param logical_as_factor (`flag`)\cr whether to convert logical variables
#'   in `data` to factors.
#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr used to replace all `NA` or empty
#'   values inside non-`omit_columns` columns.
#'
#' @return A `data.frame` with the chosen modifications applied.
#'
#' @seealso [sas_na()] and [explicit_na()] for other missing data helper functions.
#'
#' @examples
#' my_data <- data.frame(
#'   u = c(TRUE, FALSE, NA, TRUE),
#'   v = factor(c("A", NA, NA, NA), levels = c("Z", "A")),
#'   w = c("A", "B", NA, "C"),
#'   x = c("D", "E", "F", NA),
#'   y = c("G", "H", "I", ""),
#'   z = c(1, 2, 3, 4),
#'   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
#' )
#'
#' # Example 1
#' # Encode missing values in all character or factor columns.
#' df_explicit_na(my_data)
#' # Also convert logical columns to factor columns.
#' df_explicit_na(my_data, logical_as_factor = TRUE)
#' # Encode missing values in a subset of columns.
#' df_explicit_na(my_data, omit_columns = c("x", "y"))
#'
#' # Example 2
#' # Here we purposefully convert all `M` values to `NA` in the `SEX` variable.
#' # After running `df_explicit_na` the `NA` values are encoded as `<Missing>` but they are not
#' # included when generating `rtables`.
#' adsl <- tern_ex_adsl
#' adsl$SEX[adsl$SEX == "M"] <- NA
#' adsl <- df_explicit_na(adsl)
#'
#' # If you want the `Na` values to be displayed in the table use the `na_level` argument.
#' adsl <- tern_ex_adsl
#' adsl$SEX[adsl$SEX == "M"] <- NA
#' adsl <- df_explicit_na(adsl, na_level = "Missing Values")
#'
#' # Example 3
#' # Numeric variables that have missing values are not altered. This means that any `NA` value in
#' # a numeric variable will not be included in the summary statistics, nor will they be included
#' # in the denominator value for calculating the percent values.
#' adsl <- tern_ex_adsl
#' adsl$AGE[adsl$AGE < 30] <- NA
#' adsl <- df_explicit_na(adsl)
#'
#' @export
df_explicit_na <- function(data,
                           omit_columns = NULL,
                           char_as_factor = TRUE,
                           logical_as_factor = FALSE,
                           na_level = "<Missing>") {
  checkmate::assert_character(omit_columns, null.ok = TRUE, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(data)
  checkmate::assert_flag(char_as_factor)
  checkmate::assert_flag(logical_as_factor)
  checkmate::assert_string(na_level)

  target_vars <- if (is.null(omit_columns)) {
    names(data)
  } else {
    setdiff(names(data), omit_columns) # May have duplicates.
  }
  if (length(target_vars) == 0) {
    return(data)
  }

  l_target_vars <- split(target_vars, target_vars)

  # Makes sure target_vars exist in data and names are not duplicated.
  assert_df_with_variables(data, l_target_vars)

  for (x in target_vars) {
    xi <- data[[x]]
    xi_label <- obj_label(xi)

    # Determine whether to convert character or logical input.
    do_char_conversion <- is.character(xi) && char_as_factor
    do_logical_conversion <- is.logical(xi) && logical_as_factor

    # Pre-convert logical to character to deal correctly with replacing NA
    # values below.
    if (do_logical_conversion) {
      xi <- as.character(xi)
    }

    if (is.factor(xi) || is.character(xi)) {
      # Handle empty strings and NA values.
      xi <- explicit_na(sas_na(xi), label = na_level)

      # Convert to factors if requested for the original type,
      # set na_level as the last value.
      if (do_char_conversion || do_logical_conversion) {
        levels_xi <- setdiff(sort(unique(xi)), na_level)
        if (na_level %in% unique(xi)) {
          levels_xi <- c(levels_xi, na_level)
        }

        xi <- factor(xi, levels = levels_xi)
      }

      data[, x] <- formatters::with_label(xi, label = xi_label)
    }
  }
  return(data)
}

#' Odds Ratio Estimation
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Compares bivariate responses between two groups in terms of odds ratios
#' along with a confidence interval.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @details This function uses either logistic regression for unstratified
#'   analyses, or conditional logistic regression for stratified analyses.
#'   The Wald confidence interval with the specified confidence level is
#'   calculated.
#'
#' @note For stratified analyses, there is currently no implementation for conditional
#'   likelihood confidence intervals, therefore the likelihood confidence interval is not
#'   yet available as an option. Besides, when `rsp` contains only responders or non-responders,
#'   then the result values will be `NA`, because no odds ratio estimation is possible.
#'
#' @seealso Relevant helper function [h_odds_ratio()].
#'
#' @name odds_ratio
NULL

#' @describeIn odds_ratio Statistics function which estimates the odds ratio
#'   between a treatment and a control. A `variables` list with `arm` and `strata`
#'   variable names must be passed if a stratified analysis is required.
#'
#' @inheritParams split_cols_by_groups
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_odds_ratio()` returns a named list with the statistics `or_ci`
#'   (containing `est`, `lcl`, and `ucl`) and `n_tot`.
#'
#' @examples
#' set.seed(12)
#' dta <- data.frame(
#'   rsp = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE),
#'   grp = factor(rep(c("A", "B"), each = 50), levels = c("B", "A")),
#'   strata = factor(sample(c("C", "D"), 100, TRUE))
#' )
#'
#' # Unstratified analysis.
#' s_odds_ratio(
#'   df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
#'   .var = "rsp",
#'   .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
#'   .in_ref_col = FALSE,
#'   .df_row = dta
#' )
#'
#' # Stratified analysis.
#' s_odds_ratio(
#'   df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
#'   .var = "rsp",
#'   .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
#'   .in_ref_col = FALSE,
#'   .df_row = dta,
#'   variables = list(arm = "grp", strata = "strata")
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_odds_ratio <- function(df,
                         .var,
                         .ref_group,
                         .in_ref_col,
                         .df_row,
                         variables = list(arm = NULL, strata = NULL),
                         conf_level = 0.95,
                         groups_list = NULL) {
  y <- list(or_ci = "", n_tot = "")

  if (!.in_ref_col) {
    assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
    assert_df_with_variables(df, list(rsp = .var))
    assert_df_with_variables(.ref_group, list(rsp = .var))

    if (is.null(variables$strata)) {
      data <- data.frame(
        rsp = c(.ref_group[[.var]], df[[.var]]),
        grp = factor(
          rep(c("ref", "Not-ref"), c(nrow(.ref_group), nrow(df))),
          levels = c("ref", "Not-ref")
        )
      )
      y <- or_glm(data, conf_level = conf_level)
    } else {
      assert_df_with_variables(.df_row, c(list(rsp = .var), variables))

      # The group variable prepared for clogit must be synchronised with combination groups definition.
      if (is.null(groups_list)) {
        ref_grp <- as.character(unique(.ref_group[[variables$arm]]))
        trt_grp <- as.character(unique(df[[variables$arm]]))
        grp <- stats::relevel(factor(.df_row[[variables$arm]]), ref = ref_grp)
      } else {
        # If more than one level in reference col.
        reference <- as.character(unique(.ref_group[[variables$arm]]))
        grp_ref_flag <- vapply(
          X = groups_list,
          FUN.VALUE = TRUE,
          FUN = function(x) all(reference %in% x)
        )
        ref_grp <- names(groups_list)[grp_ref_flag]

        # If more than one level in treatment col.
        treatment <- as.character(unique(df[[variables$arm]]))
        grp_trt_flag <- vapply(
          X = groups_list,
          FUN.VALUE = TRUE,
          FUN = function(x) all(treatment %in% x)
        )
        trt_grp <- names(groups_list)[grp_trt_flag]

        grp <- combine_levels(.df_row[[variables$arm]], levels = reference, new_level = ref_grp)
        grp <- combine_levels(grp, levels = treatment, new_level = trt_grp)
      }

      # The reference level in `grp` must be the same as in the `rtables` column split.
      data <- data.frame(
        rsp = .df_row[[.var]],
        grp = grp,
        strata = interaction(.df_row[variables$strata])
      )
      y_all <- or_clogit(data, conf_level = conf_level)
      checkmate::assert_string(trt_grp)
      checkmate::assert_subset(trt_grp, names(y_all$or_ci))
      y$or_ci <- y_all$or_ci[[trt_grp]]
      y$n_tot <- y_all$n_tot
    }
  }

  y$or_ci <- formatters::with_label(
    x = y$or_ci,
    label = paste0("Odds Ratio (", 100 * conf_level, "% CI)")
  )

  y$n_tot <- formatters::with_label(
    x = y$n_tot,
    label = "Total n"
  )

  y
}

#' @describeIn odds_ratio Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `estimate_odds_ratio()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_odds_ratio()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' a_odds_ratio(
#'   df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
#'   .var = "rsp",
#'   .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
#'   .in_ref_col = FALSE,
#'   .df_row = dta
#' )
#'
#' @export
a_odds_ratio <- make_afun(
  s_odds_ratio,
  .formats = c(or_ci = "xx.xx (xx.xx - xx.xx)"),
  .indent_mods = c(or_ci = 1L)
)

#' @describeIn odds_ratio Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param ... arguments passed to `s_odds_ratio()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `estimate_odds_ratio()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_odds_ratio()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' dta <- data.frame(
#'   rsp = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE),
#'   grp = factor(rep(c("A", "B"), each = 50))
#' )
#'
#' l <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "grp", ref_group = "B") %>%
#'   estimate_odds_ratio(vars = "rsp")
#'
#' build_table(l, df = dta)
#'
#' @export
estimate_odds_ratio <- function(lyt,
                                vars,
                                nested = TRUE,
                                ...,
                                show_labels = "hidden",
                                table_names = vars,
                                .stats = "or_ci",
                                .formats = NULL,
                                .labels = NULL,
                                .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_odds_ratio,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )

  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...),
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names
  )
}

#' Helper Functions for Odds Ratio Estimation
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Functions to calculate odds ratios in [estimate_odds_ratio()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr data frame containing at least the variables `rsp` and `grp`, and optionally
#'   `strata` for [or_clogit()].
#'
#' @return A named `list` of elements `or_ci` and `n_tot`.
#'
#' @seealso [odds_ratio]
#'
#' @name h_odds_ratio
NULL

#' @describeIn h_odds_ratio Estimates the odds ratio based on [stats::glm()]. Note that there must be
#'   exactly 2 groups in `data` as specified by the `grp` variable.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Data with 2 groups.
#' data <- data.frame(
#'   rsp = as.logical(c(1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1)),
#'   grp = letters[c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2)],
#'   strata = letters[c(1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2)],
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' # Odds ratio based on glm.
#' or_glm(data, conf_level = 0.95)
#'
#' @export
or_glm <- function(data, conf_level) {
  checkmate::assert_logical(data$rsp)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, list(rsp = "rsp", grp = "grp"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(data$grp, classes = c("factor", "character"))

  data$grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(data$grp)
  assert_df_with_factors(data, list(val = "grp"), min.levels = 2, max.levels = 2)
  formula <- stats::as.formula("rsp ~ grp")
  model_fit <- stats::glm(
    formula = formula, data = data,
    family = stats::binomial(link = "logit")
  )

  # Note that here we need to discard the intercept.
  or <- exp(stats::coef(model_fit)[-1])
  or_ci <- exp(
    stats::confint.default(model_fit, level = conf_level)[-1, , drop = FALSE]
  )

  values <- stats::setNames(c(or, or_ci), c("est", "lcl", "ucl"))
  n_tot <- stats::setNames(nrow(model_fit$model), "n_tot")

  list(or_ci = values, n_tot = n_tot)
}

#' @describeIn h_odds_ratio estimates the odds ratio based on [survival::clogit()]. This is done for
#'   the whole data set including all groups, since the results are not the same as when doing
#'   pairwise comparisons between the groups.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Data with 3 groups.
#' data <- data.frame(
#'   rsp = as.logical(c(1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0)),
#'   grp = letters[c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3)],
#'   strata = LETTERS[c(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)],
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' # Odds ratio based on stratified estimation by conditional logistic regression.
#' or_clogit(data, conf_level = 0.95)
#'
#' @export
or_clogit <- function(data, conf_level) {
  checkmate::assert_logical(data$rsp)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, list(rsp = "rsp", grp = "grp", strata = "strata"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(data$grp, classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(data$strata, classes = c("factor", "character"))

  data$grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(data$grp)
  data$strata <- as_factor_keep_attributes(data$strata)

  # Deviation from convention: `survival::strata` must be simply `strata`.
  formula <- stats::as.formula("rsp ~ grp + strata(strata)")
  model_fit <- clogit_with_tryCatch(formula = formula, data = data)

  # Create a list with one set of OR estimates and CI per coefficient, i.e.
  # comparison of one group vs. the reference group.
  coef_est <- stats::coef(model_fit)
  ci_est <- stats::confint(model_fit, level = conf_level)
  or_ci <- list()
  for (coef_name in names(coef_est)) {
    grp_name <- gsub("^grp", "", x = coef_name)
    or_ci[[grp_name]] <- stats::setNames(
      object = exp(c(coef_est[coef_name], ci_est[coef_name, , drop = TRUE])),
      nm = c("est", "lcl", "ucl")
    )
  }
  list(or_ci = or_ci, n_tot = c(n_tot = model_fit$n))
}

#' Incidence Rate
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Estimate the event rate adjusted for person-years at risk, otherwise known
#' as incidence rate. Primary analysis variable is the person-years at risk.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for estimation details, specified by using
#'   the helper function [control_incidence_rate()]. Possible parameter options are:
#'   * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level for the estimated incidence rate.
#'   * `conf_type` (`string`)\cr `normal` (default), `normal_log`, `exact`, or `byar`
#'     for confidence interval type.
#'   * `input_time_unit` (`string`)\cr `day`, `week`, `month`, or `year` (default)
#'     indicating time unit for data input.
#'   * `num_pt_year` (`numeric`)\cr time unit for desired output (in person-years).
#' @param n_events (`integer`)\cr number of events observed.
#'
#' @seealso [control_incidence_rate()] and helper functions [h_incidence_rate].
#'
#' @name incidence_rate
NULL

#' @describeIn incidence_rate Statistics function which estimates the incidence rate and the
#'   associated confidence interval.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_incidence_rate()` returns the following statistics:
#'   - `person_years`: Total person-years at risk.
#'   - `n_events`: Total number of events observed.
#'   - `rate`: Estimated incidence rate.
#'   - `rate_ci`: Confidence interval for the incidence rate.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(seq(6)),
#'   CNSR = c(0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0),
#'   AVAL = c(10.1, 20.4, 15.3, 20.8, 18.7, 23.4),
#'   ARM = factor(c("A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B"))
#' ) %>%
#'   mutate(is_event = CNSR == 0) %>%
#'   mutate(n_events = as.integer(is_event))
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_incidence_rate <- function(df,
                             .var,
                             n_events,
                             is_event,
                             control = control_incidence_rate()) {
  if (!missing(is_event)) {
    warning("argument is_event will be deprecated. Please use n_events.")

    if (missing(n_events)) {
      assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = .var, is_event = is_event))
      checkmate::assert_string(.var)
      checkmate::assert_logical(df[[is_event]], any.missing = FALSE)
      checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]], any.missing = FALSE)
      n_events <- is_event
    }
  } else {
    assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = .var, n_events = n_events))
    checkmate::assert_string(.var)
    checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]], any.missing = FALSE)
    checkmate::assert_integer(df[[n_events]], any.missing = FALSE)
  }

  input_time_unit <- control$input_time_unit
  num_pt_year <- control$num_pt_year
  conf_level <- control$conf_level
  person_years <- sum(df[[.var]], na.rm = TRUE) * (
    1 * (input_time_unit == "year") +
      1 / 12 * (input_time_unit == "month") +
      1 / 52.14 * (input_time_unit == "week") +
      1 / 365.24 * (input_time_unit == "day")
  )
  n_events <- sum(df[[n_events]], na.rm = TRUE)

  result <- h_incidence_rate(
    person_years,
    n_events,
    control
  )
  list(
    person_years = formatters::with_label(person_years, "Total patient-years at risk"),
    n_events = formatters::with_label(n_events, "Number of adverse events observed"),
    rate = formatters::with_label(result$rate, paste("AE rate per", num_pt_year, "patient-years")),
    rate_ci = formatters::with_label(result$rate_ci, f_conf_level(conf_level))
  )
}

#' @describeIn incidence_rate Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `estimate_incidence_rate()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_incidence_rate()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_incidence_rate <- make_afun(
  s_incidence_rate,
  .formats = c(
    "person_years" = "xx.x",
    "n_events" = "xx",
    "rate" = "xx.xx",
    "rate_ci" = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)"
  )
)

#' @describeIn incidence_rate Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `estimate_incidence_rate()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_incidence_rate()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   estimate_incidence_rate(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     n_events = "n_events",
#'     control = control_incidence_rate(
#'       input_time_unit = "month",
#'       num_pt_year = 100
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df)
#'
#' @export
estimate_incidence_rate <- function(lyt,
                                    vars,
                                    nested = TRUE,
                                    ...,
                                    show_labels = "hidden",
                                    table_names = vars,
                                    .stats = NULL,
                                    .formats = NULL,
                                    .labels = NULL,
                                    .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_incidence_rate,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )

  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Helper Functions for Incidence Rate
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for estimation details, specified by using
#'   the helper function [control_incidence_rate()]. Possible parameter options are:
#'   * `conf_level`: (`proportion`)\cr confidence level for the estimated incidence rate.
#'   * `conf_type`: (`string`)\cr `normal` (default), `normal_log`, `exact`, or `byar`
#'     for confidence interval type.
#'   * `input_time_unit`: (`string`)\cr `day`, `week`, `month`, or `year` (default)
#'     indicating time unit for data input.
#'   * `num_pt_year`: (`numeric`)\cr time unit for desired output (in person-years).
#' @param person_years (`numeric`)\cr total person-years at risk.
#' @param alpha (`numeric`)\cr two-sided alpha-level for confidence interval.
#' @param n_events (`integer`)\cr number of events observed.
#'
#' @return Estimated incidence rate `rate` and associated confidence interval `rate_ci`.
#'
#' @seealso [incidence_rate]
#'
#' @name h_incidence_rate
NULL

#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
#'   associated confidence interval based on the normal approximation for the
#'   incidence rate. Unit is one person-year.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_incidence_rate_normal(200, 2)
#'
#' @export
h_incidence_rate_normal <- function(person_years,
                                    n_events,
                                    alpha = 0.05) {
  checkmate::assert_number(person_years)
  checkmate::assert_number(n_events)
  assert_proportion_value(alpha)

  est <- n_events / person_years
  se <- sqrt(est / person_years)
  ci <- est + c(-1, 1) * stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2) * se

  list(rate = est, rate_ci = ci)
}

#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
#'   associated confidence interval based on the normal approximation for the
#'   logarithm of the incidence rate. Unit is one person-year.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_incidence_rate_normal_log(200, 2)
#'
#' @export
h_incidence_rate_normal_log <- function(person_years,
                                        n_events,
                                        alpha = 0.05) {
  checkmate::assert_number(person_years)
  checkmate::assert_number(n_events)
  assert_proportion_value(alpha)

  rate_est <- n_events / person_years
  rate_se <- sqrt(rate_est / person_years)
  lrate_est <- log(rate_est)
  lrate_se <- rate_se / rate_est
  ci <- exp(lrate_est + c(-1, 1) * stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2) * lrate_se)

  list(rate = rate_est, rate_ci = ci)
}

#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
#'   associated exact confidence interval. Unit is one person-year.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_incidence_rate_exact(200, 2)
#'
#' @export
h_incidence_rate_exact <- function(person_years,
                                   n_events,
                                   alpha = 0.05) {
  checkmate::assert_number(person_years)
  checkmate::assert_number(n_events)
  assert_proportion_value(alpha)

  est <- n_events / person_years
  lcl <- stats::qchisq(p = (alpha) / 2, df = 2 * n_events) / (2 * person_years)
  ucl <- stats::qchisq(p = 1 - (alpha) / 2, df = 2 * n_events + 2) / (2 * person_years)

  list(rate = est, rate_ci = c(lcl, ucl))
}

#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
#'   associated `Byar`'s confidence interval. Unit is one person-year.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_incidence_rate_byar(200, 2)
#'
#' @export
h_incidence_rate_byar <- function(person_years,
                                  n_events,
                                  alpha = 0.05) {
  checkmate::assert_number(person_years)
  checkmate::assert_number(n_events)
  assert_proportion_value(alpha)

  est <- n_events / person_years
  seg_1 <- n_events + 0.5
  seg_2 <- 1 - 1 / (9 * (n_events + 0.5))
  seg_3 <- stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2) * sqrt(1 / (n_events + 0.5)) / 3
  lcl <- seg_1 * ((seg_2 - seg_3)^3) / person_years
  ucl <- seg_1 * ((seg_2 + seg_3) ^ 3) / person_years # styler: off

  list(rate = est, rate_ci = c(lcl, ucl))
}

#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
#'   associated confidence interval.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
h_incidence_rate <- function(person_years,
                             n_events,
                             control = control_incidence_rate()) {
  alpha <- 1 - control$conf_level
  est <- switch(control$conf_type,
    normal = h_incidence_rate_normal(person_years, n_events, alpha),
    normal_log = h_incidence_rate_normal_log(person_years, n_events, alpha),
    exact = h_incidence_rate_exact(person_years, n_events, alpha),
    byar = h_incidence_rate_byar(person_years, n_events, alpha)
  )

  num_pt_year <- control$num_pt_year
  list(
    rate = est$rate * num_pt_year,
    rate_ci = est$rate_ci * num_pt_year
  )
}

#' Kaplan-Meier Plot
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' From a survival model, a graphic is rendered along with tabulated annotation
#' including the number of patient at risk at given time and the median survival
#' per group.
#'
#' @inheritParams grid::gTree
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr data set containing all analysis variables.
#' @param variables (named `list`)\cr variable names. Details are:
#'   * `tte` (`numeric`)\cr variable indicating time-to-event duration values.
#'   * `is_event` (`logical`)\cr event variable. `TRUE` if event, `FALSE` if time to event is censored.
#'   * `arm` (`factor`)\cr the treatment group variable.
#'   * `strat` (`character` or `NULL`)\cr variable names indicating stratification factors.
#' @param control_surv (`list`)\cr parameters for comparison details, specified by using
#'   the helper function [control_surv_timepoint()]. Some possible parameter options are:
#'   * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level of the interval for survival rate.
#'   * `conf_type` (`string`)\cr `"plain"` (default), `"log"`, `"log-log"` for confidence interval type,
#'     see more in [survival::survfit()]. Note that the option "none" is no longer supported.
#' @param xticks (`numeric`, `number`, or `NULL`)\cr numeric vector of ticks or single number with spacing
#'   between ticks on the x axis. If `NULL` (default), [labeling::extended()] is used to determine
#'   an optimal tick position on the x axis.
#' @param yval (`string`)\cr value of y-axis. Options are `Survival` (default) and `Failure` probability.
#' @param censor_show (`flag`)\cr whether to show censored.
#' @param xlab (`string`)\cr label of x-axis.
#' @param ylab (`string`)\cr label of y-axis.
#' @param ylim (`vector` of `numeric`)\cr vector of length 2 containing lower and upper limits for the y-axis.
#'   If `NULL` (default), the minimum and maximum y-values displayed are used as limits.
#' @param title (`string`)\cr title for plot.
#' @param footnotes (`string`)\cr footnotes for plot.
#' @param col (`character`)\cr lines colors. Length of a vector should be equal
#'   to number of strata from [survival::survfit()].
#' @param lty (`numeric`)\cr line type. Length of a vector should be equal
#'   to number of strata from [survival::survfit()].
#' @param lwd (`numeric`)\cr line width. Length of a vector should be equal
#'   to number of strata from [survival::survfit()].
#' @param pch (`numeric`, `string`)\cr value or character of points symbol to indicate censored cases.
#' @param size (`numeric`)\cr size of censored point, a class of `unit`.
#' @param max_time (`numeric`)\cr maximum value to show on X axis. Only data values less than or up to
#'   this threshold value will be plotted (defaults to `NULL`).
#' @param font_size (`number`)\cr font size to be used.
#' @param ci_ribbon (`flag`)\cr draw the confidence interval around the Kaplan-Meier curve.
#' @param ggtheme (`theme`)\cr a graphical theme as provided by `ggplot2` to control outlook of the Kaplan-Meier curve.
#' @param annot_at_risk (`flag`)\cr compute and add the annotation table reporting the number of patient at risk
#'   matching the main grid of the Kaplan-Meier curve.
#' @param annot_at_risk_title (`flag`)\cr whether the "Patients at Risk" title should be added above the `annot_at_risk`
#'   table. Has no effect if `annot_at_risk` is `FALSE`. Defaults to `TRUE`.
#' @param annot_surv_med (`flag`)\cr compute and add the annotation table on the Kaplan-Meier curve estimating the
#'   median survival time per group.
#' @param annot_coxph (`flag`)\cr add the annotation table from a [survival::coxph()] model.
#' @param annot_stats (`string`)\cr statistics annotations to add to the plot. Options are
#'   `median` (median survival follow-up time) and `min` (minimum survival follow-up time).
#' @param annot_stats_vlines (`flag`)\cr add vertical lines corresponding to each of the statistics
#'   specified by `annot_stats`. If `annot_stats` is `NULL` no lines will be added.
#' @param control_coxph_pw (`list`)\cr parameters for comparison details, specified by using
#'   the helper function [control_coxph()]. Some possible parameter options are:
#'   * `pval_method` (`string`)\cr p-value method for testing hazard ratio = 1.
#'     Default method is `"log-rank"`, can also be set to `"wald"` or `"likelihood"`.
#'   * `ties` (`string`)\cr method for tie handling. Default is `"efron"`,
#'     can also be set to `"breslow"` or `"exact"`. See more in [survival::coxph()]
#'   * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level of the interval for HR.
#' @param position_coxph (`numeric`)\cr x and y positions for plotting [survival::coxph()] model.
#' @param position_surv_med (`numeric`)\cr x and y positions for plotting annotation table estimating median survival
#'   time per group.
#' @param width_annots (named `list` of `unit`s)\cr a named list of widths for annotation tables with names `surv_med`
#'   (median survival time table) and `coxph` ([survival::coxph()] model table), where each value is the width
#'   (in units) to implement when printing the annotation table.
#'
#' @return A `grob` of class `gTree`.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(ggplot2)
#' library(survival)
#' library(grid)
#' library(nestcolor)
#'
#' df <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(is_event = CNSR == 0)
#' variables <- list(tte = "AVAL", is_event = "is_event", arm = "ARMCD")
#'
#' # 1. Example - basic option
#'
#' res <- g_km(df = df, variables = variables)
#' res <- g_km(df = df, variables = variables, yval = "Failure")
#' res <- g_km(
#'   df = df,
#'   variables = variables,
#'   control_surv = control_surv_timepoint(conf_level = 0.9),
#'   col = c("grey25", "grey50", "grey75"),
#'   annot_at_risk_title = FALSE
#' )
#' res <- g_km(df = df, variables = variables, ggtheme = theme_minimal())
#' res <- g_km(df = df, variables = variables, ggtheme = theme_minimal(), lty = 1:3)
#' res <- g_km(df = df, variables = variables, max = 2000)
#' res <- g_km(
#'   df = df,
#'   variables = variables,
#'   annot_stats = c("min", "median"),
#'   annot_stats_vlines = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' # 2. Example - Arrange several KM curve on a single graph device
#'
#' # 2.1 Use case: A general graph on the top, a zoom on the bottom.
#' grid.newpage()
#' lyt <- grid.layout(nrow = 2, ncol = 1) %>%
#'   viewport(layout = .) %>%
#'   pushViewport()
#'
#' res <- g_km(
#'   df = df, variables = variables, newpage = FALSE, annot_surv_med = FALSE,
#'   vp = viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 1)
#' )
#' res <- g_km(
#'   df = df, variables = variables, max = 1000, newpage = FALSE, annot_surv_med = FALSE,
#'   ggtheme = theme_dark(),
#'   vp = viewport(layout.pos.row = 2, layout.pos.col = 1)
#' )
#'
#' # 2.1 Use case: No annotations on top, annotated graph on bottom
#' grid.newpage()
#' lyt <- grid.layout(nrow = 2, ncol = 1) %>%
#'   viewport(layout = .) %>%
#'   pushViewport()
#'
#' res <- g_km(
#'   df = df, variables = variables, newpage = FALSE,
#'   annot_surv_med = FALSE, annot_at_risk = FALSE,
#'   vp = viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 1)
#' )
#' res <- g_km(
#'   df = df, variables = variables, max = 2000, newpage = FALSE, annot_surv_med = FALSE,
#'   annot_at_risk = TRUE,
#'   ggtheme = theme_dark(),
#'   vp = viewport(layout.pos.row = 2, layout.pos.col = 1)
#' )
#'
#' # Add annotation from a pairwise coxph analysis
#' g_km(
#'   df = df, variables = variables,
#'   annot_coxph = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' # Change widths/sizes of surv_med and coxph annotation tables.
#' g_km(
#'   df = df, variables = c(variables, list(strat = "SEX")),
#'   annot_coxph = TRUE,
#'   width_annots = list(surv_med = grid::unit(2, "in"), coxph = grid::unit(3, "in"))
#' )
#'
#' g_km(
#'   df = df, variables = c(variables, list(strat = "SEX")),
#'   font_size = 15,
#'   annot_coxph = TRUE,
#'   control_coxph = control_coxph(pval_method = "wald", ties = "exact", conf_level = 0.99),
#'   position_coxph = c(0.5, 0.5)
#' )
#'
#' # Change position of the treatment group annotation table.
#' g_km(
#'   df = df, variables = c(variables, list(strat = "SEX")),
#'   font_size = 15,
#'   annot_coxph = TRUE,
#'   control_coxph = control_coxph(pval_method = "wald", ties = "exact", conf_level = 0.99),
#'   position_surv_med = c(1, 0.7)
#' )
#' }
#'
#' @export
g_km <- function(df,
                 variables,
                 control_surv = control_surv_timepoint(),
                 col = NULL,
                 lty = NULL,
                 lwd = .5,
                 censor_show = TRUE,
                 pch = 3,
                 size = 2,
                 max_time = NULL,
                 xticks = NULL,
                 xlab = "Days",
                 yval = c("Survival", "Failure"),
                 ylab = paste(yval, "Probability"),
                 ylim = NULL,
                 title = NULL,
                 footnotes = NULL,
                 draw = TRUE,
                 newpage = TRUE,
                 gp = NULL,
                 vp = NULL,
                 name = NULL,
                 font_size = 12,
                 ci_ribbon = FALSE,
                 ggtheme = nestcolor::theme_nest(),
                 annot_at_risk = TRUE,
                 annot_at_risk_title = TRUE,
                 annot_surv_med = TRUE,
                 annot_coxph = FALSE,
                 annot_stats = NULL,
                 annot_stats_vlines = FALSE,
                 control_coxph_pw = control_coxph(),
                 position_coxph = c(-0.03, -0.02),
                 position_surv_med = c(0.95, 0.9),
                 width_annots = list(surv_med = grid::unit(0.3, "npc"), coxph = grid::unit(0.4, "npc"))) {
  checkmate::assert_list(variables)
  checkmate::assert_subset(c("tte", "arm", "is_event"), names(variables))
  checkmate::assert_string(title, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_string(footnotes, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(col, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_subset(annot_stats, c("median", "min"))
  checkmate::assert_logical(annot_stats_vlines)
  checkmate::assert_true(all(sapply(width_annots, grid::is.unit)))

  tte <- variables$tte
  is_event <- variables$is_event
  arm <- variables$arm

  assert_valid_factor(df[[arm]])
  assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = tte, is_event = is_event, arm = arm))
  checkmate::assert_logical(df[[is_event]], min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[tte]], min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)

  armval <- as.character(unique(df[[arm]]))
  if (annot_coxph && length(armval) < 2) {
    stop(paste(
      "When `annot_coxph` = TRUE, `df` must contain at least 2 levels of `variables$arm`",
      "in order to calculate the hazard ratio."
    ))
  } else if (length(armval) > 1) {
    armval <- NULL
  }
  yval <- match.arg(yval)
  formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0("survival::Surv(", tte, ", ", is_event, ") ~ ", arm))
  fit_km <- survival::survfit(
    formula = formula,
    data = df,
    conf.int = control_surv$conf_level,
    conf.type = control_surv$conf_type
  )
  data_plot <- h_data_plot(
    fit_km = fit_km,
    armval = armval,
    max_time = max_time
  )

  xticks <- h_xticks(data = data_plot, xticks = xticks, max_time = max_time)
  gg <- h_ggkm(
    data = data_plot,
    censor_show = censor_show,
    pch = pch,
    size = size,
    xticks = xticks,
    xlab = xlab,
    yval = yval,
    ylab = ylab,
    ylim = ylim,
    title = title,
    footnotes = footnotes,
    max_time = max_time,
    lwd = lwd,
    lty = lty,
    col = col,
    ggtheme = ggtheme,
    ci_ribbon = ci_ribbon
  )

  if (!is.null(annot_stats)) {
    if ("median" %in% annot_stats) {
      fit_km_all <- survival::survfit(
        formula = stats::as.formula(paste0("survival::Surv(", tte, ", ", is_event, ") ~ ", 1)),
        data = df,
        conf.int = control_surv$conf_level,
        conf.type = control_surv$conf_type
      )
      gg <- gg +
        geom_text(
          size = 8 / ggplot2::.pt, col = 1,
          x = stats::median(fit_km_all) + 0.065 * max(data_plot$time),
          y = ifelse(yval == "Survival", 0.62, 0.38),
          label = paste("Median F/U:\n", round(stats::median(fit_km_all), 1), tolower(df$AVALU[1]))
        )
      if (annot_stats_vlines) {
        gg <- gg +
          geom_segment(aes(x = stats::median(fit_km_all), xend = stats::median(fit_km_all), y = -Inf, yend = Inf),
            linetype = 2, col = "darkgray"
          )
      }
    }
    if ("min" %in% annot_stats) {
      min_fu <- min(df[[tte]])
      gg <- gg +
        geom_text(
          size = 8 / ggplot2::.pt, col = 1,
          x = min_fu + max(data_plot$time) * ifelse(yval == "Survival", 0.05, 0.07),
          y = ifelse(yval == "Survival", 1.0, 0.05),
          label = paste("Min. F/U:\n", round(min_fu, 1), tolower(df$AVALU[1]))
        )
      if (annot_stats_vlines) {
        gg <- gg +
          geom_segment(aes(x = min_fu, xend = min_fu, y = Inf, yend = -Inf), linetype = 2, col = "darkgray")
      }
    }
    gg <- gg + ggplot2::guides(fill = ggplot2::guide_legend(override.aes = list(shape = NA, label = "")))
  }

  g_el <- h_decompose_gg(gg)

  if (annot_at_risk) {
    # This is the content of the table that will be below the graph.
    annot_tbl <- summary(fit_km, time = xticks)
    annot_tbl <- if (is.null(fit_km$strata)) {
      data.frame(
        n.risk = annot_tbl$n.risk,
        time = annot_tbl$time,
        strata = as.factor(armval)
      )
    } else {
      strata_lst <- strsplit(sub("=", "equals", levels(annot_tbl$strata)), "equals")
      levels(annot_tbl$strata) <- matrix(unlist(strata_lst), ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE)[, 2]
      data.frame(
        n.risk = annot_tbl$n.risk,
        time = annot_tbl$time,
        strata = annot_tbl$strata
      )
    }

    grobs_patient <- h_grob_tbl_at_risk(
      data = data_plot,
      annot_tbl = annot_tbl,
      xlim = max(max_time, data_plot$time, xticks),
      title = annot_at_risk_title
    )
  }

  if (annot_at_risk || annot_surv_med || annot_coxph) {
    lyt <- h_km_layout(
      data = data_plot, g_el = g_el, title = title, footnotes = footnotes,
      annot_at_risk = annot_at_risk, annot_at_risk_title = annot_at_risk_title
    )
    at_risk_ttl <- as.numeric(annot_at_risk_title)
    ttl_row <- as.numeric(!is.null(title))
    foot_row <- as.numeric(!is.null(footnotes))
    km_grob <- grid::gTree(
      vp = grid::viewport(layout = lyt, height = .95, width = .95),
      children = grid::gList(
        # Title.
        if (ttl_row == 1) {
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 2),
            children = grid::gList(grid::textGrob(label = title, x = grid::unit(0, "npc"), hjust = 0))
          )
        },

        # The Kaplan - Meier curve (top-right corner).
        grid::gTree(
          vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1 + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 2),
          children = grid::gList(g_el$panel)
        ),

        # Survfit summary table (top-right corner).
        if (annot_surv_med) {
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1 + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 2),
            children = h_grob_median_surv(
              fit_km = fit_km,
              armval = armval,
              x = position_surv_med[1],
              y = position_surv_med[2],
              width = if (!is.null(width_annots[["surv_med"]])) width_annots[["surv_med"]] else grid::unit(0.3, "npc"),
              ttheme = gridExtra::ttheme_default(base_size = font_size)
            )
          )
        },
        if (annot_coxph) {
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1 + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 2),
            children = h_grob_coxph(
              df = df,
              variables = variables,
              control_coxph_pw = control_coxph_pw,
              x = position_coxph[1],
              y = position_coxph[2],
              width = if (!is.null(width_annots[["coxph"]])) width_annots[["coxph"]] else grid::unit(0.4, "npc"),
              ttheme = gridExtra::ttheme_default(
                base_size = font_size,
                padding = grid::unit(c(1, .5), "lines"),
                core = list(bg_params = list(fill = c("grey95", "grey90"), alpha = .5))
              )
            )
          )
        },

        # Add the y-axis annotation (top-left corner).
        grid::gTree(
          vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1 + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 1),
          children = h_grob_y_annot(ylab = g_el$ylab, yaxis = g_el$yaxis)
        ),

        # Add the x-axis annotation (second row below the Kaplan Meier Curve).
        grid::gTree(
          vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 2 + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 2),
          children = grid::gList(rbind(g_el$xaxis, g_el$xlab))
        ),

        # Add the legend.
        grid::gTree(
          vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 3 + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 2),
          children = grid::gList(g_el$guide)
        ),

        # Add the table with patient-at-risk numbers.
        if (annot_at_risk && annot_at_risk_title) {
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 4 + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 1),
            children = grobs_patient$title
          )
        },
        if (annot_at_risk) {
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 4 + at_risk_ttl + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 2),
            children = grobs_patient$at_risk
          )
        },
        if (annot_at_risk) {
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 4 + at_risk_ttl + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 1),
            children = grobs_patient$label
          )
        },
        if (annot_at_risk) {
          # Add the x-axis for the table.
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 5 + at_risk_ttl + ttl_row, layout.pos.col = 2),
            children = grid::gList(rbind(g_el$xaxis, g_el$xlab))
          )
        },

        # Footnotes.
        if (foot_row == 1) {
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::viewport(
              layout.pos.row = ifelse(annot_at_risk, 6 + at_risk_ttl + ttl_row, 4 + ttl_row),
              layout.pos.col = 2
            ),
            children = grid::gList(grid::textGrob(label = footnotes, x = grid::unit(0, "npc"), hjust = 0))
          )
        }
      )
    )

    result <- grid::gTree(
      vp = vp,
      gp = gp,
      name = name,
      children = grid::gList(km_grob)
    )
  } else {
    result <- grid::gTree(
      vp = vp,
      gp = gp,
      name = name,
      children = grid::gList(ggplot2::ggplotGrob(gg))
    )
  }

  if (newpage && draw) grid::grid.newpage()
  if (draw) grid::grid.draw(result)
  invisible(result)
}

#' Helper function: tidy survival fit
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Convert the survival fit data into a data frame designed for plotting
#' within `g_km`.
#'
#' This starts from the [broom::tidy()] result, and then:
#'   * Post-processes the `strata` column into a factor.
#'   * Extends each stratum by an additional first row with time 0 and probability 1 so that
#'     downstream plot lines start at those coordinates.
#'   * Adds a `censor` column.
#'   * Filters the rows before `max_time`.
#'
#' @inheritParams g_km
#' @param fit_km (`survfit`)\cr result of [survival::survfit()].
#' @param armval (`string`)\cr used as strata name when treatment arm variable only has one level. Default is `"All"`.
#'
#' @return A `tibble` with columns `time`, `n.risk`, `n.event`, `n.censor`, `estimate`, `std.error`, `conf.high`,
#'   `conf.low`, `strata`, and `censor`.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#'
#' # Test with multiple arms
#' tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .) %>%
#'   h_data_plot()
#'
#' # Test with single arm
#' tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS", ARMCD == "ARM B") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .) %>%
#'   h_data_plot(armval = "ARM B")
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_data_plot <- function(fit_km,
                        armval = "All",
                        max_time = NULL) {
  y <- broom::tidy(fit_km)

  if (!is.null(fit_km$strata)) {
    fit_km_var_level <- strsplit(sub("=", "equals", names(fit_km$strata)), "equals")
    strata_levels <- vapply(fit_km_var_level, FUN = "[", FUN.VALUE = "a", i = 2)
    strata_var_level <- strsplit(sub("=", "equals", y$strata), "equals")
    y$strata <- factor(
      vapply(strata_var_level, FUN = "[", FUN.VALUE = "a", i = 2),
      levels = strata_levels
    )
  } else {
    y$strata <- armval
  }

  y_by_strata <- split(y, y$strata)
  y_by_strata_extended <- lapply(
    y_by_strata,
    FUN = function(tbl) {
      first_row <- tbl[1L, ]
      first_row$time <- 0
      first_row$n.risk <- sum(first_row[, c("n.risk", "n.event", "n.censor")])
      first_row$n.event <- first_row$n.censor <- 0
      first_row$estimate <- first_row$conf.high <- first_row$conf.low <- 1
      first_row$std.error <- 0
      rbind(
        first_row,
        tbl
      )
    }
  )
  y <- do.call(rbind, y_by_strata_extended)

  y$censor <- ifelse(y$n.censor > 0, y$estimate, NA)
  if (!is.null(max_time)) {
    y <- y[y$time <= max(max_time), ]
  }
  y
}

#' Helper function: x tick positions
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Calculate the positions of ticks on the x-axis. However, if `xticks` already
#' exists it is kept as is. It is based on the same function `ggplot2` relies on,
#' and is required in the graphic and the patient-at-risk annotation table.
#'
#' @inheritParams g_km
#' @inheritParams h_ggkm
#'
#' @return A vector of positions to use for x-axis ticks on a `ggplot` object.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#'
#' data <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .) %>%
#'   h_data_plot()
#'
#' h_xticks(data)
#' h_xticks(data, xticks = seq(0, 3000, 500))
#' h_xticks(data, xticks = 500)
#' h_xticks(data, xticks = 500, max_time = 6000)
#' h_xticks(data, xticks = c(0, 500), max_time = 300)
#' h_xticks(data, xticks = 500, max_time = 300)
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_xticks <- function(data, xticks = NULL, max_time = NULL) {
  if (is.null(xticks)) {
    if (is.null(max_time)) {
      labeling::extended(range(data$time)[1], range(data$time)[2], m = 5)
    } else {
      labeling::extended(range(data$time)[1], max(range(data$time)[2], max_time), m = 5)
    }
  } else if (checkmate::test_number(xticks)) {
    if (is.null(max_time)) {
      seq(0, max(data$time), xticks)
    } else {
      seq(0, max(data$time, max_time), xticks)
    }
  } else if (is.numeric(xticks)) {
    xticks
  } else {
    stop(
      paste(
        "xticks should be either `NULL`",
        "or a single number (interval between x ticks)",
        "or a numeric vector (position of ticks on the x axis)"
      )
    )
  }
}

#' Helper function: KM plot
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Draw the Kaplan-Meier plot using `ggplot2`.
#'
#' @inheritParams g_km
#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr survival data as pre-processed by `h_data_plot`.
#'
#' @return A `ggplot` object.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#'
#' fit_km <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .)
#' data_plot <- h_data_plot(fit_km = fit_km)
#' xticks <- h_xticks(data = data_plot)
#' gg <- h_ggkm(
#'   data = data_plot,
#'   censor_show = TRUE,
#'   xticks = xticks,
#'   xlab = "Days",
#'   yval = "Survival",
#'   ylab = "Survival Probability",
#'   title = "Survival"
#' )
#' gg
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_ggkm <- function(data,
                   xticks = NULL,
                   yval = "Survival",
                   censor_show,
                   xlab,
                   ylab,
                   ylim = NULL,
                   title,
                   footnotes = NULL,
                   max_time = NULL,
                   lwd = 1,
                   lty = NULL,
                   pch = 3,
                   size = 2,
                   col = NULL,
                   ci_ribbon = FALSE,
                   ggtheme = nestcolor::theme_nest()) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(lty, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(col, null.ok = TRUE)

  if (is.null(ylim)) {
    data_lims <- data
    if (yval == "Failure") data_lims[["estimate"]] <- 1 - data_lims[["estimate"]]
    if (!is.null(max_time)) {
      y_lwr <- min(data_lims[data_lims$time < max_time, ][["estimate"]])
      y_upr <- max(data_lims[data_lims$time < max_time, ][["estimate"]])
    } else {
      y_lwr <- min(data_lims[["estimate"]])
      y_upr <- max(data_lims[["estimate"]])
    }
    ylim <- c(y_lwr, y_upr)
  }
  checkmate::assert_numeric(ylim, finite = TRUE, any.missing = FALSE, len = 2, sorted = TRUE)

  # change estimates of survival to estimates of failure (1 - survival)
  if (yval == "Failure") {
    data$estimate <- 1 - data$estimate
    data[c("conf.high", "conf.low")] <- list(1 - data$conf.low, 1 - data$conf.high)
    data$censor <- 1 - data$censor
  }

  gg <- {
    ggplot2::ggplot(
      data = data,
      mapping = ggplot2::aes(
        x = .data[["time"]],
        y = .data[["estimate"]],
        ymin = .data[["conf.low"]],
        ymax = .data[["conf.high"]],
        color = .data[["strata"]],
        fill = .data[["strata"]]
      )
    ) +
      ggplot2::geom_hline(yintercept = 0)
  }

  if (ci_ribbon) {
    gg <- gg + ggplot2::geom_ribbon(alpha = .3, lty = 0)
  }

  gg <- if (is.null(lty)) {
    gg +
      ggplot2::geom_step(linewidth = lwd)
  } else if (checkmate::test_number(lty)) {
    gg +
      ggplot2::geom_step(linewidth = lwd, lty = lty)
  } else if (is.numeric(lty)) {
    gg +
      ggplot2::geom_step(mapping = ggplot2::aes(linetype = .data[["strata"]]), linewidth = lwd) +
      ggplot2::scale_linetype_manual(values = lty)
  }

  gg <- gg +
    ggplot2::coord_cartesian(ylim = ylim) +
    ggplot2::labs(x = xlab, y = ylab, title = title, caption = footnotes)

  if (!is.null(col)) {
    gg <- gg +
      ggplot2::scale_color_manual(values = col) +
      ggplot2::scale_fill_manual(values = col)
  }
  if (censor_show) {
    dt <- data[data$n.censor != 0, ]
    dt$censor_lbl <- factor("Censored")

    gg <- gg + ggplot2::geom_point(
      data = dt,
      ggplot2::aes(
        x = .data[["time"]],
        y = .data[["censor"]],
        shape = .data[["censor_lbl"]]
      ),
      size = size,
      show.legend = TRUE,
      inherit.aes = TRUE
    ) +
      ggplot2::scale_shape_manual(name = NULL, values = pch) +
      ggplot2::guides(
        shape = ggplot2::guide_legend(override.aes = list(linetype = NA)),
        fill = ggplot2::guide_legend(override.aes = list(shape = NA))
      )
  }

  if (!is.null(max_time) && !is.null(xticks)) {
    gg <- gg + ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(breaks = xticks, limits = c(min(0, xticks), max(c(xticks, max_time))))
  } else if (!is.null(xticks)) {
    if (max(data$time) <= max(xticks)) {
      gg <- gg + ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(breaks = xticks, limits = c(min(0, min(xticks)), max(xticks)))
    } else {
      gg <- gg + ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(breaks = xticks)
    }
  } else if (!is.null(max_time)) {
    gg <- gg + ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, max_time))
  }

  if (!is.null(ggtheme)) {
    gg <- gg + ggtheme
  }

  gg + ggplot2::theme(
    legend.position = "bottom",
    legend.title = ggplot2::element_blank(),
    legend.key.height = unit(0.02, "npc"),
    panel.grid.major.x = ggplot2::element_line(linewidth = 2)
  )
}

#' `ggplot` Decomposition
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' The elements composing the `ggplot` are extracted and organized in a `list`.
#'
#' @param gg (`ggplot`)\cr a graphic to decompose.
#'
#' @return A named `list` with elements:
#'   * `panel`: The panel.
#'   * `yaxis`: The y-axis.
#'   * `xaxis`: The x-axis.
#'   * `xlab`: The x-axis label.
#'   * `ylab`: The y-axis label.
#'   * `guide`: The legend.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#' library(grid)
#'
#' fit_km <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .)
#' data_plot <- h_data_plot(fit_km = fit_km)
#' xticks <- h_xticks(data = data_plot)
#' gg <- h_ggkm(
#'   data = data_plot,
#'   yval = "Survival",
#'   censor_show = TRUE,
#'   xticks = xticks, xlab = "Days", ylab = "Survival Probability",
#'   title = "tt",
#'   footnotes = "ff"
#' )
#'
#' g_el <- h_decompose_gg(gg)
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' grid.rect(gp = grid::gpar(lty = 1, col = "red", fill = "gray85", lwd = 5))
#' grid::grid.draw(g_el$panel)
#'
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' grid.rect(gp = grid::gpar(lty = 1, col = "royalblue", fill = "gray85", lwd = 5))
#' grid::grid.draw(with(g_el, cbind(ylab, yaxis)))
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_decompose_gg <- function(gg) {
  g_el <- ggplot2::ggplotGrob(gg)
  y <- c(
    panel = "panel",
    yaxis = "axis-l",
    xaxis = "axis-b",
    xlab = "xlab-b",
    ylab = "ylab-l",
    guide = "guide"
  )
  lapply(X = y, function(x) gtable::gtable_filter(g_el, x))
}

#' Helper: KM Layout
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Prepares a (5 rows) x (2 cols) layout for the Kaplan-Meier curve.
#'
#' @inheritParams g_km
#' @inheritParams h_ggkm
#' @param g_el (`list` of `gtable`)\cr list as obtained by `h_decompose_gg()`.
#' @param annot_at_risk (`flag`)\cr compute and add the annotation table reporting the number of
#'   patient at risk matching the main grid of the Kaplan-Meier curve.
#'
#' @return A grid layout.
#'
#' @details The layout corresponds to a grid of two columns and five rows of unequal dimensions. Most of the
#'   dimension are fixed, only the curve is flexible and will accommodate with the remaining free space.
#'   * The left column gets the annotation of the `ggplot` (y-axis) and the names of the strata for the patient
#'     at risk tabulation. The main constraint is about the width of the columns which must allow the writing of
#'     the strata name.
#'   * The right column receive the `ggplot`, the legend, the x-axis and the patient at risk table.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#' library(grid)
#'
#' fit_km <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .)
#' data_plot <- h_data_plot(fit_km = fit_km)
#' xticks <- h_xticks(data = data_plot)
#' gg <- h_ggkm(
#'   data = data_plot,
#'   censor_show = TRUE,
#'   xticks = xticks, xlab = "Days", ylab = "Survival Probability",
#'   title = "tt", footnotes = "ff", yval = "Survival"
#' )
#' g_el <- h_decompose_gg(gg)
#' lyt <- h_km_layout(data = data_plot, g_el = g_el, title = "t", footnotes = "f")
#' grid.show.layout(lyt)
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_km_layout <- function(data, g_el, title, footnotes, annot_at_risk = TRUE, annot_at_risk_title = TRUE) {
  txtlines <- levels(as.factor(data$strata))
  nlines <- nlevels(as.factor(data$strata))
  col_annot_width <- max(
    c(
      as.numeric(grid::convertX(g_el$yaxis$width + g_el$ylab$width, "pt")),
      as.numeric(
        grid::convertX(
          grid::stringWidth(txtlines) + grid::unit(7, "pt"), "pt"
        )
      )
    )
  )

  ttl_row <- as.numeric(!is.null(title))
  foot_row <- as.numeric(!is.null(footnotes))
  no_tbl_ind <- c()
  ht_x <- c()
  ht_units <- c()

  if (ttl_row == 1) {
    no_tbl_ind <- c(no_tbl_ind, TRUE)
    ht_x <- c(ht_x, 2)
    ht_units <- c(ht_units, "lines")
  }

  no_tbl_ind <- c(no_tbl_ind, rep(TRUE, 3), rep(FALSE, 2))
  ht_x <- c(
    ht_x,
    1,
    grid::convertX(with(g_el, xaxis$height + ylab$width), "pt") + grid::unit(5, "pt"),
    grid::convertX(g_el$guide$heights, "pt") + grid::unit(2, "pt"),
    1,
    nlines + 0.5,
    grid::convertX(with(g_el, xaxis$height + ylab$width), "pt")
  )
  ht_units <- c(
    ht_units,
    "null",
    "pt",
    "pt",
    "lines",
    "lines",
    "pt"
  )

  if (foot_row == 1) {
    no_tbl_ind <- c(no_tbl_ind, TRUE)
    ht_x <- c(ht_x, 1)
    ht_units <- c(ht_units, "lines")
  }
  if (annot_at_risk) {
    no_at_risk_tbl <- rep(TRUE, 6 + ttl_row + foot_row)
    if (!annot_at_risk_title) {
      no_at_risk_tbl[length(no_at_risk_tbl) - 2 - foot_row] <- FALSE
    }
  } else {
    no_at_risk_tbl <- no_tbl_ind
  }

  grid::grid.layout(
    nrow = sum(no_at_risk_tbl), ncol = 2,
    widths = grid::unit(c(col_annot_width, 1), c("pt", "null")),
    heights = grid::unit(
      x = ht_x[no_at_risk_tbl],
      units = ht_units[no_at_risk_tbl]
    )
  )
}

#' Helper: Patient-at-Risk Grobs
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Two graphical objects are obtained, one corresponding to row labeling and the second to the table of
#' numbers of patients at risk. If `title = TRUE`, a third object corresponding to the table title is
#' also obtained.
#'
#' @inheritParams g_km
#' @inheritParams h_ggkm
#' @param annot_tbl (`data.frame`)\cr annotation as prepared by [survival::summary.survfit()] which
#'   includes the number of patients at risk at given time points.
#' @param xlim (`numeric`)\cr the maximum value on the x-axis (used to
#'   ensure the at risk table aligns with the KM graph).
#' @param title (`flag`)\cr whether the "Patients at Risk" title should be added above the `annot_at_risk`
#'   table. Has no effect if `annot_at_risk` is `FALSE`. Defaults to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @return A named `list` of two `gTree` objects if `title = FALSE`: `at_risk` and `label`, or three
#'   `gTree` objects if `title = TRUE`: `at_risk`, `label`, and `title`.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#' library(grid)
#'
#' fit_km <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .)
#'
#' data_plot <- h_data_plot(fit_km = fit_km)
#'
#' xticks <- h_xticks(data = data_plot)
#'
#' gg <- h_ggkm(
#'   data = data_plot,
#'   censor_show = TRUE,
#'   xticks = xticks, xlab = "Days", ylab = "Survival Probability",
#'   title = "tt", footnotes = "ff", yval = "Survival"
#' )
#'
#' # The annotation table reports the patient at risk for a given strata and
#' # time (`xticks`).
#' annot_tbl <- summary(fit_km, time = xticks)
#' if (is.null(fit_km$strata)) {
#'   annot_tbl <- with(annot_tbl, data.frame(n.risk = n.risk, time = time, strata = "All"))
#' } else {
#'   strata_lst <- strsplit(sub("=", "equals", levels(annot_tbl$strata)), "equals")
#'   levels(annot_tbl$strata) <- matrix(unlist(strata_lst), ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE)[, 2]
#'   annot_tbl <- data.frame(
#'     n.risk = annot_tbl$n.risk,
#'     time = annot_tbl$time,
#'     strata = annot_tbl$strata
#'   )
#' }
#'
#' # The annotation table is transformed into a grob.
#' tbl <- h_grob_tbl_at_risk(data = data_plot, annot_tbl = annot_tbl, xlim = max(xticks))
#'
#' # For the representation, the layout is estimated for which the decomposition
#' # of the graphic element is necessary.
#' g_el <- h_decompose_gg(gg)
#' lyt <- h_km_layout(data = data_plot, g_el = g_el, title = "t", footnotes = "f")
#'
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' pushViewport(viewport(layout = lyt, height = .95, width = .95))
#' grid.rect(gp = grid::gpar(lty = 1, col = "purple", fill = "gray85", lwd = 1))
#' pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = 3:4, layout.pos.col = 2))
#' grid.rect(gp = grid::gpar(lty = 1, col = "orange", fill = "gray85", lwd = 1))
#' grid::grid.draw(tbl$at_risk)
#' popViewport()
#' pushViewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = 3:4, layout.pos.col = 1))
#' grid.rect(gp = grid::gpar(lty = 1, col = "green3", fill = "gray85", lwd = 1))
#' grid::grid.draw(tbl$label)
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_grob_tbl_at_risk <- function(data, annot_tbl, xlim, title = TRUE) {
  txtlines <- levels(as.factor(data$strata))
  nlines <- nlevels(as.factor(data$strata))
  y_int <- annot_tbl$time[2] - annot_tbl$time[1]
  annot_tbl <- expand.grid(
    time = seq(0, xlim, y_int),
    strata = unique(annot_tbl$strata)
  ) %>% dplyr::left_join(annot_tbl, by = c("time", "strata"))
  annot_tbl[is.na(annot_tbl)] <- 0
  y_str_unit <- as.numeric(annot_tbl$strata)
  vp_table <- grid::plotViewport(margins = grid::unit(c(0, 0, 0, 0), "lines"))
  if (title) {
    gb_table_title <- grid::gList(
      grid::textGrob(
        label = "Patients at Risk:",
        x = 1,
        y = grid::unit(0.2, "native"),
        gp = grid::gpar(fontface = "bold", fontsize = 10)
      )
    )
  }
  gb_table_left_annot <- grid::gList(
    grid::rectGrob(
      x = 0, y = grid::unit(c(1:nlines) - 1, "lines"),
      gp = grid::gpar(fill = c("gray95", "gray90"), alpha = 1, col = "white"),
      height = grid::unit(1, "lines"), just = "bottom", hjust = 0
    ),
    grid::textGrob(
      label = unique(annot_tbl$strata),
      x = 0.5,
      y = grid::unit(
        (max(unique(y_str_unit)) - unique(y_str_unit)) + 0.75,
        "native"
      ),
      gp = grid::gpar(fontface = "italic", fontsize = 10)
    )
  )
  gb_patient_at_risk <- grid::gList(
    grid::rectGrob(
      x = 0, y = grid::unit(c(1:nlines) - 1, "lines"),
      gp = grid::gpar(fill = c("gray95", "gray90"), alpha = 1, col = "white"),
      height = grid::unit(1, "lines"), just = "bottom", hjust = 0
    ),
    grid::textGrob(
      label = annot_tbl$n.risk,
      x = grid::unit(annot_tbl$time, "native"),
      y = grid::unit(
        (max(y_str_unit) - y_str_unit) + .5,
        "line"
      ) # maybe native
    )
  )

  ret <- list(
    at_risk = grid::gList(
      grid::gTree(
        vp = vp_table,
        children = grid::gList(
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::dataViewport(
              xscale = c(0, xlim) + c(-0.05, 0.05) * xlim,
              yscale = c(0, nlines + 1),
              extension = c(0.05, 0)
            ),
            children = grid::gList(gb_patient_at_risk)
          )
        )
      )
    ),
    label = grid::gList(
      grid::gTree(
        vp = grid::viewport(width = max(grid::stringWidth(txtlines))),
        children = grid::gList(
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::dataViewport(
              xscale = 0:1,
              yscale = c(0, nlines + 1),
              extension = c(0.0, 0)
            ),
            children = grid::gList(gb_table_left_annot)
          )
        )
      )
    )
  )

  if (title) {
    ret[["title"]] <- grid::gList(
      grid::gTree(
        vp = grid::viewport(width = max(grid::stringWidth(txtlines))),
        children = grid::gList(
          grid::gTree(
            vp = grid::dataViewport(
              xscale = 0:1,
              yscale = c(0, 1),
              extension = c(0, 0)
            ),
            children = grid::gList(gb_table_title)
          )
        )
      )
    )
  }

  ret
}

#' Helper Function: Survival Estimations
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Transform a survival fit to a table with groups in rows characterized by N, median and confidence interval.
#'
#' @inheritParams h_data_plot
#'
#' @return A summary table with statistics `N`, `Median`, and `XX% CI` (`XX` taken from `fit_km`).
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte %>% filter(PARAMCD == "OS")
#' fit <- survfit(
#'   form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD,
#'   data = adtte
#' )
#' h_tbl_median_surv(fit_km = fit)
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_tbl_median_surv <- function(fit_km, armval = "All") {
  y <- if (is.null(fit_km$strata)) {
    as.data.frame(t(summary(fit_km)$table), row.names = armval)
  } else {
    tbl <- summary(fit_km)$table
    rownames_lst <- strsplit(sub("=", "equals", rownames(tbl)), "equals")
    rownames(tbl) <- matrix(unlist(rownames_lst), ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE)[, 2]
    as.data.frame(tbl)
  }
  conf.int <- summary(fit_km)$conf.int # nolint
  y$records <- round(y$records)
  y$median <- signif(y$median, 4)
  y$`CI` <- paste0(
    "(", signif(y[[paste0(conf.int, "LCL")]], 4), ", ", signif(y[[paste0(conf.int, "UCL")]], 4), ")"
  )
  stats::setNames(
    y[c("records", "median", "CI")],
    c("N", "Median", f_conf_level(conf.int))
  )
}

#' Helper Function: Survival Estimation Grob
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' The survival fit is transformed in a grob containing a table with groups in
#' rows characterized by N, median and 95% confidence interval.
#'
#' @inheritParams g_km
#' @inheritParams h_data_plot
#' @param ttheme (`list`)\cr see [gridExtra::ttheme_default()].
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr a value between 0 and 1 specifying x-location.
#' @param y (`numeric`)\cr a value between 0 and 1 specifying y-location.
#' @param width (`unit`)\cr width (as a unit) to use when printing the grob.
#'
#' @return A `grob` of a table containing statistics `N`, `Median`, and `XX% CI` (`XX` taken from `fit_km`).
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#' library(grid)
#'
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' grid.rect(gp = grid::gpar(lty = 1, col = "pink", fill = "gray85", lwd = 1))
#' tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .) %>%
#'   h_grob_median_surv() %>%
#'   grid::grid.draw()
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_grob_median_surv <- function(fit_km,
                               armval = "All",
                               x = 0.9,
                               y = 0.9,
                               width = grid::unit(0.3, "npc"),
                               ttheme = gridExtra::ttheme_default()) {
  data <- h_tbl_median_surv(fit_km, armval = armval)

  width <- grid::convertUnit(width, "in")
  height <- width * (nrow(data) + 1) / 12

  w <- paste(" ", c(
    rownames(data)[which.max(nchar(rownames(data)))],
    sapply(names(data), function(x) c(x, data[[x]])[which.max(nchar(c(x, data[[x]])))])
  ))
  w_unit <- grid::convertWidth(grid::stringWidth(w), "in", valueOnly = TRUE)

  w_txt <- sapply(1:64, function(x) {
    graphics::par(ps = x)
    graphics::strwidth(w[4], units = "in")
  })
  f_size_w <- which.max(w_txt[w_txt < as.numeric((w_unit / sum(w_unit)) * width)[4]])

  h_txt <- sapply(1:64, function(x) {
    graphics::par(ps = x)
    graphics::strheight(grid::stringHeight("X"), units = "in")
  })
  f_size_h <- which.max(h_txt[h_txt < as.numeric(grid::unit(as.numeric(height) / 4, grid::unitType(height)))])

  if (ttheme$core$fg_params$fontsize == 12) {
    ttheme$core$fg_params$fontsize <- min(f_size_w, f_size_h)
    ttheme$colhead$fg_params$fontsize <- min(f_size_w, f_size_h)
    ttheme$rowhead$fg_params$fontsize <- min(f_size_w, f_size_h)
  }

  gt <- gridExtra::tableGrob(
    d = data,
    theme = ttheme
  )
  gt$widths <- ((w_unit / sum(w_unit)) * width)
  gt$heights <- rep(grid::unit(as.numeric(height) / 4, grid::unitType(height)), nrow(gt))

  vp <- grid::viewport(
    x = grid::unit(x, "npc") + grid::unit(1, "lines"),
    y = grid::unit(y, "npc") + grid::unit(1.5, "lines"),
    height = height,
    width = width,
    just = c("right", "top")
  )

  grid::gList(
    grid::gTree(
      vp = vp,
      children = grid::gList(gt)
    )
  )
}

#' Helper: Grid Object with y-axis Annotation
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Build the y-axis annotation from a decomposed `ggplot`.
#'
#' @param ylab (`gtable`)\cr the y-lab as a graphical object derived from a `ggplot`.
#' @param yaxis (`gtable`)\cr the y-axis as a graphical object derived from a `ggplot`.
#'
#' @return a `gTree` object containing the y-axis annotation from a `ggplot`.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#' library(grid)
#'
#' fit_km <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   survfit(form = Surv(AVAL, 1 - CNSR) ~ ARMCD, data = .)
#' data_plot <- h_data_plot(fit_km = fit_km)
#' xticks <- h_xticks(data = data_plot)
#' gg <- h_ggkm(
#'   data = data_plot,
#'   censor_show = TRUE,
#'   xticks = xticks, xlab = "Days", ylab = "Survival Probability",
#'   title = "title", footnotes = "footnotes", yval = "Survival"
#' )
#'
#' g_el <- h_decompose_gg(gg)
#'
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' pvp <- grid::plotViewport(margins = c(5, 4, 2, 20))
#' pushViewport(pvp)
#' grid::grid.draw(h_grob_y_annot(ylab = g_el$ylab, yaxis = g_el$yaxis))
#' grid.rect(gp = grid::gpar(lty = 1, col = "gray35", fill = NA))
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_grob_y_annot <- function(ylab, yaxis) {
  grid::gList(
    grid::gTree(
      vp = grid::viewport(
        width = grid::convertX(yaxis$width + ylab$width, "pt"),
        x = grid::unit(1, "npc"),
        just = "right"
      ),
      children = grid::gList(cbind(ylab, yaxis))
    )
  )
}

#' Helper Function: Pairwise `CoxPH` table
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Create a `data.frame` of pairwise stratified or unstratified `CoxPH` analysis results.
#'
#' @inheritParams g_km
#'
#' @return A `data.frame` containing statistics `HR`, `XX% CI` (`XX` taken from `control_coxph_pw`),
#'   and `p-value (log-rank)`.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(is_event = CNSR == 0)
#'
#' h_tbl_coxph_pairwise(
#'   df = adtte,
#'   variables = list(tte = "AVAL", is_event = "is_event", arm = "ARM"),
#'   control_coxph_pw = control_coxph(conf_level = 0.9)
#' )
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_tbl_coxph_pairwise <- function(df,
                                 variables,
                                 control_coxph_pw = control_coxph()) {
  assert_df_with_variables(df, variables)
  arm <- variables$arm
  df[[arm]] <- factor(df[[arm]])
  ref_group <- levels(df[[arm]])[1]
  comp_group <- levels(df[[arm]])[-1]
  results <- Map(function(comp) {
    res <- s_coxph_pairwise(
      df = df[df[[arm]] == comp, , drop = FALSE],
      .ref_group = df[df[[arm]] == ref_group, , drop = FALSE],
      .in_ref_col = FALSE,
      .var = variables$tte,
      is_event = variables$is_event,
      strat = variables$strat,
      control = control_coxph_pw
    )
    res_df <- data.frame(
      hr = format(round(res$hr, 2), nsmall = 2),
      hr_ci = paste0(
        "(", format(round(res$hr_ci[1], 2), nsmall = 2), ", ",
        format(round(res$hr_ci[2], 2), nsmall = 2), ")"
      ),
      pvalue = if (res$pvalue < 0.0001) "<0.0001" else format(round(res$pvalue, 4), 4),
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
    colnames(res_df) <- c("HR", vapply(res[c("hr_ci", "pvalue")], obj_label, FUN.VALUE = "character"))
    row.names(res_df) <- comp
    res_df
  }, comp_group)
  do.call(rbind, results)
}

#' Helper Function: `CoxPH` Grob
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Grob of `rtable` output from [h_tbl_coxph_pairwise()]
#'
#' @inheritParams h_grob_median_surv
#' @param ... arguments will be passed to [h_tbl_coxph_pairwise()].
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr a value between 0 and 1 specifying x-location.
#' @param y (`numeric`)\cr a value between 0 and 1 specifying y-location.
#' @param width (`unit`)\cr width (as a unit) to use when printing the grob.
#'
#' @return A `grob` of a table containing statistics `HR`, `XX% CI` (`XX` taken from `control_coxph_pw`),
#'   and `p-value (log-rank)`.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#' library(grid)
#'
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' grid.rect(gp = grid::gpar(lty = 1, col = "pink", fill = "gray85", lwd = 1))
#' data <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(is_event = CNSR == 0)
#' tbl_grob <- h_grob_coxph(
#'   df = data,
#'   variables = list(tte = "AVAL", is_event = "is_event", arm = "ARMCD"),
#'   control_coxph_pw = control_coxph(conf_level = 0.9), x = 0.5, y = 0.5
#' )
#' grid::grid.draw(tbl_grob)
#' }
#'
#' @export
h_grob_coxph <- function(...,
                         x = 0,
                         y = 0,
                         width = grid::unit(0.4, "npc"),
                         ttheme = gridExtra::ttheme_default(
                           padding = grid::unit(c(1, .5), "lines"),
                           core = list(bg_params = list(fill = c("grey95", "grey90"), alpha = .5))
                         )) {
  data <- h_tbl_coxph_pairwise(...)

  width <- grid::convertUnit(width, "in")
  height <- width * (nrow(data) + 1) / 12

  w <- paste("    ", c(
    rownames(data)[which.max(nchar(rownames(data)))],
    sapply(names(data), function(x) c(x, data[[x]])[which.max(nchar(c(x, data[[x]])))])
  ))
  w_unit <- grid::convertWidth(grid::stringWidth(w), "in", valueOnly = TRUE)

  w_txt <- sapply(1:64, function(x) {
    graphics::par(ps = x)
    graphics::strwidth(w[4], units = "in")
  })
  f_size_w <- which.max(w_txt[w_txt < as.numeric((w_unit / sum(w_unit)) * width)[4]])

  h_txt <- sapply(1:64, function(x) {
    graphics::par(ps = x)
    graphics::strheight(grid::stringHeight("X"), units = "in")
  })
  f_size_h <- which.max(h_txt[h_txt < as.numeric(grid::unit(as.numeric(height) / 4, grid::unitType(height)))])

  if (ttheme$core$fg_params$fontsize == 12) {
    ttheme$core$fg_params$fontsize <- min(f_size_w, f_size_h)
    ttheme$colhead$fg_params$fontsize <- min(f_size_w, f_size_h)
    ttheme$rowhead$fg_params$fontsize <- min(f_size_w, f_size_h)
  }

  tryCatch(
    expr = {
      gt <- gridExtra::tableGrob(
        d = data,
        theme = ttheme
      ) # ERROR 'data' must be of a vector type, was 'NULL'
      gt$widths <- ((w_unit / sum(w_unit)) * width)
      gt$heights <- rep(grid::unit(as.numeric(height) / 4, grid::unitType(height)), nrow(gt))
      vp <- grid::viewport(
        x = grid::unit(x, "npc") + grid::unit(1, "lines"),
        y = grid::unit(y, "npc") + grid::unit(1.5, "lines"),
        height = height,
        width = width,
        just = c("left", "bottom")
      )
      grid::gList(
        grid::gTree(
          vp = vp,
          children = grid::gList(gt)
        )
      )
    },
    error = function(w) {
      message(paste(
        "Warning: Cox table will not be displayed as there is",
        "not any level to be compared in the arm variable."
      ))
      return(
        grid::gList(
          grid::gTree(
            vp = NULL,
            children = NULL
          )
        )
      )
    }
  )
}

#' Add Titles, Footnotes, Page Number, and a Bounding Box to a Grid Grob
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This function is useful to label grid grobs (also `ggplot2`, and `lattice` plots)
#' with title, footnote, and page numbers.
#'
#' @inheritParams grid::grob
#' @param grob a grid grob object, optionally `NULL` if only a `grob` with the decoration should be shown.
#' @param titles vector of character strings. Vector elements are separated by a newline and strings are wrapped
#'   according to the page width.
#' @param footnotes vector of character string. Same rules as for `titles`.
#' @param page string with page numeration, if `NULL` then no page number is displayed.
#' @param width_titles unit object
#' @param width_footnotes unit object
#' @param border boolean, whether a a border should be drawn around the plot or not.
#' @param margins unit object of length 4
#' @param padding  unit object of length 4
#' @param outer_margins  unit object of length 4
#' @param gp_titles a `gpar` object
#' @param gp_footnotes a `gpar` object
#'
#' @return A grid grob (`gTree`).
#'
#' @details The titles and footnotes will be ragged, i.e. each title will be wrapped individually.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(grid)
#'
#' titles <- c(
#'   "Edgar Anderson's Iris Data",
#'   paste(
#'     "This famous (Fisher's or Anderson's) iris data set gives the measurements",
#'     "in centimeters of the variables sepal length and width and petal length",
#'     "and width, respectively, for 50 flowers from each of 3 species of iris."
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' footnotes <- c(
#'   "The species are Iris setosa, versicolor, and virginica.",
#'   paste(
#'     "iris is a data frame with 150 cases (rows) and 5 variables (columns) named",
#'     "Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, Petal.Length, Petal.Width, and Species."
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' ## empty plot
#' grid.newpage()
#'
#' grid.draw(
#'   decorate_grob(
#'     NULL,
#'     titles = titles,
#'     footnotes = footnotes,
#'     page = "Page 4 of 10"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' # grid
#' p <- gTree(
#'   children = gList(
#'     rectGrob(),
#'     xaxisGrob(),
#'     yaxisGrob(),
#'     textGrob("Sepal.Length", y = unit(-4, "lines")),
#'     textGrob("Petal.Length", x = unit(-3.5, "lines"), rot = 90),
#'     pointsGrob(iris$Sepal.Length, iris$Petal.Length, gp = gpar(col = iris$Species), pch = 16)
#'   ),
#'   vp = vpStack(plotViewport(), dataViewport(xData = iris$Sepal.Length, yData = iris$Petal.Length))
#' )
#' grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(p)
#'
#' grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(
#'   decorate_grob(
#'     grob = p,
#'     titles = titles,
#'     footnotes = footnotes,
#'     page = "Page 6 of 129"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' ## with ggplot2
#' library(ggplot2)
#'
#' p_gg <- ggplot2::ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, col = Species)) +
#'   ggplot2::geom_point()
#' p_gg
#' p <- ggplotGrob(p_gg)
#' grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(
#'   decorate_grob(
#'     grob = p,
#'     titles = titles,
#'     footnotes = footnotes,
#'     page = "Page 6 of 129"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' ## with lattice
#' library(lattice)
#'
#' xyplot(Sepal.Length ~ Petal.Length, data = iris, col = iris$Species)
#' p <- grid.grab()
#' grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(
#'   decorate_grob(
#'     grob = p,
#'     titles = titles,
#'     footnotes = footnotes,
#'     page = "Page 6 of 129"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' # with gridExtra - no borders
#' library(gridExtra)
#' grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(
#'   decorate_grob(
#'     tableGrob(
#'       head(mtcars)
#'     ),
#'     titles = "title",
#'     footnotes = "footnote",
#'     border = FALSE
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @export
decorate_grob <- function(grob,
                          titles,
                          footnotes,
                          page = "",
                          width_titles = grid::unit(1, "npc") - grid::stringWidth(page),
                          width_footnotes = grid::unit(1, "npc") - grid::stringWidth(page),
                          border = TRUE,
                          margins = grid::unit(c(1, 0, 1, 0), "lines"),
                          padding = grid::unit(rep(1, 4), "lines"),
                          outer_margins = grid::unit(c(2, 1.5, 3, 1.5), "cm"),
                          gp_titles = grid::gpar(),
                          gp_footnotes = grid::gpar(fontsize = 8),
                          name = NULL,
                          gp = grid::gpar(),
                          vp = NULL) {
  st_titles <- split_text_grob(
    titles,
    x = 0, y = 1,
    just = c("left", "top"),
    width = width_titles,
    vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 1),
    gp = gp_titles
  )

  st_footnotes <- split_text_grob(
    footnotes,
    x = 0, y = 1,
    just = c("left", "top"),
    width = width_footnotes,
    vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 3, layout.pos.col = 1),
    gp = gp_footnotes
  )

  grid::gTree(
    grob = grob,
    titles = titles,
    footnotes = footnotes,
    page = page,
    width_titles = width_titles,
    width_footnotes = width_footnotes,
    border = border,
    margins = margins,
    padding = padding,
    outer_margins = outer_margins,
    gp_titles = gp_titles,
    gp_footnotes = gp_footnotes,
    children = grid::gList(
      grid::gTree(
        children = grid::gList(
          st_titles,
          grid::gTree(
            children = grid::gList(
              if (border) grid::rectGrob(),
              grid::gTree(
                children = grid::gList(
                  grob
                ),
                vp = grid::plotViewport(margins = padding)
              )
            ),
            vp = grid::vpStack(
              grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 2, layout.pos.col = 1),
              grid::plotViewport(margins = margins)
            )
          ),
          st_footnotes,
          grid::textGrob(
            page,
            x = 1, y = 0,
            just = c("right", "bottom"),
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 3, layout.pos.col = 1),
            gp = gp_footnotes
          )
        ),
        childrenvp = NULL,
        name = "titles_grob_footnotes",
        vp = grid::vpStack(
          grid::plotViewport(margins = outer_margins),
          grid::viewport(
            layout = grid::grid.layout(
              nrow = 3, ncol = 1,
              heights = grid::unit.c(
                grid::grobHeight(st_titles),
                grid::unit(1, "null"),
                grid::grobHeight(st_footnotes)
              )
            )
          )
        )
      )
    ),
    name = name,
    gp = gp,
    vp = vp,
    cl = "decoratedGrob"
  )
}

#' @importFrom grid validDetails
#' @noRd
validDetails.decoratedGrob <- function(x) {
  checkmate::assert_character(x$titles)
  checkmate::assert_character(x$footnotes)

  if (!is.null(x$grob)) {
    checkmate::assert_true(grid::is.grob(x$grob))
  }
  if (length(x$page) == 1) {
    checkmate::assert_character(x$page)
  }
  if (!grid::is.unit(x$outer_margins)) {
    checkmate::assert_vector(x$outer_margins, len = 4)
  }
  if (!grid::is.unit(x$margins)) {
    checkmate::assert_vector(x$margins, len = 4)
  }
  if (!grid::is.unit(x$padding)) {
    checkmate::assert_vector(x$padding, len = 4)
  }

  x
}

#' @importFrom grid widthDetails
#' @noRd
widthDetails.decoratedGrob <- function(x) {
  grid::unit(1, "null")
}

#' @importFrom grid heightDetails
#' @noRd
heightDetails.decoratedGrob <- function(x) {
  grid::unit(1, "null")
}

# Adapted from Paul Murell R Graphics 2nd Edition
# https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~paul/RG2e/interactgrid-splittext.R
split_string <- function(text, width) {
  strings <- strsplit(text, " ")
  out_string <- NA
  for (string_i in seq_along(strings)) {
    newline_str <- strings[[string_i]]
    if (length(newline_str) == 0) newline_str <- ""
    if (is.na(out_string[string_i])) {
      out_string[string_i] <- newline_str[[1]][[1]]
      linewidth <- grid::stringWidth(out_string[string_i])
    }
    gapwidth <- grid::stringWidth(" ")
    availwidth <- as.numeric(width)
    if (length(newline_str) > 1) {
      for (i in seq(2, length(newline_str))) {
        width_i <- grid::stringWidth(newline_str[i])
        if (grid::convertWidth(linewidth + gapwidth + width_i, grid::unitType(width), valueOnly = TRUE) < availwidth) {
          sep <- " "
          linewidth <- linewidth + gapwidth + width_i
        } else {
          sep <- "\n"
          linewidth <- width_i
        }
        out_string[string_i] <- paste(out_string[string_i], newline_str[i], sep = sep)
      }
    }
  }
  paste(out_string, collapse = "\n")
}

#' Split Text According To Available Text Width
#'
#' Dynamically wrap text.
#'
#' @inheritParams grid::grid.text
#' @param text character string
#' @param width a unit object specifying max width of text
#'
#' @return A text grob.
#'
#' @details This code is taken from `R Graphics by Paul Murell, 2nd edition`
#'
#' @keywords internal
split_text_grob <- function(text,
                            x = grid::unit(0.5, "npc"),
                            y = grid::unit(0.5, "npc"),
                            width = grid::unit(1, "npc"),
                            just = "centre",
                            hjust = NULL,
                            vjust = NULL,
                            default.units = "npc", # nolint
                            name = NULL,
                            gp = grid::gpar(),
                            vp = NULL) {
  if (!grid::is.unit(x)) x <- grid::unit(x, default.units)
  if (!grid::is.unit(y)) y <- grid::unit(y, default.units)
  if (!grid::is.unit(width)) width <- grid::unit(width, default.units)
  if (grid::unitType(x) %in% c("sum", "min", "max")) x <- grid::convertUnit(x, default.units)
  if (grid::unitType(y) %in% c("sum", "min", "max")) y <- grid::convertUnit(y, default.units)
  if (grid::unitType(width) %in% c("sum", "min", "max")) width <- grid::convertUnit(width, default.units)

  ## if it is a fixed unit then we do not need to recalculate when viewport resized
  if (!inherits(width, "unit.arithmetic") &&
    !is.null(attr(width, "unit")) &&
    attr(width, "unit") %in% c("cm", "inches", "mm", "points", "picas", "bigpts", "dida", "cicero", "scaledpts")) {
    attr(text, "fixed_text") <- paste(vapply(text, split_string, character(1), width = width), collapse = "\n")
  }

  grid::grid.text(
    label = split_string(text, width),
    x = x, y = y,
    just = just,
    hjust = hjust,
    vjust = vjust,
    rot = 0,
    check.overlap = FALSE,
    name = name,
    gp = gp,
    vp = vp,
    draw = FALSE
  )
}

#' @importFrom grid validDetails
#' @noRd
validDetails.dynamicSplitText <- function(x) {
  checkmate::assert_character(x$text)
  checkmate::assert_true(grid::is.unit(x$width))
  checkmate::assert_vector(x$width, len = 1)
  x
}

#' @importFrom grid heightDetails
#' @noRd
heightDetails.dynamicSplitText <- function(x) {
  txt <- if (!is.null(attr(x$text, "fixed_text"))) {
    attr(x$text, "fixed_text")
  } else {
    paste(vapply(x$text, split_string, character(1), width = x$width), collapse = "\n")
  }
  grid::stringHeight(txt)
}

#' @importFrom grid widthDetails
#' @noRd
widthDetails.dynamicSplitText <- function(x) {
  x$width
}

#' @importFrom grid drawDetails
#' @noRd
drawDetails.dynamicSplitText <- function(x, recording) {
  txt <- if (!is.null(attr(x$text, "fixed_text"))) {
    attr(x$text, "fixed_text")
  } else {
    paste(vapply(x$text, split_string, character(1), width = x$width), collapse = "\n")
  }

  x$width <- NULL
  x$label <- txt
  x$text <- NULL
  class(x) <- c("text", class(x)[-1])

  grid::grid.draw(x)
}

#' Update Page Number
#'
#' Automatically updates page number.
#'
#' @param npages number of pages in total
#' @param ... passed on to [decorate_grob()]
#'
#' @return Closure that increments the page number.
#'
#' @keywords internal
decorate_grob_factory <- function(npages, ...) {
  current_page <- 0
  function(grob) {
    current_page <<- current_page + 1
    if (current_page > npages) {
      stop(paste("current page is", current_page, "but max.", npages, "specified."))
    }
    decorate_grob(grob = grob, page = paste("Page", current_page, "of", npages), ...)
  }
}

#' Decorate Set of `grobs` and Add Page Numbering
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Note that this uses the [decorate_grob_factory()] function.
#'
#' @param grobs a list of grid grobs
#' @param ... arguments passed on to [decorate_grob()].
#'
#' @return A decorated grob.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(ggplot2)
#' library(grid)
#' g <- with(data = iris, {
#'   list(
#'     ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
#'       ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, col = Species)) +
#'         ggplot2::geom_point()
#'     ),
#'     ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
#'       ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Length, Petal.Length, col = Species)) +
#'         ggplot2::geom_point()
#'     ),
#'     ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
#'       ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Length, Petal.Width, col = Species)) +
#'         ggplot2::geom_point()
#'     ),
#'     ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
#'       ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Width, Petal.Length, col = Species)) +
#'         ggplot2::geom_point()
#'     ),
#'     ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
#'       ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Width, Petal.Width, col = Species)) +
#'         ggplot2::geom_point()
#'     ),
#'     ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
#'       ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Petal.Length, Petal.Width, col = Species)) +
#'         ggplot2::geom_point()
#'     )
#'   )
#' })
#' lg <- decorate_grob_set(grobs = g, titles = "Hello\nOne\nTwo\nThree", footnotes = "")
#'
#' draw_grob(lg[[1]])
#' draw_grob(lg[[2]])
#' draw_grob(lg[[6]])
#'
#' @export
decorate_grob_set <- function(grobs, ...) {
  n <- length(grobs)
  lgf <- decorate_grob_factory(npages = n, ...)
  lapply(grobs, lgf)
}

#' Confidence Intervals for a Difference of Binomials
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
#'
#' Several confidence intervals for the difference between proportions.
#'
#' @name desctools_binom
NULL

#' Recycle List of Parameters
#'
#' This function recycles all supplied elements to the maximal dimension.
#'
#' @param ... (`any`)\cr Elements to recycle.
#'
#' @return A `list`.
#'
#' @keywords internal
#' @noRd
h_recycle <- function(...) {
  lst <- list(...)
  maxdim <- max(lengths(lst))
  res <- lapply(lst, rep, length.out = maxdim)
  attr(res, "maxdim") <- maxdim
  return(res)
}

#' @describeIn desctools_binom Several confidence intervals for the difference between proportions.
#'
#' @return A `matrix` of 3 values:
#'   * `est`: estimate of proportion difference.
#'   * `lwr.ci`: estimate of lower end of the confidence interval.
#'   * `upr.ci`: estimate of upper end of the confidence interval.
#'
#' @keywords internal
desctools_binom <- function(x1, n1, x2, n2, conf.level = 0.95, sides = c( # nolint
                              "two.sided",
                              "left", "right"
                            ), method = c(
                              "ac", "wald", "waldcc", "score",
                              "scorecc", "mn", "mee", "blj", "ha", "hal", "jp"
                            )) {
  if (missing(sides)) {
    sides <- match.arg(sides)
  }
  if (missing(method)) {
    method <- match.arg(method)
  }
  iBinomDiffCI <- function(x1, n1, x2, n2, conf.level, sides, # nolint
                           method) {
    if (sides != "two.sided") {
      conf.level <- 1 - 2 * (1 - conf.level) # nolint
    }
    alpha <- 1 - conf.level
    kappa <- stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2)
    p1_hat <- x1 / n1
    p2_hat <- x2 / n2
    est <- p1_hat - p2_hat
    switch(method,
      wald = {
        vd <- p1_hat * (1 - p1_hat) / n1 + p2_hat * (1 - p2_hat) / n2
        term2 <- kappa * sqrt(vd)
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, est - term2)
        ci_upr <- min(1, est + term2)
      },
      waldcc = {
        vd <- p1_hat * (1 - p1_hat) / n1 + p2_hat * (1 - p2_hat) / n2
        term2 <- kappa * sqrt(vd)
        term2 <- term2 + 0.5 * (1 / n1 + 1 / n2)
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, est - term2)
        ci_upr <- min(1, est + term2)
      },
      ac = {
        n1 <- n1 + 2
        n2 <- n2 + 2
        x1 <- x1 + 1
        x2 <- x2 + 1
        p1_hat <- x1 / n1
        p2_hat <- x2 / n2
        est1 <- p1_hat - p2_hat
        vd <- p1_hat * (1 - p1_hat) / n1 + p2_hat * (1 - p2_hat) / n2
        term2 <- kappa * sqrt(vd)
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, est1 - term2)
        ci_upr <- min(1, est1 + term2)
      },
      exact = {
        ci_lwr <- NA
        ci_upr <- NA
      },
      score = {
        w1 <- desctools_binomci(
          x = x1, n = n1, conf.level = conf.level,
          method = "wilson"
        )
        w2 <- desctools_binomci(
          x = x2, n = n2, conf.level = conf.level,
          method = "wilson"
        )
        l1 <- w1[2]
        u1 <- w1[3]
        l2 <- w2[2]
        u2 <- w2[3]
        ci_lwr <- est - kappa * sqrt(l1 * (1 - l1) / n1 +
          u2 * (1 - u2) / n2)
        ci_upr <- est + kappa * sqrt(u1 * (1 - u1) / n1 +
          l2 * (1 - l2) / n2)
      },
      scorecc = {
        w1 <- desctools_binomci(
          x = x1, n = n1, conf.level = conf.level,
          method = "wilsoncc"
        )
        w2 <- desctools_binomci(
          x = x2, n = n2, conf.level = conf.level,
          method = "wilsoncc"
        )
        l1 <- w1[2]
        u1 <- w1[3]
        l2 <- w2[2]
        u2 <- w2[3]
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, est - sqrt((p1_hat - l1)^2 +
          (u2 - p2_hat)^2))
        ci_upr <- min(1, est + sqrt((u1 - p1_hat)^2 + (p2_hat -
          l2)^2))
      },
      mee = {
        .score <- function(p1, n1, p2, n2, dif) {
          if (dif > 1) dif <- 1
          if (dif < -1) dif <- -1
          diff <- p1 - p2 - dif
          if (abs(diff) == 0) {
            res <- 0
          } else {
            t <- n2 / n1
            a <- 1 + t
            b <- -(1 + t + p1 + t * p2 + dif * (t + 2))
            c <- dif * dif + dif * (2 * p1 + t + 1) + p1 +
              t * p2
            d <- -p1 * dif * (1 + dif)
            v <- (b / a / 3)^3 - b * c / (6 * a * a) + d / a / 2
            if (abs(v) < .Machine$double.eps) v <- 0
            s <- sqrt((b / a / 3)^2 - c / a / 3)
            u <- ifelse(v > 0, 1, -1) * s
            w <- (3.141592654 + acos(v / u^3)) / 3
            p1d <- 2 * u * cos(w) - b / a / 3
            p2d <- p1d - dif
            n <- n1 + n2
            res <- (p1d * (1 - p1d) / n1 + p2d * (1 - p2d) / n2)
          }
          return(sqrt(res))
        }
        pval <- function(delta) {
          z <- (est - delta) / .score(
            p1_hat, n1, p2_hat,
            n2, delta
          )
          2 * min(stats::pnorm(z), 1 - stats::pnorm(z))
        }
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, stats::uniroot(function(delta) {
          pval(delta) -
            alpha
        }, interval = c(-1 + 1e-06, est - 1e-06))$root)
        ci_upr <- min(1, stats::uniroot(function(delta) {
          pval(delta) -
            alpha
        }, interval = c(est + 1e-06, 1 - 1e-06))$root)
      },
      blj = {
        p1_dash <- (x1 + 0.5) / (n1 + 1)
        p2_dash <- (x2 + 0.5) / (n2 + 1)
        vd <- p1_dash * (1 - p1_dash) / n1 + p2_dash * (1 -
          p2_dash) / n2
        term2 <- kappa * sqrt(vd)
        est_dash <- p1_dash - p2_dash
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, est_dash - term2)
        ci_upr <- min(1, est_dash + term2)
      },
      ha = {
        term2 <- 1 / (2 * min(n1, n2)) + kappa * sqrt(p1_hat *
          (1 - p1_hat) / (n1 - 1) + p2_hat * (1 - p2_hat) / (n2 -
            1))
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, est - term2)
        ci_upr <- min(1, est + term2)
      },
      mn = {
        .conf <- function(x1, n1, x2, n2, z, lower = FALSE) {
          p1 <- x1 / n1
          p2 <- x2 / n2
          p_hat <- p1 - p2
          dp <- 1 + ifelse(lower, 1, -1) * p_hat
          i <- 1
          while (i <= 50) {
            dp <- 0.5 * dp
            y <- p_hat + ifelse(lower, -1, 1) * dp
            score <- .score(p1, n1, p2, n2, y)
            if (score < z) {
              p_hat <- y
            }
            if ((dp < 1e-07) || (abs(z - score) < 1e-06)) {
              (break)()
            } else {
              i <- i +
                1
            }
          }
          return(y)
        }
        .score <- function(p1, n1, p2, n2, dif) {
          diff <- p1 - p2 - dif
          if (abs(diff) == 0) {
            res <- 0
          } else {
            t <- n2 / n1
            a <- 1 + t
            b <- -(1 + t + p1 + t * p2 + dif * (t + 2))
            c <- dif * dif + dif * (2 * p1 + t + 1) + p1 +
              t * p2
            d <- -p1 * dif * (1 + dif)
            v <- (b / a / 3)^3 - b * c / (6 * a * a) + d / a / 2
            s <- sqrt((b / a / 3)^2 - c / a / 3)
            u <- ifelse(v > 0, 1, -1) * s
            w <- (3.141592654 + acos(v / u^3)) / 3
            p1d <- 2 * u * cos(w) - b / a / 3
            p2d <- p1d - dif
            n <- n1 + n2
            var <- (p1d * (1 - p1d) / n1 + p2d * (1 - p2d) / n2) *
              n / (n - 1)
            res <- diff^2 / var
          }
          return(res)
        }
        z <- stats::qchisq(conf.level, 1)
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, .conf(x1, n1, x2, n2, z, TRUE))
        ci_upr <- min(1, .conf(x1, n1, x2, n2, z, FALSE))
      },
      beal = {
        a <- p1_hat + p2_hat
        b <- p1_hat - p2_hat
        u <- ((1 / n1) + (1 / n2)) / 4
        v <- ((1 / n1) - (1 / n2)) / 4
        V <- u * ((2 - a) * a - b^2) + 2 * v * (1 - a) * b # nolint
        z <- stats::qchisq(p = 1 - alpha / 2, df = 1)
        A <- sqrt(z * (V + z * u^2 * (2 - a) * a + z * v^2 * (1 - a)^2)) # nolint
        B <- (b + z * v * (1 - a)) / (1 + z * u) # nolint
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, B - A / (1 + z * u))
        ci_upr <- min(1, B + A / (1 + z * u))
      },
      hal = {
        psi <- (p1_hat + p2_hat) / 2
        u <- (1 / n1 + 1 / n2) / 4
        v <- (1 / n1 - 1 / n2) / 4
        z <- kappa
        theta <- ((p1_hat - p2_hat) + z^2 * v * (1 - 2 *
          psi)) / (1 + z^2 * u)
        w <- z / (1 + z^2 * u) * sqrt(u * (4 * psi * (1 - psi) -
          (p1_hat - p2_hat)^2) + 2 * v * (1 - 2 * psi) *
          (p1_hat - p2_hat) + 4 * z^2 * u^2 * (1 - psi) *
          psi + z^2 * v^2 * (1 - 2 * psi)^2)
        c(theta + w, theta - w)
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, theta - w)
        ci_upr <- min(1, theta + w)
      },
      jp = {
        psi <- 0.5 * ((x1 + 0.5) / (n1 + 1) + (x2 + 0.5) / (n2 +
          1))
        u <- (1 / n1 + 1 / n2) / 4
        v <- (1 / n1 - 1 / n2) / 4
        z <- kappa
        theta <- ((p1_hat - p2_hat) + z^2 * v * (1 - 2 *
          psi)) / (1 + z^2 * u)
        w <- z / (1 + z^2 * u) * sqrt(u * (4 * psi * (1 - psi) -
          (p1_hat - p2_hat)^2) + 2 * v * (1 - 2 * psi) *
          (p1_hat - p2_hat) + 4 * z^2 * u^2 * (1 - psi) *
          psi + z^2 * v^2 * (1 - 2 * psi)^2)
        c(theta + w, theta - w)
        ci_lwr <- max(-1, theta - w)
        ci_upr <- min(1, theta + w)
      },
    )
    ci <- c(
      est = est, lwr.ci = min(ci_lwr, ci_upr),
      upr.ci = max(ci_lwr, ci_upr)
    )
    if (sides == "left") {
      ci[3] <- 1
    } else if (sides == "right") {
      ci[2] <- -1
    }
    return(ci)
  }
  method <- match.arg(arg = method, several.ok = TRUE)
  sides <- match.arg(arg = sides, several.ok = TRUE)
  lst <- h_recycle(
    x1 = x1, n1 = n1, x2 = x2, n2 = n2, conf.level = conf.level,
    sides = sides, method = method
  )
  res <- t(sapply(1:attr(lst, "maxdim"), function(i) {
    iBinomDiffCI(
      x1 = lst$x1[i],
      n1 = lst$n1[i], x2 = lst$x2[i], n2 = lst$n2[i], conf.level = lst$conf.level[i],
      sides = lst$sides[i], method = lst$method[i]
    )
  }))
  lgn <- h_recycle(x1 = if (is.null(names(x1))) {
    paste("x1", seq_along(x1), sep = ".")
  } else {
    names(x1)
  }, n1 = if (is.null(names(n1))) {
    paste("n1", seq_along(n1), sep = ".")
  } else {
    names(n1)
  }, x2 = if (is.null(names(x2))) {
    paste("x2", seq_along(x2), sep = ".")
  } else {
    names(x2)
  }, n2 = if (is.null(names(n2))) {
    paste("n2", seq_along(n2), sep = ".")
  } else {
    names(n2)
  }, conf.level = conf.level, sides = sides, method = method)
  xn <- apply(as.data.frame(lgn[sapply(lgn, function(x) {
    length(unique(x)) !=
      1
  })]), 1, paste, collapse = ":")
  rownames(res) <- xn
  return(res)
}

#' @describeIn desctools_binom Compute confidence intervals for binomial proportions.
#'
#' @param x (`count`)\cr number of successes
#' @param n (`count`)\cr number of trials
#' @param conf.level (`proportion`)\cr confidence level, defaults to 0.95.
#' @param sides (`character`)\cr side of the confidence interval to compute. Must be one of `"two-sided"` (default),
#'   `"left"`, or `"right"`.
#' @param method (`character`)\cr method to use. Can be one out of: `"wald"`, `"wilson"`, `"wilsoncc"`,
#' `"agresti-coull"`, `"jeffreys"`, `"modified wilson"`, `"modified jeffreys"`, `"clopper-pearson"`, `"arcsine"`,
#' `"logit"`, `"witting"`, `"pratt"`, `"midp"`, `"lik"`, and `"blaker"`.
#'
#' @return A `matrix` with 3 columns containing:
#'   * `est`: estimate of proportion difference.
#'   * `lwr.ci`: lower end of the confidence interval.
#'   * `upr.ci`: upper end of the confidence interval.
#'
#' @keywords internal
desctools_binomci <- function(x,
                              n,
                              conf.level = 0.95, # nolint
                              sides = c("two.sided", "left", "right"),
                              method = c(
                                "wilson", "wald", "waldcc", "agresti-coull",
                                "jeffreys", "modified wilson", "wilsoncc", "modified jeffreys",
                                "clopper-pearson", "arcsine", "logit", "witting", "pratt",
                                "midp", "lik", "blaker"
                              ),
                              rand = 123,
                              tol = 1e-05) {
  if (missing(method)) {
    method <- "wilson"
  }
  if (missing(sides)) {
    sides <- "two.sided"
  }
  iBinomCI <- function(x, n, conf.level = 0.95, sides = c( # nolint
                         "two.sided",
                         "left", "right"
                       ), method = c(
                         "wilson", "wilsoncc", "wald",
                         "waldcc", "agresti-coull", "jeffreys", "modified wilson",
                         "modified jeffreys", "clopper-pearson", "arcsine", "logit",
                         "witting", "pratt", "midp", "lik", "blaker"
                       ), rand = 123,
                       tol = 1e-05) {
    if (length(x) != 1) {
      stop("'x' has to be of length 1 (number of successes)")
    }
    if (length(n) != 1) {
      stop("'n' has to be of length 1 (number of trials)")
    }
    if (length(conf.level) != 1) {
      stop("'conf.level' has to be of length 1 (confidence level)")
    }
    if (conf.level < 0.5 || conf.level > 1) {
      stop("'conf.level' has to be in [0.5, 1]")
    }
    sides <- match.arg(sides, choices = c(
      "two.sided", "left",
      "right"
    ), several.ok = FALSE)
    if (sides != "two.sided") {
      conf.level <- 1 - 2 * (1 - conf.level) # nolint
    }
    alpha <- 1 - conf.level
    kappa <- stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2)
    p_hat <- x / n
    q_hat <- 1 - p_hat
    est <- p_hat
    switch(match.arg(arg = method, choices = c(
      "wilson",
      "wald", "waldcc", "wilsoncc", "agresti-coull", "jeffreys",
      "modified wilson", "modified jeffreys", "clopper-pearson",
      "arcsine", "logit", "witting", "pratt", "midp", "lik",
      "blaker"
    )),
    wald = {
      term2 <- kappa * sqrt(p_hat * q_hat) / sqrt(n)
      ci_lwr <- max(0, p_hat - term2)
      ci_upr <- min(1, p_hat + term2)
    },
    waldcc = {
      term2 <- kappa * sqrt(p_hat * q_hat) / sqrt(n)
      term2 <- term2 + 1 / (2 * n)
      ci_lwr <- max(0, p_hat - term2)
      ci_upr <- min(1, p_hat + term2)
    },
    wilson = {
      term1 <- (x + kappa^2 / 2) / (n + kappa^2)
      term2 <- kappa * sqrt(n) / (n + kappa^2) * sqrt(p_hat *
        q_hat + kappa^2 / (4 * n))
      ci_lwr <- max(0, term1 - term2)
      ci_upr <- min(1, term1 + term2)
    },
    wilsoncc = {
      lci <- (2 * x + kappa^2 - 1 - kappa * sqrt(kappa^2 -
        2 - 1 / n + 4 * p_hat * (n * q_hat + 1))) / (2 *
        (n + kappa^2))
      uci <- (2 * x + kappa^2 + 1 + kappa * sqrt(kappa^2 +
        2 - 1 / n + 4 * p_hat * (n * q_hat - 1))) / (2 *
        (n + kappa^2))
      ci_lwr <- max(0, ifelse(p_hat == 0, 0, lci))
      ci_upr <- min(1, ifelse(p_hat == 1, 1, uci))
    },
    `agresti-coull` = {
      x_tilde <- x + kappa^2 / 2
      n_tilde <- n + kappa^2
      p_tilde <- x_tilde / n_tilde
      q_tilde <- 1 - p_tilde
      est <- p_tilde
      term2 <- kappa * sqrt(p_tilde * q_tilde) / sqrt(n_tilde)
      ci_lwr <- max(0, p_tilde - term2)
      ci_upr <- min(1, p_tilde + term2)
    },
    jeffreys = {
      if (x == 0) {
        ci_lwr <- 0
      } else {
        ci_lwr <- stats::qbeta(
          alpha / 2,
          x + 0.5, n - x + 0.5
        )
      }
      if (x == n) {
        ci_upr <- 1
      } else {
        ci_upr <- stats::qbeta(1 -
          alpha / 2, x + 0.5, n - x + 0.5)
      }
    },
    `modified wilson` = {
      term1 <- (x + kappa^2 / 2) / (n + kappa^2)
      term2 <- kappa * sqrt(n) / (n + kappa^2) * sqrt(p_hat *
        q_hat + kappa^2 / (4 * n))
      if ((n <= 50 & x %in% c(1, 2)) | (n >= 51 & x %in%
        c(1:3))) {
        ci_lwr <- 0.5 * stats::qchisq(alpha, 2 *
          x) / n
      } else {
        ci_lwr <- max(0, term1 - term2)
      }
      if ((n <= 50 & x %in% c(n - 1, n - 2)) | (n >= 51 &
        x %in% c(n - (1:3)))) {
        ci_upr <- 1 - 0.5 * stats::qchisq(
          alpha,
          2 * (n - x)
        ) / n
      } else {
        ci_upr <- min(1, term1 +
          term2)
      }
    },
    `modified jeffreys` = {
      if (x == n) {
        ci_lwr <- (alpha / 2)^(1 / n)
      } else {
        if (x <= 1) {
          ci_lwr <- 0
        } else {
          ci_lwr <- stats::qbeta(
            alpha / 2,
            x + 0.5, n - x + 0.5
          )
        }
      }
      if (x == 0) {
        ci_upr <- 1 - (alpha / 2)^(1 / n)
      } else {
        if (x >= n - 1) {
          ci_upr <- 1
        } else {
          ci_upr <- stats::qbeta(1 -
            alpha / 2, x + 0.5, n - x + 0.5)
        }
      }
    },
    `clopper-pearson` = {
      ci_lwr <- stats::qbeta(alpha / 2, x, n - x + 1)
      ci_upr <- stats::qbeta(1 - alpha / 2, x + 1, n - x)
    },
    arcsine = {
      p_tilde <- (x + 0.375) / (n + 0.75)
      est <- p_tilde
      ci_lwr <- sin(asin(sqrt(p_tilde)) - 0.5 * kappa / sqrt(n))^2
      ci_upr <- sin(asin(sqrt(p_tilde)) + 0.5 * kappa / sqrt(n))^2
    },
    logit = {
      lambda_hat <- log(x / (n - x))
      V_hat <- n / (x * (n - x)) # nolint
      lambda_lower <- lambda_hat - kappa * sqrt(V_hat)
      lambda_upper <- lambda_hat + kappa * sqrt(V_hat)
      ci_lwr <- exp(lambda_lower) / (1 + exp(lambda_lower))
      ci_upr <- exp(lambda_upper) / (1 + exp(lambda_upper))
    },
    witting = {
      set.seed(rand)
      x_tilde <- x + stats::runif(1, min = 0, max = 1)
      pbinom_abscont <- function(q, size, prob) {
        v <- trunc(q)
        term1 <- stats::pbinom(v - 1, size = size, prob = prob)
        term2 <- (q - v) * stats::dbinom(v, size = size, prob = prob)
        return(term1 + term2)
      }
      qbinom_abscont <- function(p, size, x) {
        fun <- function(prob, size, x, p) {
          pbinom_abscont(x, size, prob) - p
        }
        stats::uniroot(fun,
          interval = c(0, 1), size = size,
          x = x, p = p
        )$root
      }
      ci_lwr <- qbinom_abscont(1 - alpha, size = n, x = x_tilde)
      ci_upr <- qbinom_abscont(alpha, size = n, x = x_tilde)
    },
    pratt = {
      if (x == 0) {
        ci_lwr <- 0
        ci_upr <- 1 - alpha^(1 / n)
      } else if (x == 1) {
        ci_lwr <- 1 - (1 - alpha / 2)^(1 / n)
        ci_upr <- 1 - (alpha / 2)^(1 / n)
      } else if (x == (n - 1)) {
        ci_lwr <- (alpha / 2)^(1 / n)
        ci_upr <- (1 - alpha / 2)^(1 / n)
      } else if (x == n) {
        ci_lwr <- alpha^(1 / n)
        ci_upr <- 1
      } else {
        z <- stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2)
        A <- ((x + 1) / (n - x))^2 # nolint
        B <- 81 * (x + 1) * (n - x) - 9 * n - 8 # nolint
        C <- (0 - 3) * z * sqrt(9 * (x + 1) * (n - x) * (9 * n + 5 - z^2) + n + 1) # nolint
        D <- 81 * (x + 1)^2 - 9 * (x + 1) * (2 + z^2) + 1 # nolint
        E <- 1 + A * ((B + C) / D)^3 # nolint
        ci_upr <- 1 / E
        A <- (x / (n - x - 1))^2 # nolint
        B <- 81 * x * (n - x - 1) - 9 * n - 8 # nolint
        C <- 3 * z * sqrt(9 * x * (n - x - 1) * (9 * n + 5 - z^2) + n + 1) # nolint
        D <- 81 * x^2 - 9 * x * (2 + z^2) + 1 # nolint
        E <- 1 + A * ((B + C) / D)^3 # nolint
        ci_lwr <- 1 / E
      }
    },
    midp = {
      f_low <- function(pi, x, n) {
        1 / 2 * stats::dbinom(x, size = n, prob = pi) + stats::pbinom(x,
          size = n, prob = pi, lower.tail = FALSE
        ) -
          (1 - conf.level) / 2
      }
      f_up <- function(pi, x, n) {
        1 / 2 * stats::dbinom(x, size = n, prob = pi) + stats::pbinom(x -
          1, size = n, prob = pi) - (1 - conf.level) / 2
      }
      ci_lwr <- 0
      ci_upr <- 1
      if (x != 0) {
        ci_lwr <- stats::uniroot(f_low,
          interval = c(0, p_hat),
          x = x, n = n
        )$root
      }
      if (x != n) {
        ci_upr <- stats::uniroot(f_up, interval = c(
          p_hat,
          1
        ), x = x, n = n)$root
      }
    },
    lik = {
      ci_lwr <- 0
      ci_upr <- 1
      z <- stats::qnorm(1 - alpha * 0.5)
      tol <- .Machine$double.eps^0.5
      BinDev <- function(y, x, mu, wt, bound = 0, tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.5, # nolint
                         ...) {
        ll_y <- ifelse(y %in% c(0, 1), 0, stats::dbinom(x, wt,
          y,
          log = TRUE
        ))
        ll_mu <- ifelse(mu %in% c(0, 1), 0, stats::dbinom(x,
          wt, mu,
          log = TRUE
        ))
        res <- ifelse(abs(y - mu) < tol, 0, sign(y -
          mu) * sqrt(-2 * (ll_y - ll_mu)))
        return(res - bound)
      }
      if (x != 0 && tol < p_hat) {
        ci_lwr <- if (BinDev(
          tol, x, p_hat, n, -z,
          tol
        ) <= 0) {
          stats::uniroot(
            f = BinDev, interval = c(tol, if (p_hat <
              tol || p_hat == 1) {
              1 - tol
            } else {
              p_hat
            }), bound = -z,
            x = x, mu = p_hat, wt = n
          )$root
        }
      }
      if (x != n && p_hat < (1 - tol)) {
        ci_upr <- if (BinDev(y = 1 - tol, x = x, mu = ifelse(p_hat >
          1 - tol, tol, p_hat), wt = n, bound = z, tol = tol) <
          0) {
          ci_lwr <- if (BinDev(
            tol, x, if (p_hat <
              tol || p_hat == 1) {
              1 - tol
            } else {
              p_hat
            }, n,
            -z, tol
          ) <= 0) {
            stats::uniroot(
              f = BinDev, interval = c(tol, p_hat),
              bound = -z, x = x, mu = p_hat, wt = n
            )$root
          }
        } else {
          stats::uniroot(
            f = BinDev, interval = c(if (p_hat >
              1 - tol) {
              tol
            } else {
              p_hat
            }, 1 - tol), bound = z,
            x = x, mu = p_hat, wt = n
          )$root
        }
      }
    },
    blaker = {
      acceptbin <- function(x, n, p) {
        p1 <- 1 - stats::pbinom(x - 1, n, p)
        p2 <- stats::pbinom(x, n, p)
        a1 <- p1 + stats::pbinom(stats::qbinom(p1, n, p) - 1, n, p)
        a2 <- p2 + 1 - stats::pbinom(
          stats::qbinom(1 - p2, n, p), n,
          p
        )
        return(min(a1, a2))
      }
      ci_lwr <- 0
      ci_upr <- 1
      if (x != 0) {
        ci_lwr <- stats::qbeta((1 - conf.level) / 2, x, n -
          x + 1)
        while (acceptbin(x, n, ci_lwr + tol) < (1 -
          conf.level)) {
          ci_lwr <- ci_lwr + tol
        }
      }
      if (x != n) {
        ci_upr <- stats::qbeta(1 - (1 - conf.level) / 2, x +
          1, n - x)
        while (acceptbin(x, n, ci_upr - tol) < (1 -
          conf.level)) {
          ci_upr <- ci_upr - tol
        }
      }
    }
    )
    ci <- c(est = est, lwr.ci = max(0, ci_lwr), upr.ci = min(
      1,
      ci_upr
    ))
    if (sides == "left") {
      ci[3] <- 1
    } else if (sides == "right") {
      ci[2] <- 0
    }
    return(ci)
  }
  lst <- list(
    x = x, n = n, conf.level = conf.level, sides = sides,
    method = method, rand = rand
  )
  maxdim <- max(unlist(lapply(lst, length)))
  lgp <- lapply(lst, rep, length.out = maxdim)
  lgn <- h_recycle(x = if (is.null(names(x))) {
    paste("x", seq_along(x), sep = ".")
  } else {
    names(x)
  }, n = if (is.null(names(n))) {
    paste("n", seq_along(n), sep = ".")
  } else {
    names(n)
  }, conf.level = conf.level, sides = sides, method = method)
  xn <- apply(as.data.frame(lgn[sapply(lgn, function(x) {
    length(unique(x)) !=
      1
  })]), 1, paste, collapse = ":")
  res <- t(sapply(1:maxdim, function(i) {
    iBinomCI(
      x = lgp$x[i],
      n = lgp$n[i], conf.level = lgp$conf.level[i], sides = lgp$sides[i],
      method = lgp$method[i], rand = lgp$rand[i]
    )
  }))
  colnames(res)[1] <- c("est")
  rownames(res) <- xn
  return(res)
}

#' Re-implemented [range()] Default S3 method for numerical objects
#'
#' This function returns `c(NA, NA)` instead of `c(-Inf, Inf)` for zero-length data
#' without any warnings.
#'
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr a sequence of numbers for which the range is computed.
#' @param na.rm (`logical`)\cr indicating if `NA` should be omitted.
#' @param finite (`logical`)\cr indicating if non-finite elements should be removed.
#'
#' @return A 2-element vector of class `numeric`.
#'
#' @keywords internal
range_noinf <- function(x, na.rm = FALSE, finite = FALSE) { # nolint

  checkmate::assert_numeric(x)

  if (finite) {
    x <- x[is.finite(x)] # removes NAs too
  } else if (na.rm) {
    x <- x[!is.na(x)]
  }

  if (length(x) == 0) {
    rval <- c(NA, NA)
    mode(rval) <- typeof(x)
  } else {
    rval <- c(min(x, na.rm = FALSE), max(x, na.rm = FALSE))
  }

  return(rval)
}

#' Utility function to create label for confidence interval
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @return A `string`.
#'
#' @export
f_conf_level <- function(conf_level) {
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
  paste0(conf_level * 100, "% CI")
}

#' Utility function to create label for p-value
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @param test_mean (`number`)\cr mean value to test under the null hypothesis.
#'
#' @return A `string`.
#'
#' @export
f_pval <- function(test_mean) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(test_mean, len = 1)
  paste0("p-value (H0: mean = ", test_mean, ")")
}

#' Utility function to return a named list of covariate names.
#'
#' @param covariates (`character`)\cr a vector that can contain single variable names (such as
#'   `"X1"`), and/or interaction terms indicated by `"X1 * X2"`.
#'
#' @return A named `list` of `character` vector.
#'
#' @keywords internal
get_covariates <- function(covariates) {
  checkmate::assert_character(covariates)
  cov_vars <- unique(trimws(unlist(strsplit(covariates, "\\*"))))
  stats::setNames(as.list(cov_vars), cov_vars)
}

#' Replicate Entries of a Vector if Required
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Replicate entries of a vector if required.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param n (`count`)\cr how many entries we need.
#'
#' @return `x` if it has the required length already or is `NULL`,
#'   otherwise if it is scalar the replicated version of it with `n` entries.
#'
#' @note This function will fail if `x` is not of length `n` and/or is not a scalar.
#'
#' @export
to_n <- function(x, n) {
  if (is.null(x)) {
    NULL
  } else if (length(x) == 1) {
    rep(x, n)
  } else if (length(x) == n) {
    x
  } else {
    stop("dimension mismatch")
  }
}

#' Check Element Dimension
#'
#' Checks if the elements in `...` have the same dimension.
#'
#' @param ... (`data.frame`s or `vector`s)\cr any data frames/vectors.
#' @param omit_null (`logical`)\cr whether `NULL` elements in `...` should be omitted from the check.
#'
#' @return A `logical` value.
#'
#' @keywords internal
check_same_n <- function(..., omit_null = TRUE) {
  dots <- list(...)

  n_list <- Map(
    function(x, name) {
      if (is.null(x)) {
        if (omit_null) {
          NA_integer_
        } else {
          stop("arg", name, "is not supposed to be NULL")
        }
      } else if (is.data.frame(x)) {
        nrow(x)
      } else if (is.atomic(x)) {
        length(x)
      } else {
        stop("data structure for ", name, "is currently not supported")
      }
    },
    dots, names(dots)
  )

  n <- stats::na.omit(unlist(n_list))

  if (length(unique(n)) > 1) {
    sel <- which(n != n[1])
    stop("dimension mismatch:", paste(names(n)[sel], collapse = ", "), " do not have N=", n[1])
  }

  TRUE
}

#' Make Names Without Dots
#'
#' @param nams (`character`)\cr vector of original names.
#'
#' @return A `character` `vector` of proper names, which does not use dots in contrast to [make.names()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
make_names <- function(nams) {
  orig <- make.names(nams)
  gsub(".", "", x = orig, fixed = TRUE)
}

#' Conversion of Months to Days
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Conversion of Months to Days. This is an approximative calculation because it
#' considers each month as having an average of 30.4375 days.
#'
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr time in months.
#'
#' @return A `numeric` vector with the time in days.
#'
#' @examples
#' x <- c(13.25, 8.15, 1, 2.834)
#' month2day(x)
#'
#' @export
month2day <- function(x) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
  x * 30.4375
}

#' Conversion of Days to Months
#'
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr time in days.
#'
#' @return A `numeric` vector with the time in months.
#'
#' @examples
#' x <- c(403, 248, 30, 86)
#' day2month(x)
#'
#' @export
day2month <- function(x) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
  x / 30.4375
}

#' Return an empty numeric if all elements are `NA`.
#'
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr vector.
#'
#' @return An empty `numeric` if all elements of `x` are `NA`, otherwise `x`.
#'
#' @examples
#' x <- c(NA, NA, NA)
#' # Internal function - empty_vector_if_na
#' @keywords internal
empty_vector_if_na <- function(x) {
  if (all(is.na(x))) {
    numeric()
  } else {
    x
  }
}

#' Combine Two Vectors Element Wise
#'
#' @param x (`vector`)\cr first vector to combine.
#' @param y (`vector`)\cr second vector to combine.
#'
#' @return A `list` where each element combines corresponding elements of `x` and `y`.
#'
#' @examples
#' combine_vectors(1:3, 4:6)
#'
#' @export
combine_vectors <- function(x, y) {
  checkmate::assert_vector(x)
  checkmate::assert_vector(y, len = length(x))

  result <- lapply(as.data.frame(rbind(x, y)), `c`)
  names(result) <- NULL
  result
}

#' Extract Elements by Name
#'
#' This utility function extracts elements from a vector `x` by `names`.
#' Differences to the standard `[` function are:
#'
#' - If `x` is `NULL`, then still always `NULL` is returned (same as in base function).
#' - If `x` is not `NULL`, then the intersection of its names is made with `names` and those
#'   elements are returned. That is, `names` which don't appear in `x` are not returned as `NA`s.
#'
#' @param x (named `vector`)\cr where to extract named elements from.
#' @param names (`character`)\cr vector of names to extract.
#'
#' @return `NULL` if `x` is `NULL`, otherwise the extracted elements from `x`.
#'
#' @keywords internal
extract_by_name <- function(x, names) {
  if (is.null(x)) {
    return(NULL)
  }
  checkmate::assert_named(x)
  checkmate::assert_character(names)
  which_extract <- intersect(names(x), names)
  if (length(which_extract) > 0) {
    x[which_extract]
  } else {
    NULL
  }
}

#' Labels for Adverse Event Baskets
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @param aesi (`character`)\cr with standardized `MedDRA` query name (e.g. `SMQzzNAM`) or customized query
#'   name (e.g. `CQzzNAM`).
#' @param scope (`character`)\cr with scope of query (e.g. `SMQzzSC`).
#'
#' @return A `string` with the standard label for the `AE` basket.
#'
#' @examples
#' adae <- tern_ex_adae
#'
#' # Standardized query label includes scope.
#' aesi_label(adae$SMQ01NAM, scope = adae$SMQ01SC)
#'
#' # Customized query label.
#' aesi_label(adae$CQ01NAM)
#'
#' @export
aesi_label <- function(aesi, scope = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_character(aesi)
  checkmate::assert_character(scope, null.ok = TRUE)
  aesi_label <- obj_label(aesi)
  aesi <- sas_na(aesi)
  aesi <- unique(aesi)[!is.na(unique(aesi))]

  lbl <- if (length(aesi) == 1 && !is.null(scope)) {
    scope <- sas_na(scope)
    scope <- unique(scope)[!is.na(unique(scope))]
    checkmate::assert_string(scope)
    paste0(aesi, " (", scope, ")")
  } else if (length(aesi) == 1 && is.null(scope)) {
    aesi
  } else {
    aesi_label
  }

  lbl
}

#' Indicate Study Arm Variable in Formula
#'
#' We use `study_arm` to indicate the study arm variable in `tern` formulas.
#'
#' @param x arm information
#'
#' @return `x`
#'
#' @keywords internal
study_arm <- function(x) {
  structure(x, varname = deparse(substitute(x)))
}

#' Smooth Function with Optional Grouping
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This produces `loess` smoothed estimates of `y` with Student confidence intervals.
#'
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr data set containing all analysis variables.
#' @param x (`character`)\cr value with x column name.
#' @param y (`character`)\cr value with y column name.
#' @param groups (`character`)\cr vector with optional grouping variables names.
#' @param level (`numeric`)\cr level of confidence interval to use (0.95 by default).
#'
#' @return A `data.frame` with original `x`, smoothed `y`, `ylow`, and `yhigh`, and
#'   optional `groups` variables formatted as `factor` type.
#'
#' @export
get_smooths <- function(df, x, y, groups = NULL, level = 0.95) {
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  df_cols <- colnames(df)
  checkmate::assert_string(x)
  checkmate::assert_subset(x, df_cols)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[x]])
  checkmate::assert_string(y)
  checkmate::assert_subset(y, df_cols)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[y]])

  if (!is.null(groups)) {
    checkmate::assert_character(groups)
    checkmate::assert_subset(groups, df_cols)
  }

  smooths <- function(x, y) {
    stats::predict(stats::loess(y ~ x), se = TRUE)
  }

  if (!is.null(groups)) {
    cc <- stats::complete.cases(df[c(x, y, groups)])
    df_c <- df[cc, c(x, y, groups)]
    df_c_ordered <- df_c[do.call("order", as.list(df_c[, groups, drop = FALSE])), , drop = FALSE]
    df_c_g <- data.frame(Map(as.factor, df_c_ordered[groups]))

    df_smooth_raw <-
      by(df_c_ordered, df_c_g, function(d) {
        plx <- smooths(d[[x]], d[[y]])
        data.frame(
          x = d[[x]],
          y = plx$fit,
          ylow = plx$fit - stats::qt(level, plx$df) * plx$se,
          yhigh = plx$fit + stats::qt(level, plx$df) * plx$se
        )
      })

    df_smooth <- do.call(rbind, df_smooth_raw)
    df_smooth[groups] <- df_c_g

    df_smooth
  } else {
    cc <- stats::complete.cases(df[c(x, y)])
    df_c <- df[cc, ]
    plx <- smooths(df_c[[x]], df_c[[y]])

    df_smooth <- data.frame(
      x = df_c[[x]],
      y = plx$fit,
      ylow = plx$fit - stats::qt(level, plx$df) * plx$se,
      yhigh = plx$fit + stats::qt(level, plx$df) * plx$se
    )

    df_smooth
  }
}

#' Number of Available (Non-Missing Entries) in a Vector
#'
#' Small utility function for better readability.
#'
#' @param x (`any`)\cr vector in which to count non-missing values.
#'
#' @return Number of non-missing values.
#'
#' @keywords internal
n_available <- function(x) {
  sum(!is.na(x))
}

#' Reapply Variable Labels
#'
#' This is a helper function that is used in tests.
#'
#' @param x (`vector`)\cr vector of elements that needs new labels.
#' @param varlabels (`character`)\cr vector of labels for `x`.
#' @param ... further parameters to be added to the list.
#'
#' @return `x` with variable labels reapplied.
#'
#' @export
reapply_varlabels <- function(x, varlabels, ...) {
  named_labels <- c(as.list(varlabels), list(...))
  formatters::var_labels(x)[names(named_labels)] <- as.character(named_labels)
  x
}

# Wrapper function of survival::clogit so that when model fitting failed, a more useful message would show
clogit_with_tryCatch <- function(formula, data, ...) { # nolint
  tryCatch(
    survival::clogit(formula = formula, data = data, ...),
    error = function(e) stop("model not built successfully with survival::clogit")
  )
}

#' Formatting Functions
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' See below for the list of formatting functions created in `tern` to work with `rtables`.
#'
#' Other available formats can be listed via [`formatters::list_valid_format_labels()`]. Additional
#' custom formats can be created via the [`formatters::sprintf_format()`] function.
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @name formatting_functions
NULL

#' Formatting Fraction and Percentage
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Formats a fraction together with ratio in percent.
#'
#' @param x (`integer`)\cr with elements `num` and `denom`.
#' @param ... required for `rtables` interface.
#'
#' @return A string in the format `num / denom (ratio %)`. If `num` is 0, the format is `num / denom`.
#'
#' @examples
#' format_fraction(x = c(num = 2L, denom = 3L))
#' format_fraction(x = c(num = 0L, denom = 3L))
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_fraction <- function(x, ...) {
  attr(x, "label") <- NULL

  checkmate::assert_vector(x)
  checkmate::assert_count(x["num"])
  checkmate::assert_count(x["denom"])

  result <- if (x["num"] == 0) {
    paste0(x["num"], "/", x["denom"])
  } else {
    paste0(
      x["num"], "/", x["denom"],
      " (", round(x["num"] / x["denom"] * 100, 1), "%)"
    )
  }

  return(result)
}

#' Formatting Fraction and Percentage with Fixed Single Decimal Place
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Formats a fraction together with ratio in percent with fixed single decimal place.
#' Includes trailing zero in case of whole number percentages to always keep one decimal place.
#'
#' @param x (`integer`)\cr with elements `num` and `denom`.
#' @param ... required for `rtables` interface.
#'
#' @return A string in the format `num / denom (ratio %)`. If `num` is 0, the format is `num / denom`.
#'
#' @examples
#' format_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(num = 1L, denom = 2L))
#' format_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(num = 1L, denom = 4L))
#' format_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(num = 0L, denom = 3L))
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_fraction_fixed_dp <- function(x, ...) {
  attr(x, "label") <- NULL
  checkmate::assert_vector(x)
  checkmate::assert_count(x["num"])
  checkmate::assert_count(x["denom"])

  result <- if (x["num"] == 0) {
    paste0(x["num"], "/", x["denom"])
  } else {
    paste0(
      x["num"], "/", x["denom"],
      " (", sprintf("%.1f", round(x["num"] / x["denom"] * 100, 1)), "%)"
    )
  }
  return(result)
}

#' Formatting Count and Fraction
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Formats a count together with fraction with special consideration when count is `0`.
#'
#' @param x (`integer`)\cr vector of length 2, count and fraction.
#' @param ... required for `rtables` interface.
#'
#' @return A string in the format `count (fraction %)`. If `count` is 0, the format is `0`.
#'
#' @examples
#' format_count_fraction(x = c(2, 0.6667))
#' format_count_fraction(x = c(0, 0))
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_count_fraction <- function(x, ...) {
  attr(x, "label") <- NULL

  if (any(is.na(x))) {
    return("NA")
  }

  checkmate::assert_vector(x)
  checkmate::assert_integerish(x[1])
  assert_proportion_value(x[2], include_boundaries = TRUE)

  result <- if (x[1] == 0) {
    "0"
  } else {
    paste0(x[1], " (", round(x[2] * 100, 1), "%)")
  }

  return(result)
}

#' Formatting Count and Percentage with Fixed Single Decimal Place
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
#'
#' Formats a count together with fraction with special consideration when count is `0`.
#'
#' @param x (`integer`)\cr vector of length 2, count and fraction.
#' @param ... required for `rtables` interface.
#'
#' @return A string in the format `count (fraction %)`. If `count` is 0, the format is `0`.
#'
#' @examples
#' format_count_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(2, 0.6667))
#' format_count_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(2, 0.5))
#' format_count_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(0, 0))
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_count_fraction_fixed_dp <- function(x, ...) {
  attr(x, "label") <- NULL

  if (any(is.na(x))) {
    return("NA")
  }

  checkmate::assert_vector(x)
  checkmate::assert_integerish(x[1])
  assert_proportion_value(x[2], include_boundaries = TRUE)

  result <- if (x[1] == 0) {
    "0"
  } else if (x[2] == 1) {
    sprintf("%d (100%%)", x[1])
  } else {
    sprintf("%d (%.1f%%)", x[1], x[2] * 100)
  }

  return(result)
}

#' Formatting: XX as Formatting Function
#'
#' Translate a string where x and dots are interpreted as number place
#' holders, and others as formatting elements.
#'
#' @param str (`string`)\cr template.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` formatting function.
#'
#' @examples
#' test <- list(c(1.658, 0.5761), c(1e1, 785.6))
#'
#' z <- format_xx("xx (xx.x)")
#' sapply(test, z)
#'
#' z <- format_xx("xx.x - xx.x")
#' sapply(test, z)
#'
#' z <- format_xx("xx.x, incl. xx.x% NE")
#' sapply(test, z)
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_xx <- function(str) {
  # Find position in the string.
  positions <- gregexpr(pattern = "x+\\.x+|x+", text = str, perl = TRUE)
  x_positions <- regmatches(x = str, m = positions)[[1]]

  # Roundings depends on the number of x behind [.].
  roundings <- lapply(
    X = x_positions,
    function(x) {
      y <- strsplit(split = "\\.", x = x)[[1]]
      rounding <- function(x) {
        round(x, digits = ifelse(length(y) > 1, nchar(y[2]), 0))
      }
      return(rounding)
    }
  )

  rtable_format <- function(x, output) {
    values <- Map(y = x, fun = roundings, function(y, fun) fun(y))
    regmatches(x = str, m = positions)[[1]] <- values
    return(str)
  }

  return(rtable_format)
}

#' Formatting Numeric Values By Significant Figures
#'
#' Format numeric values to print with a specified number of significant figures.
#'
#' @param sigfig (`integer`)\cr number of significant figures to display.
#' @param format (`character`)\cr the format label (string) to apply when printing the value. Decimal
#'   places in string are ignored in favor of formatting by significant figures. Formats options are:
#'   `"xx"`, `"xx / xx"`, `"(xx, xx)"`, `"xx - xx"`, and `"xx (xx)"`.
#' @param num_fmt (`character`)\cr numeric format modifiers to apply to the value. Defaults to `"fg"` for
#'   standard significant figures formatting - fixed (non-scientific notation) format (`"f"`)
#'   and `sigfig` equal to number of significant figures instead of decimal places (`"g"`). See the
#'   [formatC()] `format` argument for more options.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` formatting function.
#'
#' @examples
#' fmt_3sf <- format_sigfig(3)
#' fmt_3sf(1.658)
#' fmt_3sf(1e1)
#'
#' fmt_5sf <- format_sigfig(5)
#' fmt_5sf(0.57)
#' fmt_5sf(0.000025645)
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_sigfig <- function(sigfig, format = "xx", num_fmt = "fg") {
  checkmate::assert_integerish(sigfig)
  format <- gsub("xx\\.|xx\\.x+", "xx", format)
  checkmate::assert_choice(format, c("xx", "xx / xx", "(xx, xx)", "xx - xx", "xx (xx)"))
  function(x, ...) {
    if (!is.numeric(x)) stop("`format_sigfig` cannot be used for non-numeric values. Please choose another format.")
    num <- formatC(signif(x, digits = sigfig), digits = sigfig, format = num_fmt, flag = "#")
    num <- gsub("\\.$", "", num) # remove trailing "."

    format_value(num, format)
  }
}

#' Formatting Fraction with Lower Threshold
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Formats a fraction when the second element of the input `x` is the fraction. It applies
#' a lower threshold, below which it is just stated that the fraction is smaller than that.
#'
#' @param threshold (`proportion`)\cr lower threshold.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` formatting function that takes numeric input `x` where the second
#'   element is the fraction that is formatted. If the fraction is above or equal to the threshold,
#'   then it is displayed in percentage. If it is positive but below the threshold, it returns,
#'   e.g. "<1" if the threshold is `0.01`. If it is zero, then just "0" is returned.
#'
#' @examples
#' format_fun <- format_fraction_threshold(0.05)
#' format_fun(x = c(20, 0.1))
#' format_fun(x = c(2, 0.01))
#' format_fun(x = c(0, 0))
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_fraction_threshold <- function(threshold) {
  assert_proportion_value(threshold)
  string_below_threshold <- paste0("<", round(threshold * 100))
  function(x, ...) {
    assert_proportion_value(x[2], include_boundaries = TRUE)
    ifelse(
      x[2] > 0.01,
      round(x[2] * 100),
      ifelse(
        x[2] == 0,
        "0",
        string_below_threshold
      )
    )
  }
}

#' Formatting Extreme Values
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' `rtables` formatting functions that handle extreme values.
#'
#' @param digits (`integer`)\cr number of decimal places to display.
#'
#' @details For each input, apply a format to the specified number of `digits`. If the value is
#'    below a threshold, it returns "<0.01" e.g. if the number of `digits` is 2. If the value is
#'    above a threshold, it returns ">999.99" e.g. if the number of `digits` is 2.
#'    If it is zero, then returns "0.00".
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @name extreme_format
NULL

#' @describeIn extreme_format Internal helper function to calculate the threshold and create formatted strings
#'  used in Formatting Functions. Returns a list with elements `threshold` and `format_string`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_get_format_threshold()` returns a `list` of 2 elements: `threshold`, with `low` and `high` thresholds,
#'   and `format_string`, with thresholds formatted as strings.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_get_format_threshold(2L)
#'
#' @export
h_get_format_threshold <- function(digits = 2L) {
  checkmate::assert_integerish(digits)

  low_threshold <- 1 / (10 ^ digits) # styler: off
  high_threshold <- 1000 - (1 / (10 ^ digits)) # styler: off

  string_below_threshold <- paste0("<", low_threshold)
  string_above_threshold <- paste0(">", high_threshold)

  list(
    "threshold" = c(low = low_threshold, high = high_threshold),
    "format_string" = c(low = string_below_threshold, high = string_above_threshold)
  )
}

#' @describeIn extreme_format Internal helper function to apply a threshold format to a value.
#'   Creates a formatted string to be used in Formatting Functions.
#'
#' @param x (`number`)\cr value to format.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_format_threshold()` returns the given value, or if the value is not within the digit threshold the relation
#'   of the given value to the digit threshold, as a formatted string.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_format_threshold(0.001)
#' h_format_threshold(1000)
#'
#' @export
h_format_threshold <- function(x, digits = 2L) {
  if (is.na(x)) {
    return(x)
  }

  checkmate::assert_numeric(x, lower = 0)

  l_fmt <- h_get_format_threshold(digits)

  result <- if (x < l_fmt$threshold["low"] && 0 < x) {
    l_fmt$format_string["low"]
  } else if (x > l_fmt$threshold["high"]) {
    l_fmt$format_string["high"]
  } else {
    sprintf(fmt = paste0("%.", digits, "f"), x)
  }

  unname(result)
}

#' Formatting a Single Extreme Value
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Create Formatting Function for a single extreme value.
#'
#' @inheritParams extreme_format
#'
#' @return An `rtables` formatting function that uses threshold `digits` to return a formatted extreme value.
#'
#' @examples
#' format_fun <- format_extreme_values(2L)
#' format_fun(x = 0.127)
#' format_fun(x = Inf)
#' format_fun(x = 0)
#' format_fun(x = 0.009)
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_extreme_values <- function(digits = 2L) {
  function(x, ...) {
    checkmate::assert_scalar(x, na.ok = TRUE)

    h_format_threshold(x = x, digits = digits)
  }
}

#' Formatting Extreme Values Part of a Confidence Interval
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Formatting Function for extreme values part of a confidence interval. Values
#' are formatted as e.g. "(xx.xx, xx.xx)" if the number of `digits` is 2.
#'
#' @inheritParams extreme_format
#'
#' @return An `rtables` formatting function that uses threshold `digits` to return a formatted extreme
#'   values confidence interval.
#'
#' @examples
#' format_fun <- format_extreme_values_ci(2L)
#' format_fun(x = c(0.127, Inf))
#' format_fun(x = c(0, 0.009))
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_extreme_values_ci <- function(digits = 2L) {
  function(x, ...) {
    checkmate::assert_vector(x, len = 2)
    l_result <- h_format_threshold(x = x[1], digits = digits)
    h_result <- h_format_threshold(x = x[2], digits = digits)

    paste0("(", l_result, ", ", h_result, ")")
  }
}

#' Automatic formats from data significant digits
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Formatting function for the majority of default methods used in [analyze_vars()].
#' For non-derived values, the significant digits of data is used (e.g. range), while derived
#' values have one more digits (measure of location and dispersion like mean, standard deviation).
#' This function can be called internally with "auto" like, for example,
#' `.formats = c("mean" = "auto")`. See details to see how this works with the inner function.
#'
#' @param dt_var (`numeric`) \cr all the data the statistics was created upon. Used only to find
#'   significant digits. In [analyze_vars] this comes from `.df_row` (see
#'   [rtables::additional_fun_params]), and it is the row data after the above row splits. No
#'   column split is considered.
#' @param x_stat (`string`) \cr string indicating the current statistical method used.
#'
#' @return A string that `rtables` prints in a table cell.
#'
#' @details
#' The internal function is needed to work with `rtables` default structure for
#' format functions, i.e. `function(x, ...)`, where is x are results from statistical evaluation.
#' It can be more than one element (e.g. for `.stats = "mean_sd"`).
#'
#' @examples
#' x_todo <- c(0.001, 0.2, 0.0011000, 3, 4)
#' res <- c(mean(x_todo[1:3]), sd(x_todo[1:3]))
#'
#' # x is the result coming into the formatting function -> res!!
#' format_auto(dt_var = x_todo, x_stat = "mean_sd")(x = res)
#' format_auto(x_todo, "range")(x = range(x_todo))
#' no_sc_x <- c(0.0000001, 1)
#' format_auto(no_sc_x, "range")(x = no_sc_x)
#'
#' @family formatting functions
#' @export
format_auto <- function(dt_var, x_stat) {
  function(x = "", ...) {
    checkmate::assert_numeric(x, min.len = 1)
    checkmate::assert_numeric(dt_var, min.len = 1)
    # Defaults - they may be a param in the future
    der_stats <- c(
      "mean", "sd", "se", "median", "geom_mean", "quantiles", "iqr",
      "mean_sd", "mean_se", "mean_se", "mean_ci", "mean_sei", "mean_sdi"
    )
    nonder_stats <- c("n", "range", "min", "max")

    # Safenet for miss-modifications
    stopifnot(length(intersect(der_stats, nonder_stats)) == 0) # nolint
    checkmate::assert_choice(x_stat, c(der_stats, nonder_stats))

    # Finds the max number of digits in data
    detect_dig <- vapply(dt_var, count_decimalplaces, FUN.VALUE = numeric(1)) %>%
      max()

    if (x_stat %in% der_stats) {
      detect_dig <- detect_dig + 1
    }

    # Render input
    str_vals <- formatC(x, digits = detect_dig, format = "f")
    def_fmt <- get_formats_from_stats(x_stat)[[x_stat]]
    str_fmt <- str_extract(def_fmt, invert = FALSE)[[1]]
    if (length(str_fmt) != length(str_vals)) {
      stop(
        "Number of inserted values as result (", length(str_vals),
        ") is not the same as there should be in the default tern formats for ",
        x_stat, " (-> ", def_fmt, " needs ", length(str_fmt), " values). ",
        "See tern_default_formats to check all of them."
      )
    }

    # Squashing them together
    inv_str_fmt <- str_extract(def_fmt, invert = TRUE)[[1]]
    stopifnot(length(inv_str_fmt) == length(str_vals) + 1) # nolint

    out <- vector("character", length = length(inv_str_fmt) + length(str_vals))
    is_even <- seq_along(out) %% 2 == 0
    out[is_even] <- str_vals
    out[!is_even] <- inv_str_fmt

    return(paste0(out, collapse = ""))
  }
}

# Utility function that could be useful in general
str_extract <- function(string, pattern = "xx|xx\\.|xx\\.x+", invert = FALSE) {
  regmatches(string, gregexpr(pattern, string), invert = invert)
}

# Helper function
count_decimalplaces <- function(dec) {
  if (abs(dec - round(dec)) > .Machine$double.eps^0.5) { # For precision
    nchar(strsplit(format(dec, scientific = FALSE, trim = FALSE), ".", fixed = TRUE)[[1]][[2]])
  } else {
    return(0)
  }
}

#' Control Function for Descriptive Statistics
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Sets a list of parameters for summaries of descriptive statistics. Typically used internally to specify
#' details for [s_summary()]. This function family is mainly used by [analyze_vars()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param quantiles (`numeric`)\cr of length two to specify the quantiles to calculate.
#' @param quantile_type (`numeric`)\cr between 1 and 9 selecting quantile algorithms to be used.
#'   Default is set to 2 as this matches the default quantile algorithm in SAS `proc univariate` set by `QNTLDEF=5`.
#'   This differs from R's default. See more about `type` in [stats::quantile()].
#' @param test_mean (`numeric`)\cr to test against the mean under the null hypothesis when calculating p-value.
#'
#' @note Deprecation cycle started for `control_summarize_vars` as it is going to renamed into
#'   `control_analyze_vars`. Intention is to reflect better the core underlying `rtables`
#'   functions; in this case [analyze_vars()] wraps [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return A list of components with the same names as the arguments.
#'
#' @export control_analyze_vars control_summarize_vars
#' @aliases control_summarize_vars
control_analyze_vars <- function(conf_level = 0.95,
                                 quantiles = c(0.25, 0.75),
                                 quantile_type = 2,
                                 test_mean = 0) {
  checkmate::assert_vector(quantiles, len = 2)
  checkmate::assert_int(quantile_type, lower = 1, upper = 9)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(test_mean)
  lapply(quantiles, assert_proportion_value)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
  list(conf_level = conf_level, quantiles = quantiles, quantile_type = quantile_type, test_mean = test_mean)
}

control_summarize_vars <- control_analyze_vars


#' Analyze Variables
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' We use the S3 generic function [s_summary()] to implement summaries for different `x` objects. This
#' is used as a statistics function in combination with the analyze function [analyze_vars()].
#' Deprecation cycle started for `summarize_vars` as it is going to renamed into
#' `analyze_vars`. Intention is to reflect better the core underlying `rtables`
#' functions; in this case [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @name analyze_variables
NULL

#' @describeIn analyze_variables S3 generic function to produces a variable summary.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_summary()` returns different statistics depending on the class of `x`.
#'
#' @export
s_summary <- function(x,
                      na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                      denom,
                      .N_row, # nolint
                      .N_col, # nolint
                      .var,
                      ...) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(na.rm)
  UseMethod("s_summary", x)
}

#' @describeIn analyze_variables Method for `numeric` class.
#'
#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for descriptive statistics details, specified by using
#'   the helper function [control_analyze_vars()]. Some possible parameter options are:
#'   * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level of the interval for mean and median.
#'   * `quantiles` (`numeric`)\cr vector of length two to specify the quantiles.
#'   * `quantile_type` (`numeric`)\cr between 1 and 9 selecting quantile algorithms to be used.
#'     See more about `type` in [stats::quantile()].
#'   * `test_mean` (`numeric`)\cr value to test against the mean under the null hypothesis when calculating p-value.
#'
#' @return
#'   * If `x` is of class `numeric`, returns a `list` with the following named `numeric` items:
#'     * `n`: The [length()] of `x`.
#'     * `sum`: The [sum()] of `x`.
#'     * `mean`: The [mean()] of `x`.
#'     * `sd`: The [stats::sd()] of `x`.
#'     * `se`: The standard error of `x` mean, i.e.: (`sd(x) / sqrt(length(x))`).
#'     * `mean_sd`: The [mean()] and [stats::sd()] of `x`.
#'     * `mean_se`: The [mean()] of `x` and its standard error (see above).
#'     * `mean_ci`: The CI for the mean of `x` (from [stat_mean_ci()]).
#'     * `mean_sei`: The SE interval for the mean of `x`, i.e.: ([mean()] -/+ [stats::sd()] / [sqrt()]).
#'     * `mean_sdi`: The SD interval for the mean of `x`, i.e.: ([mean()] -/+ [stats::sd()]).
#'     * `mean_pval`: The two-sided p-value of the mean of `x` (from [stat_mean_pval()]).
#'     * `median`: The [stats::median()] of `x`.
#'     * `mad`: The median absolute deviation of `x`, i.e.: ([stats::median()] of `xc`,
#'       where `xc` = `x` - [stats::median()]).
#'     * `median_ci`: The CI for the median of `x` (from [stat_median_ci()]).
#'     * `quantiles`: Two sample quantiles of `x` (from [stats::quantile()]).
#'     * `iqr`: The [stats::IQR()] of `x`.
#'     * `range`: The [range_noinf()] of `x`.
#'     * `min`: The [max()] of `x`.
#'     * `max`: The [min()] of `x`.
#'     * `median_range`: The [median()] and [range_noinf()] of `x`.
#'     * `cv`: The coefficient of variation of `x`, i.e.: ([stats::sd()] / [mean()] * 100).
#'     * `geom_mean`: The geometric mean of `x`, i.e.: (`exp(mean(log(x)))`).
#'     * `geom_cv`: The geometric coefficient of variation of `x`, i.e.: (`sqrt(exp(sd(log(x)) ^ 2) - 1) * 100`).
#'
#' @note
#' * If `x` is an empty vector, `NA` is returned. This is the expected feature so as to return `rcell` content in
#'   `rtables` when the intersection of a column and a row delimits an empty data selection.
#' * When the `mean` function is applied to an empty vector, `NA` will be returned instead of `NaN`, the latter
#'   being standard behavior in R.
#'
#' @method s_summary numeric
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_summary.numeric`
#'
#' ## Basic usage: empty numeric returns NA-filled items.
#' s_summary(numeric())
#'
#' ## Management of NA values.
#' x <- c(NA_real_, 1)
#' s_summary(x, na.rm = TRUE)
#' s_summary(x, na.rm = FALSE)
#'
#' x <- c(NA_real_, 1, 2)
#' s_summary(x, stats = NULL)
#'
#' ## Benefits in `rtables` contructions:
#' require(rtables)
#' dta_test <- data.frame(
#'   Group = rep(LETTERS[1:3], each = 2),
#'   sub_group = rep(letters[1:2], each = 3),
#'   x = 1:6
#' )
#'
#' ## The summary obtained in with `rtables`:
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "Group") %>%
#'   split_rows_by(var = "sub_group") %>%
#'   analyze(vars = "x", afun = s_summary) %>%
#'   build_table(df = dta_test)
#'
#' ## By comparison with `lapply`:
#' X <- split(dta_test, f = with(dta_test, interaction(Group, sub_group)))
#' lapply(X, function(x) s_summary(x$x))
#'
#' @export
s_summary.numeric <- function(x,
                              na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                              denom,
                              .N_row, # nolint
                              .N_col, # nolint
                              .var,
                              control = control_analyze_vars(),
                              ...) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x)

  if (na.rm) {
    x <- x[!is.na(x)]
  }

  y <- list()

  y$n <- c("n" = length(x))

  y$sum <- c("sum" = ifelse(length(x) == 0, NA_real_, sum(x, na.rm = FALSE)))

  y$mean <- c("mean" = ifelse(length(x) == 0, NA_real_, mean(x, na.rm = FALSE)))

  y$sd <- c("sd" = stats::sd(x, na.rm = FALSE))

  y$se <- c("se" = stats::sd(x, na.rm = FALSE) / sqrt(length(stats::na.omit(x))))

  y$mean_sd <- c(y$mean, "sd" = stats::sd(x, na.rm = FALSE))

  y$mean_se <- c(y$mean, y$se)

  mean_ci <- stat_mean_ci(x, conf_level = control$conf_level, na.rm = FALSE, gg_helper = FALSE)
  y$mean_ci <- formatters::with_label(mean_ci, paste("Mean", f_conf_level(control$conf_level)))

  mean_sei <- y$mean[[1]] + c(-1, 1) * stats::sd(x, na.rm = FALSE) / sqrt(y$n)
  names(mean_sei) <- c("mean_sei_lwr", "mean_sei_upr")
  y$mean_sei <- formatters::with_label(mean_sei, "Mean -/+ 1xSE")

  mean_sdi <- y$mean[[1]] + c(-1, 1) * stats::sd(x, na.rm = FALSE)
  names(mean_sdi) <- c("mean_sdi_lwr", "mean_sdi_upr")
  y$mean_sdi <- formatters::with_label(mean_sdi, "Mean -/+ 1xSD")

  mean_pval <- stat_mean_pval(x, test_mean = control$test_mean, na.rm = FALSE, n_min = 2)
  y$mean_pval <- formatters::with_label(mean_pval, paste("Mean", f_pval(control$test_mean)))

  y$median <- c("median" = stats::median(x, na.rm = FALSE))

  y$mad <- c("mad" = stats::median(x - y$median, na.rm = FALSE))

  median_ci <- stat_median_ci(x, conf_level = control$conf_level, na.rm = FALSE, gg_helper = FALSE)
  y$median_ci <- formatters::with_label(median_ci, paste("Median", f_conf_level(control$conf_level)))

  q <- control$quantiles
  if (any(is.na(x))) {
    qnts <- rep(NA_real_, length(q))
  } else {
    qnts <- stats::quantile(x, probs = q, type = control$quantile_type, na.rm = FALSE)
  }
  names(qnts) <- paste("quantile", q, sep = "_")
  y$quantiles <- formatters::with_label(qnts, paste0(paste(paste0(q * 100, "%"), collapse = " and "), "-ile"))

  y$iqr <- c("iqr" = ifelse(
    any(is.na(x)),
    NA_real_,
    stats::IQR(x, na.rm = FALSE, type = control$quantile_type)
  ))

  y$range <- stats::setNames(range_noinf(x, na.rm = FALSE), c("min", "max"))
  y$min <- y$range[1]
  y$max <- y$range[2]

  y$median_range <- formatters::with_label(c(y$median, y$range), "Median (Min - Max)")

  y$cv <- c("cv" = unname(y$sd) / unname(y$mean) * 100)

  # Convert negative values to NA for log calculation.
  x_no_negative_vals <- x
  x_no_negative_vals[x_no_negative_vals <= 0] <- NA
  y$geom_mean <- c("geom_mean" = exp(mean(log(x_no_negative_vals), na.rm = FALSE)))
  geom_mean_ci <- stat_mean_ci(x, conf_level = control$conf_level, na.rm = FALSE, gg_helper = FALSE, geom_mean = TRUE)
  y$geom_mean_ci <- formatters::with_label(geom_mean_ci, paste("Geometric Mean", f_conf_level(control$conf_level)))

  y$geom_cv <- c("geom_cv" = sqrt(exp(stats::sd(log(x_no_negative_vals), na.rm = FALSE) ^ 2) - 1) * 100) # styler: off

  y
}

#' @describeIn analyze_variables Method for `factor` class.
#'
#' @param denom (`string`)\cr choice of denominator for factor proportions. Options are:
#'   * `n`: number of values in this row and column intersection.
#'   * `N_row`: total number of values in this row across columns.
#'   * `N_col`: total number of values in this column across rows.
#'
#' @return
#'   * If `x` is of class `factor` or converted from `character`, returns a `list` with named `numeric` items:
#'     * `n`: The [length()] of `x`.
#'     * `count`: A list with the number of cases for each level of the factor `x`.
#'     * `count_fraction`: Similar to `count` but also includes the proportion of cases for each level of the
#'       factor `x` relative to the denominator, or `NA` if the denominator is zero.
#'
#' @note
#' * If `x` is an empty `factor`, a list is still returned for `counts` with one element
#'   per factor level. If there are no levels in `x`, the function fails.
#' * If factor variables contain `NA`, these `NA` values are excluded by default. To include `NA` values
#'   set `na.rm = FALSE` and missing values will be displayed as an `NA` level. Alternatively, an explicit
#'   factor level can be defined for `NA` values during pre-processing via [df_explicit_na()] - the
#'   default `na_level` (`"<Missing>"`) will also be excluded when `na.rm` is set to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @method s_summary factor
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_summary.factor`
#'
#' ## Basic usage:
#' s_summary(factor(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a")))
#' # Empty factor returns NA-filled items.
#' s_summary(factor(levels = c("a", "b", "c")))
#'
#' ## Management of NA values.
#' x <- factor(c(NA, "Female"))
#' x <- explicit_na(x)
#' s_summary(x, na.rm = TRUE)
#' s_summary(x, na.rm = FALSE)
#'
#' ## Different denominators.
#' x <- factor(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a"))
#' s_summary(x, denom = "N_row", .N_row = 10L)
#' s_summary(x, denom = "N_col", .N_col = 20L)
#'
#' @export
s_summary.factor <- function(x,
                             na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                             denom = c("n", "N_row", "N_col"),
                             .N_row, # nolint
                             .N_col, # nolint
                             ...) {
  assert_valid_factor(x)
  denom <- match.arg(denom)

  if (na.rm) {
    x <- x[!is.na(x)] %>% fct_discard("<Missing>")
  } else {
    x <- x %>% explicit_na(label = "NA")
  }

  y <- list()

  y$n <- length(x)

  y$count <- as.list(table(x, useNA = "ifany"))
  dn <- switch(denom,
    n = length(x),
    N_row = .N_row,
    N_col = .N_col
  )
  y$count_fraction <- lapply(
    y$count,
    function(x) {
      c(x, ifelse(dn > 0, x / dn, 0))
    }
  )

  y$n_blq <- sum(grepl("BLQ|LTR|<[1-9]|<PCLLOQ", x))

  y
}

#' @describeIn analyze_variables Method for `character` class. This makes an automatic
#'   conversion to factor (with a warning) and then forwards to the method for factors.
#'
#' @param verbose (`logical`)\cr Defaults to `TRUE`, which prints out warnings and messages. It is mainly used
#'   to print out information about factor casting.
#'
#' @note
#' * Automatic conversion of character to factor does not guarantee that the table
#'   can be generated correctly. In particular for sparse tables this very likely can fail.
#'   It is therefore better to always pre-process the dataset such that factors are manually
#'   created from character variables before passing the dataset to [rtables::build_table()].
#'
#' @method s_summary character
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_summary.character`
#'
#' ## Basic usage:
#' s_summary(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a"), .var = "x", verbose = FALSE)
#' s_summary(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a", ""), .var = "x", na.rm = FALSE, verbose = FALSE)
#'
#' @export

s_summary.character <- function(x,
                                na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                                denom = c("n", "N_row", "N_col"),
                                .N_row, # nolint
                                .N_col, # nolint
                                .var,
                                verbose = TRUE,
                                ...) {
  if (na.rm) {
    y <- as_factor_keep_attributes(x, verbose = verbose)
  } else {
    y <- as_factor_keep_attributes(x, verbose = verbose, na_level = "NA")
  }

  s_summary(
    x = y,
    na.rm = na.rm,
    denom = denom,
    .N_row = .N_row,
    .N_col = .N_col,
    ...
  )
}

#' @describeIn analyze_variables Method for `logical` class.
#'
#' @param denom (`string`)\cr choice of denominator for proportion. Options are:
#'   * `n`: number of values in this row and column intersection.
#'   * `N_row`: total number of values in this row across columns.
#'   * `N_col`: total number of values in this column across rows.
#'
#' @return
#'   * If `x` is of class `logical`, returns a `list` with named `numeric` items:
#'     * `n`: The [length()] of `x` (possibly after removing `NA`s).
#'     * `count`: Count of `TRUE` in `x`.
#'     * `count_fraction`: Count and proportion of `TRUE` in `x` relative to the denominator, or `NA` if the
#'       denominator is zero. Note that `NA`s in `x` are never counted or leading to `NA` here.
#'
#' @method s_summary logical
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_summary.logical`
#'
#' ## Basic usage:
#' s_summary(c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE))
#'
#' ## Management of NA values.
#' x <- c(NA, TRUE, FALSE)
#' s_summary(x, na.rm = TRUE)
#' s_summary(x, na.rm = FALSE)
#'
#' ## Different denominators.
#' x <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE)
#' s_summary(x, denom = "N_row", .N_row = 10L)
#' s_summary(x, denom = "N_col", .N_col = 20L)
#'
#' @export
s_summary.logical <- function(x,
                              na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                              denom = c("n", "N_row", "N_col"),
                              .N_row, # nolint
                              .N_col, # nolint
                              ...) {
  denom <- match.arg(denom)
  if (na.rm) x <- x[!is.na(x)]
  y <- list()
  y$n <- length(x)
  count <- sum(x, na.rm = TRUE)
  dn <- switch(denom,
    n = length(x),
    N_row = .N_row,
    N_col = .N_col
  )
  y$count <- count
  y$count_fraction <- c(count, ifelse(dn > 0, count / dn, NA))
  y$n_blq <- 0L
  y
}

#' @describeIn analyze_variables Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `analyze_vars()` and
#'   `compare_vars()` and as `cfun` in `summarize_colvars()`.
#'
#' @param compare (`logical`)\cr Whether comparison statistics should be analyzed instead of summary statistics
#'   (`compare = TRUE` adds `pval` statistic comparing against reference group).
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_summary()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @note
#' * To use for comparison (with additional p-value statistic), parameter `compare` must be set to `TRUE`.
#' * Ensure that either all `NA` values are converted to an explicit `NA` level or all `NA` values are left as is.
#'
#' @examples
#' a_summary(factor(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a")), .N_row = 10, .N_col = 10)
#' a_summary(
#'   factor(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a")),
#'   .ref_group = factor(c("a", "a", "b", "c")), compare = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' a_summary(c("A", "B", "A", "C"), .var = "x", .N_col = 10, .N_row = 10, verbose = FALSE)
#' a_summary(
#'   c("A", "B", "A", "C"),
#'   .ref_group = c("B", "A", "C"), .var = "x", compare = TRUE, verbose = FALSE
#' )
#'
#' a_summary(c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE), .N_row = 10, .N_col = 10)
#' a_summary(
#'   c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE),
#'   .ref_group = c(TRUE, FALSE), .in_ref_col = TRUE, compare = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' a_summary(rnorm(10), .N_col = 10, .N_row = 20, .var = "bla")
#' a_summary(rnorm(10, 5, 1), .ref_group = rnorm(20, -5, 1), .var = "bla", compare = TRUE)
#'

#' @export
a_summary <- function(x,
                      .N_col, # nolint
                      .N_row, # nolint
                      .var = NULL,
                      .df_row = NULL,
                      .ref_group = NULL,
                      .in_ref_col = FALSE,
                      compare = FALSE,
                      .stats = NULL,
                      .formats = NULL,
                      .labels = NULL,
                      .indent_mods = NULL,
                      na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                      na_level = NA_character_,
                      ...) {
  if (is.numeric(x)) {
    type <- "numeric"
    if (!is.null(.stats) && any(grepl("^pval", .stats))) {
      .stats[grepl("^pval", .stats)] <- "pval" # tmp fix xxx
    }
  } else {
    type <- "counts"
    if (!is.null(.stats) && any(grepl("^pval", .stats))) {
      .stats[grepl("^pval", .stats)] <- "pval_counts" # tmp fix xxx
    }
  }

  # If one col has NA vals, must add NA row to other cols (using placeholder lvl `fill-na-level`)
  if (any(is.na(.df_row[[.var]])) && !any(is.na(x)) && !na.rm) levels(x) <- c(levels(x), "fill-na-level")

  x_stats <- if (!compare) {
    s_summary(x = x, .N_col = .N_col, .N_row = .N_row, na.rm = na.rm, ...)
  } else {
    s_compare(
      x = x, .N_col = .N_col, .N_row = .N_row, na.rm = na.rm, .ref_group = .ref_group, .in_ref_col = .in_ref_col, ...
    )
  }

  # Fill in with formatting defaults if needed
  met_grp <- paste0(c("analyze_vars", type), collapse = "_")
  .stats <- get_stats(met_grp, stats_in = .stats, add_pval = compare)
  .formats <- get_formats_from_stats(.stats, .formats)
  .labels <- get_labels_from_stats(.stats, .labels)

  indent_mods_custom <- .indent_mods
  .indent_mods <- stats::setNames(rep(0L, length(.stats)), .stats)
  if (!is.null(indent_mods_custom)) {
    if (is.null(names(indent_mods_custom)) && length(indent_mods_custom) == 1) {
      .indent_mods[names(.indent_mods)] <- indent_mods_custom
    } else {
      .indent_mods[names(indent_mods_custom)] <- indent_mods_custom
    }
  }

  x_stats <- x_stats[.stats]

  # Check for custom labels from control_analyze_vars
  if (is.numeric(x)) {
    default_labels <- get_labels_from_stats(.stats)
    for (i in intersect(.stats, c("mean_ci", "mean_pval", "median_ci", "quantiles"))) {
      if (!i %in% names(.labels) || .labels[[i]] == default_labels[[i]]) {
        .labels[[i]] <- attr(x_stats[[i]], "label")
      }
    }
  }

  if (is.factor(x) || is.character(x)) {
    # Ungroup statistics with values for each level of x
    x_ungrp <- ungroup_stats(x_stats, .formats, .labels, .indent_mods)
    x_stats <- x_ungrp[["x"]]
    .formats <- x_ungrp[[".formats"]]
    .labels <- gsub("fill-na-level", "NA", x_ungrp[[".labels"]])
    .indent_mods <- x_ungrp[[".indent_mods"]]
  }

  # auto formats handling
  fmt_is_auto <- vapply(.formats, function(ii) is.character(ii) && ii == "auto", logical(1))
  if (any(fmt_is_auto)) {
    res_l_auto <- x_stats[fmt_is_auto]
    tmp_dt_var <- .df_row[[.var]] # xxx this can be extended for the WHOLE data or single facets
    .formats[fmt_is_auto] <- lapply(seq_along(res_l_auto), function(rla) {
      format_auto(tmp_dt_var, names(res_l_auto)[rla])
    })
  }

  in_rows(
    .list = x_stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .names = .labels,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .format_na_strs = na_level
  )
}

#' Constructor Function for [analyze_vars()] and [summarize_colvars()]
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("deprecated")`
#'
#' Constructor function which creates a combined formatted analysis function.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param .indent_mods (named `vector` of `integer`)\cr indent modifiers for the labels. Each element of the vector
#'   should be a name-value pair with name corresponding to a statistic specified in `.stats` and value the indentation
#'   for that statistic's row label.
#'
#' @return Combined formatted analysis function for use in [analyze_vars()].
#'
#' @note This function has been deprecated in favor of direct implementation of `a_summary()`.
#'
#' @seealso [analyze_vars()]
#'
#' @export
create_afun_summary <- function(.stats, .formats, .labels, .indent_mods) {
  lifecycle::deprecate_warn(
    "0.8.5.9010",
    "create_afun_summary()",
    details = "Please use a_summary() directly instead."
  )
  function(x,
           .ref_group,
           .in_ref_col,
           ...,
           .var) {
    a_summary(x,
      .stats = .stats,
      .formats = .formats,
      .labels = .labels,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
      .ref_group = .ref_group,
      .in_ref_col = .in_ref_col,
      .var = .var, ...
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn analyze_variables Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param ... arguments passed to `s_summary()`.
#' @param .indent_mods (named `vector` of `integer`)\cr indent modifiers for the labels. Each element of the vector
#'   should be a name-value pair with name corresponding to a statistic specified in `.stats` and value the indentation
#'   for that statistic's row label.
#'
#' @details
#' It is possible to use `"auto"` for `analyze_vars` on a subset of methods. This uses [format_auto()] to
#' determine automatically the number of digits from the analyzed variable (`.vars`), but only for the
#' current row data (`.df_row[[.var]]`, see `?rtables::additional_fun_params`), and not for the whole
#' data. Also no column split is considered.
#'
#' @return
#' * `analyze_vars()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_summary()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' ## Fabricated dataset.
#' dta_test <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = rep(1:6, each = 3),
#'   PARAMCD = rep("lab", 6 * 3),
#'   AVISIT  = rep(paste0("V", 1:3), 6),
#'   ARM     = rep(LETTERS[1:3], rep(6, 3)),
#'   AVAL    = c(9:1, rep(NA, 9))
#' )
#'
#' # `analyze_vars()` in `rtables` pipelines
#' ## Default output within a `rtables` pipeline.
#' l <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by(var = "AVISIT") %>%
#'   analyze_vars(vars = "AVAL")
#'
#' build_table(l, df = dta_test)
#'
#' ## Select and format statistics output.
#' l <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by(var = "AVISIT") %>%
#'   analyze_vars(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     .stats = c("n", "mean_sd", "quantiles"),
#'     .formats = c("mean_sd" = "xx.x, xx.x"),
#'     .labels = c(n = "n", mean_sd = "Mean, SD", quantiles = c("Q1 - Q3"))
#'   )
#'
#' build_table(l, df = dta_test)
#'
#' ## Use arguments interpreted by `s_summary`.
#' l <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by(var = "AVISIT") %>%
#'   analyze_vars(vars = "AVAL", na.rm = FALSE)
#'
#' build_table(l, df = dta_test)
#'
#' ## Handle `NA` levels first when summarizing factors.
#' dta_test$AVISIT <- NA_character_
#' dta_test <- df_explicit_na(dta_test)
#' l <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARM") %>%
#'   analyze_vars(vars = "AVISIT", na.rm = FALSE)
#'
#' build_table(l, df = dta_test)
#'
#' # auto format
#' dt <- data.frame("VAR" = c(0.001, 0.2, 0.0011000, 3, 4))
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   analyze_vars(
#'     vars = "VAR",
#'     .stats = c("n", "mean", "mean_sd", "range"),
#'     .formats = c("mean_sd" = "auto", "range" = "auto")
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(dt)
#'
#' @export analyze_vars summarize_vars
analyze_vars <- function(lyt,
                         vars,
                         var_labels = vars,
                         nested = TRUE,
                         ...,
                         na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                         na_level = NA_character_,
                         show_labels = "default",
                         table_names = vars,
                         section_div = NA_character_,
                         .stats = c("n", "mean_sd", "median", "range", "count_fraction"),
                         .formats = NULL,
                         .labels = NULL,
                         .indent_mods = NULL) {
  extra_args <- list(.stats = .stats, na.rm = na.rm, na_level = na_level, ...)
  if (!is.null(.formats)) extra_args[[".formats"]] <- .formats
  if (!is.null(.labels)) extra_args[[".labels"]] <- .labels
  if (!is.null(.indent_mods)) extra_args[[".indent_mods"]] <- .indent_mods

  analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = vars,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    afun = a_summary,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = extra_args,
    inclNAs = TRUE,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    section_div = section_div
  )
}
#' @describeIn analyze_variables `r lifecycle::badge("deprecated")` Use `analyze_vars` instead.
summarize_vars <- function(...) {
  lifecycle::deprecate_warn(when = "0.8.5.9010", "summarize_vars()", "analyze_vars()")
  analyze_vars(...)
}

#' Convert Table into Matrix of Strings
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper function to use mostly within tests. `with_spaces`parameter allows
#' to test not only for content but also indentation and table structure.
#' `print_txt_to_copy` instead facilitate the testing development by returning a well
#' formatted text that needs only to be copied and pasted in the expected output.
#'
#' @param x `rtables` table.
#' @param with_spaces Should the tested table keep the indentation and other relevant spaces?
#' @param print_txt_to_copy Utility to have a way to copy the input table directly
#'   into the expected variable instead of copying it too manually.
#'
#' @return A `matrix` of `string`s.
#'
#' @export
to_string_matrix <- function(x, with_spaces = FALSE, print_txt_to_copy = FALSE) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(with_spaces)
  checkmate::assert_flag(print_txt_to_copy)

  # Producing the matrix to test
  if (with_spaces) {
    out <- strsplit(toString(matrix_form(x, TRUE)), "\\n")[[1]]
  } else {
    out <- matrix_form(x)$string
  }

  # Printing to console formatted output that needs to be copied in "expected"
  if (print_txt_to_copy) {
    out_tmp <- out
    if (!with_spaces) {
      out_tmp <- apply(out, 1, paste0, collapse = '", "')
    }
    cat(paste0('c(\n  "', paste0(out_tmp, collapse = '",\n  "'), '"\n)'))
  }

  # Return values
  return(out)
}

#' Blank for Missing Input
#'
#' Helper function to use in tabulating model results.
#'
#' @param x (`vector`)\cr input for a cell.
#'
#' @return An empty `character` vector if all entries in `x` are missing (`NA`), otherwise
#'   the unlisted version of `x`.
#'
#' @keywords internal
unlist_and_blank_na <- function(x) {
  unl <- unlist(x)
  if (all(is.na(unl))) {
    character()
  } else {
    unl
  }
}

#' Constructor for Content Functions given Data Frame with Flag Input
#'
#' This can be useful for tabulating model results.
#'
#' @param analysis_var (`string`)\cr variable name for the column containing values to be returned by the
#'   content function.
#' @param flag_var (`string`)\cr variable name for the logical column identifying which row should be returned.
#' @param format (`string`)\cr `rtables` format to use.
#'
#' @return A content function which gives `df$analysis_var` at the row identified by
#'   `.df_row$flag` in the given format.
#'
#' @keywords internal
cfun_by_flag <- function(analysis_var,
                         flag_var,
                         format = "xx",
                         .indent_mods = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_string(analysis_var)
  checkmate::assert_string(flag_var)
  function(df, labelstr) {
    row_index <- which(df[[flag_var]])
    x <- unlist_and_blank_na(df[[analysis_var]][row_index])
    formatters::with_label(
      rcell(x, format = format, indent_mod = .indent_mods),
      labelstr
    )
  }
}

#' Content Row Function to Add Row Total to Labels
#'
#' This takes the label of the latest row split level and adds the row total from `df` in parentheses.
#' This function differs from [c_label_n_alt()] by taking row counts from `df` rather than
#' `alt_counts_df`, and is used by [add_rowcounts()] when `alt_counts` is set to `FALSE`.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @return A list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()] with the row count value and the correct label.
#'
#' @note It is important here to not use `df` but rather `.N_row` in the implementation, because
#'   the former is already split by columns and will refer to the first column of the data only.
#'
#' @seealso [c_label_n_alt()] which performs the same function but retrieves row counts from
#'   `alt_counts_df` instead of `df`.
#'
#' @keywords internal
c_label_n <- function(df,
                      labelstr,
                      .N_row) { # nolint
  label <- paste0(labelstr, " (N=", .N_row, ")")
  in_rows(
    .list = list(row_count = formatters::with_label(c(.N_row, .N_row), label)),
    .formats = c(row_count = function(x, ...) "")
  )
}

#' Content Row Function to Add `alt_counts_df` Row Total to Labels
#'
#' This takes the label of the latest row split level and adds the row total from `alt_counts_df`
#' in parentheses. This function differs from [c_label_n()] by taking row counts from `alt_counts_df`
#' rather than `df`, and is used by [add_rowcounts()] when `alt_counts` is set to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @return A list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()] with the row count value and the correct label.
#'
#' @seealso [c_label_n()] which performs the same function but retrieves row counts from `df` instead
#'   of `alt_counts_df`.
#'
#' @keywords internal
c_label_n_alt <- function(df,
                          labelstr,
                          .alt_df_row) {
  N_row_alt <- nrow(.alt_df_row) # nolint
  label <- paste0(labelstr, " (N=", N_row_alt, ")")
  in_rows(
    .list = list(row_count = formatters::with_label(c(N_row_alt, N_row_alt), label)),
    .formats = c(row_count = function(x, ...) "")
  )
}

#' Layout Creating Function to Add Row Total Counts
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This works analogously to [rtables::add_colcounts()] but on the rows. This function
#'  is a wrapper for [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param alt_counts (`flag`)\cr whether row counts should be taken from `alt_counts_df` (`TRUE`)
#'   or from `df` (`FALSE`). Defaults to `FALSE`.
#'
#' @return A modified layout where the latest row split labels now have the row-wise
#'   total counts (i.e. without column-based subsetting) attached in parentheses.
#'
#' @note Row count values are contained in these row count rows but are not displayed
#'   so that they are not considered zero rows by default when pruning.
#'
#' @examples
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   split_rows_by("RACE", split_fun = drop_split_levels) %>%
#'   add_rowcounts() %>%
#'   analyze("AGE", afun = list_wrap_x(summary), format = "xx.xx") %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#'
#' @export
add_rowcounts <- function(lyt, alt_counts = FALSE) {
  summarize_row_groups(
    lyt,
    cfun = if (alt_counts) c_label_n_alt else c_label_n
  )
}

#' Obtain Column Indices
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper function to extract column indices from a `VTableTree` for a given
#' vector of column names.
#'
#' @param table_tree (`VTableTree`)\cr table to extract the indices from.
#' @param col_names (`character`)\cr vector of column names.
#'
#' @return A vector of column indices.
#'
#' @export
h_col_indices <- function(table_tree, col_names) {
  checkmate::assert_class(table_tree, "VTableNodeInfo")
  checkmate::assert_subset(col_names, names(attr(col_info(table_tree), "cextra_args")), empty.ok = FALSE)
  match(col_names, names(attr(col_info(table_tree), "cextra_args")))
}

#' Labels or Names of List Elements
#'
#' Internal helper function for working with nested statistic function results which typically
#' don't have labels but names that we can use.
#'
#' @param x a list
#'
#' @return A `character` vector with the labels or names for the list elements.
#'
#' @keywords internal
labels_or_names <- function(x) {
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(x, c("data.frame", "list"))
  labs <- sapply(x, obj_label)
  nams <- rlang::names2(x)
  label_is_null <- sapply(labs, is.null)
  result <- unlist(ifelse(label_is_null, nams, labs))
  return(result)
}

#' Convert to `rtable`
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is a new generic function to convert objects to `rtable` tables.
#'
#' @param x the object which should be converted to an `rtable`.
#' @param ... additional arguments for methods.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` table object. Note that the concrete class will depend on the method used.
#'
#' @export
as.rtable <- function(x, ...) { # nolint
  UseMethod("as.rtable", x)
}

#' @describeIn as.rtable method for converting `data.frame` that contain numeric columns to `rtable`.
#'
#' @param format the format which should be used for the columns.
#'
#' @method as.rtable data.frame
#'
#' @examples
#' x <- data.frame(
#'   a = 1:10,
#'   b = rnorm(10)
#' )
#' as.rtable(x)
#'
#' @export
as.rtable.data.frame <- function(x, format = "xx.xx", ...) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(unlist(x))
  do.call(
    rtable,
    c(
      list(
        header = labels_or_names(x),
        format = format
      ),
      Map(
        function(row, row_name) {
          do.call(
            rrow,
            c(as.list(unname(row)),
              row.name = row_name
            )
          )
        },
        row = as.data.frame(t(x)),
        row_name = rownames(x)
      )
    )
  )
}

#' Split parameters
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' It divides the data in the vector `param` into the groups defined by `f` based on specified `values`. It is relevant
#' in `rtables` layers so as to distribute parameters `.stats` or' `.formats` into lists with items corresponding to
#' specific analysis function.
#'
#' @param param (`vector`)\cr the parameter to be split.
#' @param value (`vector`)\cr the value used to split.
#' @param f (`list` of `vectors`)\cr the reference to make the split
#'
#' @return A named `list` with the same element names as `f`, each containing the elements specified in `.stats`.
#'
#' @examples
#' f <- list(
#'   surv = c("pt_at_risk", "event_free_rate", "rate_se", "rate_ci"),
#'   surv_diff = c("rate_diff", "rate_diff_ci", "ztest_pval")
#' )
#'
#' .stats <- c("pt_at_risk", "rate_diff")
#' h_split_param(.stats, .stats, f = f)
#'
#' # $surv
#' # [1] "pt_at_risk"
#' #
#' # $surv_diff
#' # [1] "rate_diff"
#'
#' .formats <- c("pt_at_risk" = "xx", "event_free_rate" = "xxx")
#' h_split_param(.formats, names(.formats), f = f)
#'
#' # $surv
#' # pt_at_risk event_free_rate
#' # "xx"           "xxx"
#' #
#' # $surv_diff
#' # NULL
#'
#' @export
h_split_param <- function(param,
                          value,
                          f) {
  y <- lapply(f, function(x) param[value %in% x])
  lapply(y, function(x) if (length(x) == 0) NULL else x)
}

#' Get Selected Statistics Names
#'
#' Helper function to be used for creating `afun`.
#'
#' @param .stats (`vector` or `NULL`)\cr input to the layout creating function. Note that `NULL` means
#'   in this context that all default statistics should be used.
#' @param all_stats (`character`)\cr all statistics which can be selected here potentially.
#'
#' @return A `character` vector with the selected statistics.
#'
#' @keywords internal
afun_selected_stats <- function(.stats, all_stats) {
  checkmate::assert_character(.stats, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(all_stats)
  if (is.null(.stats)) {
    all_stats
  } else {
    intersect(.stats, all_stats)
  }
}

#' Add Variable Labels to Top Left Corner in Table
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper layout creating function to just append the variable labels of a given variables vector
#' from a given dataset in the top left corner. If a variable label is not found then the
#' variable name itself is used instead. Multiple variable labels are concatenated with slashes.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param vars (`character`)\cr variable names of which the labels are to be looked up in `df`.
#' @param indent (`integer`)\cr non-negative number of nested indent space, default to 0L which means no indent.
#'   1L means two spaces indent, 2L means four spaces indent and so on.
#'
#' @return A modified layout with the new variable label(s) added to the top-left material.
#'
#' @note This is not an optimal implementation of course, since we are using here the data set
#'   itself during the layout creation. When we have a more mature `rtables` implementation then
#'   this will also be improved or not necessary anymore.
#'
#' @examples
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   split_rows_by("SEX") %>%
#'   append_varlabels(DM, "SEX") %>%
#'   analyze("AGE", afun = mean) %>%
#'   append_varlabels(DM, "AGE", indent = 1)
#' build_table(lyt, DM)
#'
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("SEX") %>%
#'   analyze("AGE", afun = mean) %>%
#'   append_varlabels(DM, c("SEX", "AGE"))
#' build_table(lyt, DM)
#'
#' @export
append_varlabels <- function(lyt, df, vars, indent = 0L) {
  if (checkmate::test_flag(indent)) {
    warning("indent argument is now accepting integers. Boolean indent will be converted to integers.")
    indent <- as.integer(indent)
  }

  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  checkmate::assert_character(vars)
  checkmate::assert_count(indent)

  lab <- formatters::var_labels(df[vars], fill = TRUE)
  lab <- paste(lab, collapse = " / ")
  space <- paste(rep(" ", indent * 2), collapse = "")
  lab <- paste0(space, lab)

  append_topleft(lyt, lab)
}

#' Combine Factor Levels
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Combine specified old factor Levels in a single new level.
#'
#' @param x factor
#' @param levels level names to be combined
#' @param new_level name of new level
#'
#' @return A `factor` with the new levels.
#'
#' @examples
#' x <- factor(letters[1:5], levels = letters[5:1])
#' combine_levels(x, levels = c("a", "b"))
#'
#' combine_levels(x, c("e", "b"))
#'
#' @export
combine_levels <- function(x, levels, new_level = paste(levels, collapse = "/")) {
  checkmate::assert_factor(x)
  checkmate::assert_subset(levels, levels(x))

  lvls <- levels(x)

  lvls[lvls %in% levels] <- new_level

  levels(x) <- lvls

  x
}

#' Conversion of a Vector to a Factor
#'
#' Converts `x` to a factor and keeps its attributes. Warns appropriately such that the user
#' can decide whether they prefer converting to factor manually (e.g. for full control of
#' factor levels).
#'
#' @param x (`atomic`)\cr object to convert.
#' @param x_name (`string`)\cr name of `x`.
#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr the explicit missing level which should be used when converting a character vector.
#' @param verbose defaults to `TRUE`. It prints out warnings and messages.
#'
#' @return A `factor` with same attributes (except class) as `x`. Does not modify `x` if already a `factor`.
#'
#' @keywords internal
as_factor_keep_attributes <- function(x,
                                      x_name = deparse(substitute(x)),
                                      na_level = "<Missing>",
                                      verbose = TRUE) {
  checkmate::assert_atomic(x)
  checkmate::assert_string(x_name)
  checkmate::assert_string(na_level)
  checkmate::assert_flag(verbose)
  if (is.factor(x)) {
    return(x)
  }
  x_class <- class(x)[1]
  if (verbose) {
    warning(paste(
      "automatically converting", x_class, "variable", x_name,
      "to factor, better manually convert to factor to avoid failures"
    ))
  }
  if (identical(length(x), 0L)) {
    warning(paste(
      x_name, "has length 0, this can lead to tabulation failures, better convert to factor"
    ))
  }
  if (is.character(x)) {
    x_no_na <- explicit_na(sas_na(x), label = na_level)
    if (any(na_level %in% x_no_na)) {
      do.call(
        structure,
        c(
          list(.Data = forcats::fct_relevel(x_no_na, na_level, after = Inf)),
          attributes(x)
        )
      )
    } else {
      do.call(structure, c(list(.Data = as.factor(x)), attributes(x)))
    }
  } else {
    do.call(structure, c(list(.Data = as.factor(x)), attributes(x)))
  }
}

#' Labels for Bins in Percent
#'
#' This creates labels for quantile based bins in percent. This assumes the right-closed
#' intervals as produced by [cut_quantile_bins()].
#'
#' @param probs (`proportion` vector)\cr the probabilities identifying the quantiles.
#'   This is a sorted vector of unique `proportion` values, i.e. between 0 and 1, where
#'   the boundaries 0 and 1 must not be included.
#' @param digits (`integer`)\cr number of decimal places to round the percent numbers.
#'
#' @return A `character` vector with labels in the format `[0%,20%]`, `(20%,50%]`, etc.
#'
#' @keywords internal
bins_percent_labels <- function(probs,
                                digits = 0) {
  if (isFALSE(0 %in% probs)) probs <- c(0, probs)
  if (isFALSE(1 %in% probs)) probs <- c(probs, 1)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(probs, lower = 0, upper = 1, unique = TRUE, sorted = TRUE)
  percent <- round(probs * 100, digits = digits)
  left <- paste0(utils::head(percent, -1), "%")
  right <- paste0(utils::tail(percent, -1), "%")
  without_left_bracket <- paste0(left, ",", right, "]")
  with_left_bracket <- paste0("[", utils::head(without_left_bracket, 1))
  if (length(without_left_bracket) > 1) {
    with_left_bracket <- c(
      with_left_bracket,
      paste0("(", utils::tail(without_left_bracket, -1))
    )
  }
  with_left_bracket
}

#' Cutting Numeric Vector into Empirical Quantile Bins
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This cuts a numeric vector into sample quantile bins.
#'
#' @inheritParams bins_percent_labels
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr the continuous variable values which should be cut into
#'   quantile bins. This may contain `NA` values, which are then
#'   not used for the quantile calculations, but included in the return vector.
#' @param labels (`character`)\cr the unique labels for the quantile bins. When there are `n`
#'   probabilities in `probs`, then this must be `n + 1` long.
#' @param type (`integer`)\cr type of quantiles to use, see [stats::quantile()] for details.
#' @param ordered (`flag`)\cr should the result be an ordered factor.
#'
#' @return A `factor` variable with appropriately-labeled bins as levels.
#'
#' @note Intervals are closed on the right side. That is, the first bin is the interval
#'   `[-Inf, q1]` where `q1` is the first quantile, the second bin is then `(q1, q2]`, etc.,
#'   and the last bin is `(qn, +Inf]` where `qn` is the last quantile.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Default is to cut into quartile bins.
#' cut_quantile_bins(cars$speed)
#'
#' # Use custom quantiles.
#' cut_quantile_bins(cars$speed, probs = c(0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.88))
#'
#' # Use custom labels.
#' cut_quantile_bins(cars$speed, labels = paste0("Q", 1:4))
#'
#' # NAs are preserved in result factor.
#' ozone_binned <- cut_quantile_bins(airquality$Ozone)
#' which(is.na(ozone_binned))
#' # So you might want to make these explicit.
#' explicit_na(ozone_binned)
#'
#' @export
cut_quantile_bins <- function(x,
                              probs = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.75),
                              labels = NULL,
                              type = 7,
                              ordered = TRUE) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(ordered)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
  if (isFALSE(0 %in% probs)) probs <- c(0, probs)
  if (isFALSE(1 %in% probs)) probs <- c(probs, 1)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(probs, lower = 0, upper = 1, unique = TRUE, sorted = TRUE)
  if (is.null(labels)) labels <- bins_percent_labels(probs)
  checkmate::assert_character(labels, len = length(probs) - 1, any.missing = FALSE, unique = TRUE)

  if (all(is.na(x))) {
    # Early return if there are only NAs in input.
    return(factor(x, ordered = ordered, levels = labels))
  }

  quantiles <- stats::quantile(
    x,
    probs = probs,
    type = type,
    na.rm = TRUE
  )

  checkmate::assert_numeric(quantiles, unique = TRUE)

  cut(
    x,
    breaks = quantiles,
    labels = labels,
    ordered_result = ordered,
    include.lowest = TRUE,
    right = TRUE
  )
}

#' Discard Certain Levels from a Factor
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This discards the observations as well as the levels specified from a factor.
#'
#' @param x (`factor`)\cr the original factor.
#' @param discard (`character`)\cr which levels to discard.
#'
#' @return A modified `factor` with observations as well as levels from `discard` dropped.
#'
#' @examples
#' fct_discard(factor(c("a", "b", "c")), "c")
#'
#' @export
fct_discard <- function(x, discard) {
  checkmate::assert_factor(x)
  checkmate::assert_character(discard, any.missing = FALSE)
  new_obs <- x[!(x %in% discard)]
  new_levels <- setdiff(levels(x), discard)
  factor(new_obs, levels = new_levels)
}

#' Insertion of Explicit Missings in a Factor
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This inserts explicit missings in a factor based on a condition. Additionally,
#' existing `NA` values will be explicitly converted to given `na_level`.
#'
#' @param x (`factor`)\cr the original factor.
#' @param condition (`logical`)\cr where to insert missings.
#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr which level to use for missings.
#'
#' @return A modified `factor` with inserted and existing `NA` converted to `na_level`.
#'
#' @seealso [forcats::fct_na_value_to_level()] which is used internally.
#'
#' @examples
#' fct_explicit_na_if(factor(c("a", "b", NA)), c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE))
#'
#' @export
fct_explicit_na_if <- function(x, condition, na_level = "<Missing>") {
  checkmate::assert_factor(x, len = length(condition))
  checkmate::assert_logical(condition)
  x[condition] <- NA
  x <- forcats::fct_na_value_to_level(x, level = na_level)
  forcats::fct_drop(x, only = na_level)
}

#' Collapsing of Factor Levels and Keeping Only Those New Group Levels
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This collapses levels and only keeps those new group levels, in the order provided.
#' The returned factor has levels in the order given, with the possible missing level last (this will
#' only be included if there are missing values).
#'
#' @param .f (`factor` or `character`)\cr original vector.
#' @param ... (named `character` vectors)\cr levels in each vector provided will be collapsed into
#'   the new level given by the respective name.
#' @param .na_level (`string`)\cr which level to use for other levels, which should be missing in the
#'   new factor. Note that this level must not be contained in the new levels specified in `...`.
#'
#' @return A modified `factor` with collapsed levels. Values and levels which are not included
#'   in the given `character` vector input will be set to the missing level `.na_level`.
#'
#' @note Any existing `NA`s in the input vector will not be replaced by the missing level. If needed,
#'   [explicit_na()] can be called separately on the result.
#'
#' @seealso [forcats::fct_collapse()], [forcats::fct_relevel()] which are used internally.
#'
#' @examples
#' fct_collapse_only(factor(c("a", "b", "c", "d")), TRT = "b", CTRL = c("c", "d"))
#'
#' @export
fct_collapse_only <- function(.f, ..., .na_level = "<Missing>") {
  new_lvls <- names(list(...))
  if (checkmate::test_subset(.na_level, new_lvls)) {
    stop(paste0(".na_level currently set to '", .na_level, "' must not be contained in the new levels"))
  }
  x <- forcats::fct_collapse(.f, ..., other_level = .na_level)
  do.call(forcats::fct_relevel, args = c(list(.f = x), as.list(new_lvls)))
}

#' Ungroup Non-Numeric Statistics
#'
#' Ungroups grouped non-numeric statistics within input vectors `.formats`, `.labels`, and `.indent_mods`.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param x  (`named list` of `numeric`)\cr list of numeric statistics containing the statistics to ungroup.
#'
#' @return A `list` with modified elements `x`, `.formats`, `.labels`, and `.indent_mods`.
#'
#' @seealso [a_summary()] which uses this function internally.
#'
#' @keywords internal
ungroup_stats <- function(x,
                          .formats,
                          .labels,
                          .indent_mods) {
  checkmate::assert_list(x)
  empty_pval <- "pval" %in% names(x) && length(x[["pval"]]) == 0
  empty_pval_counts <- "pval_counts" %in% names(x) && length(x[["pval_counts"]]) == 0
  x <- unlist(x, recursive = FALSE)

  # If p-value is empty it is removed by unlist and needs to be re-added
  if (empty_pval) x[["pval"]] <- character()
  if (empty_pval_counts) x[["pval_counts"]] <- character()
  .stats <- names(x)

  # Ungroup stats
  .formats <- lapply(.stats, function(x) {
    .formats[[if (!grepl("\\.", x)) x else regmatches(x, regexpr("\\.", x), invert = TRUE)[[1]][1]]]
  })
  .indent_mods <- sapply(.stats, function(x) {
    .indent_mods[[if (!grepl("\\.", x)) x else regmatches(x, regexpr("\\.", x), invert = TRUE)[[1]][1]]]
  })
  .labels <- sapply(.stats, function(x) {
    if (!grepl("\\.", x)) .labels[[x]] else regmatches(x, regexpr("\\.", x), invert = TRUE)[[1]][2]
  })

  list(
    x = x,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )
}

#' Helper Functions for Tabulating Survival Duration by Subgroup
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper functions that tabulate in a data frame statistics such as median survival
#' time and hazard ratio for population subgroups.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams survival_coxph_pairwise
#' @inheritParams survival_duration_subgroups
#' @param arm (`factor`)\cr the treatment group variable.
#'
#' @details Main functionality is to prepare data for use in a layout-creating function.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
#'
#' # Save variable labels before data processing steps.
#' adtte_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adtte)
#'
#' adtte_f <- adtte %>%
#'   filter(
#'     PARAMCD == "OS",
#'     ARM %in% c("B: Placebo", "A: Drug X"),
#'     SEX %in% c("M", "F")
#'   ) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of ARM to display reference arm before treatment arm.
#'     ARM = droplevels(fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo")),
#'     SEX = droplevels(SEX),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' labels <- c("ARM" = adtte_labels[["ARM"]], "SEX" = adtte_labels[["SEX"]], "is_event" = "Event Flag")
#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- labels
#'
#' @name h_survival_duration_subgroups
NULL

#' @describeIn h_survival_duration_subgroups helper to prepare a data frame of median survival times by arm.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_survtime_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n`, `n_events`, and `median`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Extract median survival time for one group.
#' h_survtime_df(
#'   tte = adtte_f$AVAL,
#'   is_event = adtte_f$is_event,
#'   arm = adtte_f$ARM
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_survtime_df <- function(tte, is_event, arm) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(tte)
  checkmate::assert_logical(is_event, len = length(tte))
  assert_valid_factor(arm, len = length(tte))

  df_tte <- data.frame(
    tte = tte,
    is_event = is_event,
    stringsAsFactors = FALSE
  )

  # Delete NAs
  non_missing_rows <- stats::complete.cases(df_tte)
  df_tte <- df_tte[non_missing_rows, ]
  arm <- arm[non_missing_rows]

  lst_tte <- split(df_tte, arm)
  lst_results <- Map(function(x, arm) {
    if (nrow(x) > 0) {
      s_surv <- s_surv_time(x, .var = "tte", is_event = "is_event")
      median_est <- unname(as.numeric(s_surv$median))
      n_events <- sum(x$is_event)
    } else {
      median_est <- NA
      n_events <- NA
    }

    data.frame(
      arm = arm,
      n = nrow(x),
      n_events = n_events,
      median = median_est,
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
  }, lst_tte, names(lst_tte))

  df <- do.call(rbind, args = c(lst_results, make.row.names = FALSE))
  df$arm <- factor(df$arm, levels = levels(arm))
  df
}

#' @describeIn h_survival_duration_subgroups summarizes median survival times by arm and across subgroups
#'    in a data frame. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`, passed as a named list and
#'    requires elements `tte`, `is_event`, `arm` and optionally `subgroups`. `groups_lists` optionally specifies
#'    groupings for `subgroups` variables.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_survtime_subgroups_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n`, `n_events`, `median`, `subgroup`,
#'   `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Extract median survival time for multiple groups.
#' h_survtime_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM",
#'     subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#'
#' # Define groupings for BMRKR2 levels.
#' h_survtime_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM",
#'     subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f,
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     BMRKR2 = list(
#'       "low" = "LOW",
#'       "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
#'       "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_survtime_subgroups_df <- function(variables,
                                    data,
                                    groups_lists = list(),
                                    label_all = "All Patients") {
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$tte)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$is_event)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$arm)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$subgroups, null.ok = TRUE)

  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)

  checkmate::assert_string(label_all)

  # Add All Patients.
  result_all <- h_survtime_df(data[[variables$tte]], data[[variables$is_event]], data[[variables$arm]])
  result_all$subgroup <- label_all
  result_all$var <- "ALL"
  result_all$var_label <- label_all
  result_all$row_type <- "content"

  # Add Subgroups.
  if (is.null(variables$subgroups)) {
    result_all
  } else {
    l_data <- h_split_by_subgroups(data, variables$subgroups, groups_lists = groups_lists)
    l_result <- lapply(l_data, function(grp) {
      result <- h_survtime_df(grp$df[[variables$tte]], grp$df[[variables$is_event]], grp$df[[variables$arm]])
      result_labels <- grp$df_labels[rep(1, times = nrow(result)), ]
      cbind(result, result_labels)
    })
    result_subgroups <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
    result_subgroups$row_type <- "analysis"
    rbind(
      result_all,
      result_subgroups
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn h_survival_duration_subgroups helper to prepare a data frame with estimates of
#'   treatment hazard ratio.
#'
#' @param strata_data (`factor`, `data.frame` or `NULL`)\cr required if stratified analysis is performed.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxph_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `n_tot_events`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`,
#'   `conf_level`, `pval` and `pval_label`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Extract hazard ratio for one group.
#' h_coxph_df(adtte_f$AVAL, adtte_f$is_event, adtte_f$ARM)
#'
#' # Extract hazard ratio for one group with stratification factor.
#' h_coxph_df(adtte_f$AVAL, adtte_f$is_event, adtte_f$ARM, strata_data = adtte_f$STRATA1)
#'
#' @export
h_coxph_df <- function(tte, is_event, arm, strata_data = NULL, control = control_coxph()) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(tte)
  checkmate::assert_logical(is_event, len = length(tte))
  assert_valid_factor(arm, n.levels = 2, len = length(tte))

  df_tte <- data.frame(tte = tte, is_event = is_event)
  strata_vars <- NULL

  if (!is.null(strata_data)) {
    if (is.data.frame(strata_data)) {
      strata_vars <- names(strata_data)
      checkmate::assert_data_frame(strata_data, nrows = nrow(df_tte))
      assert_df_with_factors(strata_data, as.list(stats::setNames(strata_vars, strata_vars)))
    } else {
      assert_valid_factor(strata_data, len = nrow(df_tte))
      strata_vars <- "strata_data"
    }
    df_tte[strata_vars] <- strata_data
  }

  l_df <- split(df_tte, arm)

  if (nrow(l_df[[1]]) > 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) > 0) {
    # Hazard ratio and CI.
    result <- s_coxph_pairwise(
      df = l_df[[2]],
      .ref_group = l_df[[1]],
      .in_ref_col = FALSE,
      .var = "tte",
      is_event = "is_event",
      strat = strata_vars,
      control = control
    )

    df <- data.frame(
      # Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
      arm = " ",
      n_tot = unname(as.numeric(result$n_tot)),
      n_tot_events = unname(as.numeric(result$n_tot_events)),
      hr = unname(as.numeric(result$hr)),
      lcl = unname(result$hr_ci[1]),
      ucl = unname(result$hr_ci[2]),
      conf_level = control[["conf_level"]],
      pval = as.numeric(result$pvalue),
      pval_label = obj_label(result$pvalue),
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
  } else if (
    (nrow(l_df[[1]]) == 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) > 0) ||
      (nrow(l_df[[1]]) > 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) == 0)
  ) {
    df_tte_complete <- df_tte[stats::complete.cases(df_tte), ]
    df <- data.frame(
      # Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
      arm = " ",
      n_tot = nrow(df_tte_complete),
      n_tot_events = sum(df_tte_complete$is_event),
      hr = NA,
      lcl = NA,
      ucl = NA,
      conf_level = control[["conf_level"]],
      pval = NA,
      pval_label = NA,
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
  } else {
    df <- data.frame(
      # Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
      arm = " ",
      n_tot = 0L,
      n_tot_events = 0L,
      hr = NA,
      lcl = NA,
      ucl = NA,
      conf_level = control[["conf_level"]],
      pval = NA,
      pval_label = NA,
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
  }

  df
}

#' @describeIn h_survival_duration_subgroups summarizes estimates of the treatment hazard ratio
#'   across subgroups in a data frame. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in
#'   `data`, passed as a named list and requires elements `tte`, `is_event`, `arm` and
#'   optionally `subgroups` and `strat`. `groups_lists` optionally specifies
#'   groupings for `subgroups` variables.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxph_subgroups_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `n_tot_events`, `hr`,
#'   `lcl`, `ucl`, `conf_level`, `pval`, `pval_label`, `subgroup`, `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Extract hazard ratio for multiple groups.
#' h_coxph_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM",
#'     subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#'
#' # Define groupings of BMRKR2 levels.
#' h_coxph_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM",
#'     subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f,
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     BMRKR2 = list(
#'       "low" = "LOW",
#'       "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
#'       "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' # Extract hazard ratio for multiple groups with stratification factors.
#' h_coxph_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM",
#'     subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2"),
#'     strat = c("STRATA1", "STRATA2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_coxph_subgroups_df <- function(variables,
                                 data,
                                 groups_lists = list(),
                                 control = control_coxph(),
                                 label_all = "All Patients") {
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$tte)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$is_event)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$arm)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$subgroups, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$strat, null.ok = TRUE)
  assert_df_with_factors(data, list(val = variables$arm), min.levels = 2, max.levels = 2)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_string(label_all)

  # Add All Patients.
  result_all <- h_coxph_df(
    tte = data[[variables$tte]],
    is_event = data[[variables$is_event]],
    arm = data[[variables$arm]],
    strata_data = if (is.null(variables$strat)) NULL else data[variables$strat],
    control = control
  )
  result_all$subgroup <- label_all
  result_all$var <- "ALL"
  result_all$var_label <- label_all
  result_all$row_type <- "content"

  # Add Subgroups.
  if (is.null(variables$subgroups)) {
    result_all
  } else {
    l_data <- h_split_by_subgroups(data, variables$subgroups, groups_lists = groups_lists)

    l_result <- lapply(l_data, function(grp) {
      result <- h_coxph_df(
        tte = grp$df[[variables$tte]],
        is_event = grp$df[[variables$is_event]],
        arm = grp$df[[variables$arm]],
        strata_data = if (is.null(variables$strat)) NULL else grp$df[variables$strat],
        control = control
      )
      result_labels <- grp$df_labels[rep(1, times = nrow(result)), ]
      cbind(result, result_labels)
    })

    result_subgroups <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
    result_subgroups$row_type <- "analysis"

    rbind(
      result_all,
      result_subgroups
    )
  }
}

#' Split Dataframe by Subgroups
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Split a dataframe into a non-nested list of subsets.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams survival_duration_subgroups
#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr dataset to split.
#' @param subgroups (`character`)\cr names of factor variables from `data` used to create subsets.
#'   Unused levels not present in `data` are dropped. Note that the order in this vector
#'   determines the order in the downstream table.
#'
#' @return A list with subset data (`df`) and metadata about the subset (`df_labels`).
#'
#' @details Main functionality is to prepare data for use in forest plot layouts.
#'
#' @examples
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   x = c(1:5),
#'   y = factor(c("A", "B", "A", "B", "A"), levels = c("A", "B", "C")),
#'   z = factor(c("C", "C", "D", "D", "D"), levels = c("D", "C"))
#' )
#' formatters::var_labels(df) <- paste("label for", names(df))
#'
#' h_split_by_subgroups(
#'   data = df,
#'   subgroups = c("y", "z")
#' )
#'
#' h_split_by_subgroups(
#'   data = df,
#'   subgroups = c("y", "z"),
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     y = list("AB" = c("A", "B"), "C" = "C")
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_split_by_subgroups <- function(data,
                                 subgroups,
                                 groups_lists = list()) {
  checkmate::assert_character(subgroups, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_list(groups_lists, names = "named")
  checkmate::assert_subset(names(groups_lists), subgroups)
  assert_df_with_factors(data, as.list(stats::setNames(subgroups, subgroups)))

  data_labels <- unname(formatters::var_labels(data))
  df_subgroups <- data[, subgroups, drop = FALSE]
  subgroup_labels <- formatters::var_labels(df_subgroups, fill = TRUE)

  l_labels <- Map(function(grp_i, name_i) {
    existing_levels <- levels(droplevels(grp_i))
    grp_levels <- if (name_i %in% names(groups_lists)) {
      # For this variable groupings are defined. We check which groups are contained in the data.
      group_list_i <- groups_lists[[name_i]]
      group_has_levels <- vapply(group_list_i, function(lvls) any(lvls %in% existing_levels), TRUE)
      names(which(group_has_levels))
    } else {
      existing_levels
    }
    df_labels <- data.frame(
      subgroup = grp_levels,
      var = name_i,
      var_label = unname(subgroup_labels[name_i]),
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE # Rationale is that subgroups may not be unique.
    )
  }, df_subgroups, names(df_subgroups))

  # Create a dataframe with one row per subgroup.
  df_labels <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_labels, make.row.names = FALSE))
  row_label <- paste0(df_labels$var, ".", df_labels$subgroup)
  row_split_var <- factor(row_label, levels = row_label)

  # Create a list of data subsets.
  lapply(split(df_labels, row_split_var), function(row_i) {
    which_row <- if (row_i$var %in% names(groups_lists)) {
      data[[row_i$var]] %in% groups_lists[[row_i$var]][[row_i$subgroup]]
    } else {
      data[[row_i$var]] == row_i$subgroup
    }
    df <- data[which_row, ]
    rownames(df) <- NULL
    formatters::var_labels(df) <- data_labels

    list(
      df = df,
      df_labels = data.frame(row_i, row.names = NULL)
    )
  })
}

#' Estimation of Proportions per Level of Factor
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Estimate the proportion along with confidence interval of a proportion
#' regarding the level of a factor.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso Relevant description function [d_onco_rsp_label()].
#'
#' @name estimate_multinomial_rsp
NULL

#' Description of Standard Oncology Response
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Describe the oncology response in a standard way.
#'
#' @param x (`character`)\cr the standard oncology code to be described.
#'
#' @return Response labels.
#'
#' @seealso [estimate_multinomial_rsp()]
#'
#' @examples
#' d_onco_rsp_label(
#'   c("CR", "PR", "SD", "NON CR/PD", "PD", "NE", "Missing", "<Missing>", "NE/Missing")
#' )
#'
#' # Adding some values not considered in d_onco_rsp_label
#'
#' d_onco_rsp_label(
#'   c("CR", "PR", "hello", "hi")
#' )
#'
#' @export
d_onco_rsp_label <- function(x) {
  x <- as.character(x)
  desc <- c(
    CR           = "Complete Response (CR)",
    PR           = "Partial Response (PR)",
    MR           = "Minimal/Minor Response (MR)",
    MRD          = "Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)",
    SD           = "Stable Disease (SD)",
    PD           = "Progressive Disease (PD)",
    `NON CR/PD`  = "Non-CR or Non-PD (NON CR/PD)",
    NE           = "Not Evaluable (NE)",
    `NE/Missing` = "Missing or unevaluable",
    Missing      = "Missing",
    `NA`         = "Not Applicable (NA)",
    ND           = "Not Done (ND)"
  )

  values_label <- vapply(
    X = x,
    FUN.VALUE = character(1),
    function(val) {
      if (val %in% names(desc)) desc[val] else val
    }
  )

  return(factor(values_label, levels = c(intersect(desc, values_label), setdiff(values_label, desc))))
}

#' @describeIn estimate_multinomial_rsp Statistics function which feeds the length of `x` as number
#'   of successes, and `.N_col` as total number of successes and failures into [s_proportion()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_length_proportion()` returns statistics from [s_proportion()].
#'
#' @examples
#' s_length_proportion(rep("CR", 10), .N_col = 100)
#' s_length_proportion(factor(character(0)), .N_col = 100)
#'
#' @export
s_length_proportion <- function(x,
                                .N_col, # nolint
                                ...) {
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(x, classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_vector(x, min.len = 0, max.len = .N_col)
  checkmate::assert_vector(unique(x), min.len = 0, max.len = 1)

  n_true <- length(x)
  n_false <- .N_col - n_true
  x_logical <- rep(c(TRUE, FALSE), c(n_true, n_false))
  s_proportion(df = x_logical, ...)
}

#' @describeIn estimate_multinomial_rsp Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `estimate_multinomial_response()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_length_proportion()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' a_length_proportion(rep("CR", 10), .N_col = 100)
#' a_length_proportion(factor(character(0)), .N_col = 100)
#'
#' @export
a_length_proportion <- make_afun(
  s_length_proportion,
  .formats = c(
    n_prop = "xx (xx.x%)",
    prop_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)"
  )
)

#' @describeIn estimate_multinomial_rsp Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()] and
#'   [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `estimate_multinomial_response()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_length_proportion()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' # Use of the layout creating function.
#' dta_test <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = paste0("S", 1:12),
#'   ARM     = factor(rep(LETTERS[1:3], each = 4)),
#'   AVAL    = c(A = c(1, 1, 1, 1), B = c(0, 0, 1, 1), C = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
#' ) %>% mutate(
#'   AVALC = factor(AVAL,
#'     levels = c(0, 1),
#'     labels = c("Complete Response (CR)", "Partial Response (PR)")
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   estimate_multinomial_response(var = "AVALC")
#'
#' tbl <- build_table(lyt, dta_test)
#'
#' html <- as_html(tbl)
#' html
#' \donttest{
#' Viewer(html)
#' }
#'
#' @export
estimate_multinomial_response <- function(lyt,
                                          var,
                                          nested = TRUE,
                                          ...,
                                          show_labels = "hidden",
                                          table_names = var,
                                          .stats = "prop_ci",
                                          .formats = NULL,
                                          .labels = NULL,
                                          .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_length_proportion,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )
  lyt <- split_rows_by(lyt, var = var)
  lyt <- summarize_row_groups(lyt)

  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars = var,
    afun = afun,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Helper Function for Deriving Analysis Datasets for `LBT13` and `LBT14`
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper function that merges `ADSL` and `ADLB` datasets so that missing lab test records are inserted in the
#' output dataset. Remember that `na_level` must match the needed pre-processing
#' done with [df_explicit_na()] to have the desired output.
#'
#' @param adsl (`data.frame`)\cr `ADSL` dataframe.
#' @param adlb (`data.frame`)\cr `ADLB` dataframe.
#' @param worst_flag (named `vector`)\cr Worst post-baseline lab flag variable.
#' @param by_visit (`logical`)\cr defaults to `FALSE` to generate worst grade per patient.
#'   If worst grade per patient per visit is specified for `worst_flag`, then
#'   `by_visit` should be `TRUE` to generate worst grade patient per visit.
#' @param no_fillin_visits (named `character`)\cr Visits that are not considered for post-baseline worst toxicity
#'   grade. Defaults to `c("SCREENING", "BASELINE")`.
#'
#' @return `df` containing variables shared between `adlb` and `adsl` along with variables `PARAM`, `PARAMCD`,
#'   `ATOXGR`, and `BTOXGR` relevant for analysis. Optionally, `AVISIT` are `AVISITN` are included when
#'   `by_visit = TRUE` and `no_fillin_visits = c("SCREENING", "BASELINE")`.
#'
#' @details In the result data missing records will be created for the following situations:
#'   * Patients who are present in `adsl` but have no lab data in `adlb` (both baseline and post-baseline).
#'   * Patients who do not have any post-baseline lab values.
#'   * Patients without any post-baseline values flagged as the worst.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag`
#' adlb_out <- h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag(
#'   tern_ex_adsl,
#'   tern_ex_adlb,
#'   worst_flag = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y")
#' )
#'
#' # `h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag` by visit example
#' adlb_out_by_visit <- h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag(
#'   tern_ex_adsl,
#'   tern_ex_adlb,
#'   worst_flag = c("WGRLOVFL" = "Y"),
#'   by_visit = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag <- function(adsl, # nolint
                                               adlb,
                                               worst_flag = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y"),
                                               by_visit = FALSE,
                                               no_fillin_visits = c("SCREENING", "BASELINE")) {
  col_names <- names(worst_flag)
  filter_values <- worst_flag

  temp <- Map(
    function(x, y) which(adlb[[x]] == y),
    col_names,
    filter_values
  )

  position_satisfy_filters <- Reduce(intersect, temp)

  adsl_adlb_common_columns <- intersect(colnames(adsl), colnames(adlb))
  columns_from_adlb <- c("USUBJID", "PARAM", "PARAMCD", "AVISIT", "AVISITN", "ATOXGR", "BTOXGR")

  adlb_f <- adlb[position_satisfy_filters, ] %>%
    dplyr::filter(!.data[["AVISIT"]] %in% no_fillin_visits)
  adlb_f <- adlb_f[, columns_from_adlb]

  avisits_grid <- adlb %>%
    dplyr::filter(!.data[["AVISIT"]] %in% no_fillin_visits) %>%
    dplyr::pull(.data[["AVISIT"]]) %>%
    unique()

  if (by_visit) {
    adsl_lb <- expand.grid(
      USUBJID = unique(adsl$USUBJID),
      AVISIT = avisits_grid,
      PARAMCD = unique(adlb$PARAMCD)
    )

    adsl_lb <- adsl_lb %>%
      dplyr::left_join(unique(adlb[c("AVISIT", "AVISITN")]), by = "AVISIT") %>%
      dplyr::left_join(unique(adlb[c("PARAM", "PARAMCD")]), by = "PARAMCD")

    adsl1 <- adsl[, adsl_adlb_common_columns]
    adsl_lb <- adsl1 %>% merge(adsl_lb, by = "USUBJID")

    by_variables_from_adlb <- c("USUBJID", "AVISIT", "AVISITN", "PARAMCD", "PARAM")

    adlb_btoxgr <- adlb %>%
      dplyr::select(c("USUBJID", "PARAMCD", "BTOXGR")) %>%
      unique() %>%
      dplyr::rename("BTOXGR_MAP" = "BTOXGR")

    adlb_out <- merge(
      adlb_f,
      adsl_lb,
      by = by_variables_from_adlb,
      all = TRUE,
      sort = FALSE
    )
    adlb_out <- adlb_out %>%
      dplyr::left_join(adlb_btoxgr, by = c("USUBJID", "PARAMCD")) %>%
      dplyr::mutate(BTOXGR = .data$BTOXGR_MAP) %>%
      dplyr::select(-"BTOXGR_MAP")

    adlb_var_labels <- c(
      formatters::var_labels(adlb[by_variables_from_adlb]),
      formatters::var_labels(adlb[columns_from_adlb[!columns_from_adlb %in% by_variables_from_adlb]]),
      formatters::var_labels(adsl[adsl_adlb_common_columns[adsl_adlb_common_columns != "USUBJID"]])
    )
  } else {
    adsl_lb <- expand.grid(
      USUBJID = unique(adsl$USUBJID),
      PARAMCD = unique(adlb$PARAMCD)
    )

    adsl_lb <- adsl_lb %>% dplyr::left_join(unique(adlb[c("PARAM", "PARAMCD")]), by = "PARAMCD")

    adsl1 <- adsl[, adsl_adlb_common_columns]
    adsl_lb <- adsl1 %>% merge(adsl_lb, by = "USUBJID")

    by_variables_from_adlb <- c("USUBJID", "PARAMCD", "PARAM")

    adlb_out <- merge(
      adlb_f,
      adsl_lb,
      by = by_variables_from_adlb,
      all = TRUE,
      sort = FALSE
    )

    adlb_var_labels <- c(
      formatters::var_labels(adlb[by_variables_from_adlb]),
      formatters::var_labels(adlb[columns_from_adlb[!columns_from_adlb %in% by_variables_from_adlb]]),
      formatters::var_labels(adsl[adsl_adlb_common_columns[adsl_adlb_common_columns != "USUBJID"]])
    )
  }

  adlb_out$ATOXGR <- as.factor(adlb_out$ATOXGR)
  adlb_out$BTOXGR <- as.factor(adlb_out$BTOXGR)

  formatters::var_labels(adlb_out) <- adlb_var_labels

  adlb_out
}

#' Split Function to Configure Risk Difference Column
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Wrapper function for [rtables::add_combo_levels()] which configures settings for the risk difference
#' column to be added to an `rtables` object. To add a risk difference column to a table, this function
#' should be used as `split_fun` in calls to [rtables::split_cols_by()], followed by setting argument
#' `riskdiff` to `TRUE` in all following analyze function calls.
#'
#' @param arm_x (`character`)\cr Name of reference arm to use in risk difference calculations.
#' @param arm_y (`character`)\cr Name of arm to compare to reference arm in risk difference calculations.
#' @param col_label (`character`)\cr Label to use when rendering the risk difference column within the table.
#' @param pct (`flag`)\cr whether output should be returned as percentages. Defaults to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @return A closure suitable for use as a split function (`split_fun`) within [rtables::split_cols_by()]
#'   when creating a table layout.
#'
#' @seealso [stat_propdiff_ci()] for details on risk difference calculation.
#'
#' @examples
#' adae <- tern_ex_adae
#' adae$AESEV <- factor(adae$AESEV)
#'
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD", split_fun = add_riskdiff(arm_x = "ARM A", arm_y = "ARM B")) %>%
#'   count_occurrences_by_grade(
#'     var = "AESEV",
#'     riskdiff = TRUE
#'   )
#'
#' tbl <- build_table(lyt, df = adae)
#' tbl
#'
#' @export
add_riskdiff <- function(arm_x,
                         arm_y,
                         col_label = "Risk Difference (%) (95% CI)",
                         pct = TRUE) {
  sapply(c(arm_x, arm_y, col_label), checkmate::assert_character, len = 1)
  combodf <- tibble::tribble(
    ~valname, ~label, ~levelcombo, ~exargs,
    paste("riskdiff", arm_x, arm_y, sep = "_"), col_label, c(arm_x, arm_y), list()
  )
  if (pct) combodf$valname <- paste0(combodf$valname, "_pct")
  add_combo_levels(combodf)
}

#' Analysis Function to Calculate Risk Difference Column Values
#'
#' In the risk difference column, this function uses the statistics function associated with `afun` to
#' calculates risk difference values from arm X (reference group) and arm Y. These arms are specified
#' when configuring the risk difference column which is done using the [add_riskdiff()] split function in
#' the previous call to [rtables::split_cols_by()]. For all other columns, applies `afun` as usual. This
#' function utilizes the [stat_propdiff_ci()] function to perform risk difference calculations.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param afun (named `list`)\cr A named list containing one name-value pair where the name corresponds to
#'   the name of the statistics function that should be used in calculations and the value is the corresponding
#'   analysis function.
#' @param s_args (named `list`)\cr Additional arguments to be passed to the statistics function and analysis
#'   function supplied in `afun`.
#'
#' @return A list of formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @seealso
#' * [stat_propdiff_ci()] for details on risk difference calculation.
#' * Split function [add_riskdiff()] which, when used as `split_fun` within [rtables::split_cols_by()] with
#'   `riskdiff` argument set to `TRUE` in subsequent analyze functions calls, adds a risk difference column
#'   to a table layout.
#'
#' @keywords internal
afun_riskdiff <- function(df,
                          labelstr = "",
                          .var,
                          .N_col, # nolint
                          .N_row, # nolint
                          .df_row,
                          .spl_context,
                          .all_col_counts,
                          .stats,
                          .indent_mods,
                          afun,
                          s_args = list()) {
  if (!any(grepl("riskdiff", names(.spl_context)))) {
    stop(
      "Please set up levels to use in risk difference calculations using the `add_riskdiff` ",
      "split function within `split_cols_by`. See ?add_riskdiff for details."
    )
  }
  checkmate::assert_list(afun, len = 1, types = "function")
  checkmate::assert_named(afun)

  afun_args <- list(.var = .var, .df_row = .df_row, .N_row = .N_row, denom = "N_col", labelstr = labelstr)
  afun_args <- afun_args[intersect(names(afun_args), names(as.list(args(afun[[1]]))))]
  if ("denom" %in% names(s_args)) afun_args[["denom"]] <- NULL

  cur_split <- tail(.spl_context$cur_col_split_val[[1]], 1)
  if (!grepl("^riskdiff", cur_split)) {
    # Apply basic afun (no risk difference) in all other columns
    do.call(afun[[1]], args = c(list(df = df, .N_col = .N_col), afun_args, s_args))
  } else {
    arm_x <- strsplit(cur_split, "_")[[1]][2]
    arm_y <- strsplit(cur_split, "_")[[1]][3]
    if (length(.spl_context$cur_col_split[[1]]) > 1) { # Different split name for nested column splits
      arm_spl_x <- gsub("riskdiff", "", paste0(strsplit(.spl_context$cur_col_id[1], "_")[[1]][c(1, 2)], collapse = ""))
      arm_spl_y <- gsub("riskdiff", "", paste0(strsplit(.spl_context$cur_col_id[1], "_")[[1]][c(1, 3)], collapse = ""))
    } else {
      arm_spl_x <- arm_x
      arm_spl_y <- arm_y
    }
    N_col_x <- .all_col_counts[[arm_spl_x]] # nolint
    N_col_y <- .all_col_counts[[arm_spl_y]] # nolint
    cur_var <- tail(.spl_context$cur_col_split[[1]], 1)

    # Apply statistics function to arm X and arm Y data
    s_x <- do.call(names(afun), args = c(list(df = df[df[[cur_var]] == arm_x, ], .N_col = N_col_x), afun_args, s_args))
    s_y <- do.call(names(afun), args = c(list(df = df[df[[cur_var]] == arm_y, ], .N_col = N_col_y), afun_args, s_args))

    # Get statistic name and row names
    stat <- ifelse("count_fraction" %in% names(s_x), "count_fraction", "unique")
    if ("flag_variables" %in% names(s_args)) {
      var_nms <- s_args$flag_variables
    } else if (!is.null(names(s_x[[stat]]))) {
      var_nms <- names(s_x[[stat]])
    } else {
      var_nms <- ""
      s_x[[stat]] <- list(s_x[[stat]])
      s_y[[stat]] <- list(s_y[[stat]])
    }

    # Calculate risk difference for each row, repeated if multiple statistics in table
    pct <- tail(strsplit(cur_split, "_")[[1]], 1) == "pct"
    rd_ci <- rep(stat_propdiff_ci(
      lapply(s_x[[stat]], `[`, 1), lapply(s_y[[stat]], `[`, 1),
      N_col_x, N_col_y,
      list_names = var_nms,
      pct = pct
    ), max(1, length(.stats)))

    in_rows(.list = rd_ci, .formats = "xx.x (xx.x - xx.x)", .indent_mods = .indent_mods)
  }
}

#' Create a Forest Plot based on a Table
#'
#' Create a forest plot from any [rtables::rtable()] object that has a
#' column with a single value and a column with 2 values.
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams grid::gTree
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param tbl (`rtable`)
#' @param col_x (`integer`)\cr column index with estimator. By default tries to get this from
#'   `tbl` attribute `col_x`, otherwise needs to be manually specified.
#' @param col_ci (`integer`)\cr column index with confidence intervals. By default tries
#'   to get this from `tbl` attribute `col_ci`, otherwise needs to be manually specified.
#' @param vline (`number`)\cr x coordinate for vertical line, if `NULL` then the line is omitted.
#' @param forest_header (`character`, length 2)\cr text displayed to the left and right of `vline`, respectively.
#'   If `vline = NULL` then `forest_header` needs to be `NULL` too.
#'   By default tries to get this from `tbl` attribute `forest_header`.
#' @param xlim (`numeric`)\cr limits for x axis.
#' @param logx (`flag`)\cr show the x-values on logarithm scale.
#' @param x_at (`numeric`)\cr x-tick locations, if `NULL` they get automatically chosen.
#' @param width_row_names (`unit`)\cr width for row names.
#'   If `NULL` the widths get automatically calculated. See [grid::unit()].
#' @param width_columns (`unit`)\cr widths for the table columns.
#'   If `NULL` the widths get automatically calculated. See [grid::unit()].
#' @param width_forest (`unit`)\cr width for the forest column.
#'   If `NULL` the widths get automatically calculated. See [grid::unit()].
#' @param col_symbol_size (`integer`)\cr column index from `tbl` containing data to be used
#'   to determine relative size for estimator plot symbol. Typically, the symbol size is proportional
#'   to the sample size used to calculate the estimator. If `NULL`, the same symbol size is used for all subgroups.
#'   By default tries to get this from `tbl` attribute `col_symbol_size`, otherwise needs to be manually specified.
#' @param col (`character`)\cr color(s).
#'
#' @return `gTree` object containing the forest plot and table.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#' library(nestcolor)
#'
#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
#' n_records <- 20
#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs, fill = TRUE)
#' adrs <- adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   filter(ARM %in% c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")) %>%
#'   slice(seq_len(n_records)) %>%
#'   droplevels() %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of factor to make the placebo group the reference arm.
#'     ARM = fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo"),
#'     rsp = AVALC == "CR"
#'   )
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs) <- c(adrs_labels, "Response")
#' df <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "STRATA2")),
#'   data = adrs
#' )
#' # Full commonly used response table.
#'
#' tbl <- basic_table() %>%
#'   tabulate_rsp_subgroups(df)
#' p <- g_forest(tbl, gp = grid::gpar(fontsize = 10))
#'
#' draw_grob(p)
#'
#' # Odds ratio only table.
#'
#' tbl_or <- basic_table() %>%
#'   tabulate_rsp_subgroups(df, vars = c("n_tot", "or", "ci"))
#' tbl_or
#' p <- g_forest(
#'   tbl_or,
#'   forest_header = c("Comparison\nBetter", "Treatment\nBetter")
#' )
#'
#' draw_grob(p)
#'
#' # Survival forest plot example.
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
#' # Save variable labels before data processing steps.
#' adtte_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adtte, fill = TRUE)
#' adtte_f <- adtte %>%
#'   filter(
#'     PARAMCD == "OS",
#'     ARM %in% c("B: Placebo", "A: Drug X"),
#'     SEX %in% c("M", "F")
#'   ) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of ARM to display reference arm before treatment arm.
#'     ARM = droplevels(fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo")),
#'     SEX = droplevels(SEX),
#'     AVALU = as.character(AVALU),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' labels <- list(
#'   "ARM" = adtte_labels["ARM"],
#'   "SEX" = adtte_labels["SEX"],
#'   "AVALU" = adtte_labels["AVALU"],
#'   "is_event" = "Event Flag"
#' )
#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- as.character(labels)
#' df <- extract_survival_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#' table_hr <- basic_table() %>%
#'   tabulate_survival_subgroups(df, time_unit = adtte_f$AVALU[1])
#' g_forest(table_hr)
#' # Works with any `rtable`.
#' tbl <- rtable(
#'   header = c("E", "CI", "N"),
#'   rrow("", 1, c(.8, 1.2), 200),
#'   rrow("", 1.2, c(1.1, 1.4), 50)
#' )
#' g_forest(
#'   tbl = tbl,
#'   col_x = 1,
#'   col_ci = 2,
#'   xlim = c(0.5, 2),
#'   x_at = c(0.5, 1, 2),
#'   col_symbol_size = 3
#' )
#' tbl <- rtable(
#'   header = rheader(
#'     rrow("", rcell("A", colspan = 2)),
#'     rrow("", "c1", "c2")
#'   ),
#'   rrow("row 1", 1, c(.8, 1.2)),
#'   rrow("row 2", 1.2, c(1.1, 1.4))
#' )
#' g_forest(
#'   tbl = tbl,
#'   col_x = 1,
#'   col_ci = 2,
#'   xlim = c(0.5, 2),
#'   x_at = c(0.5, 1, 2),
#'   vline = 1,
#'   forest_header = c("Hello", "World")
#' )
#' }
#'
#' @export
g_forest <- function(tbl,
                     col_x = attr(tbl, "col_x"),
                     col_ci = attr(tbl, "col_ci"),
                     vline = 1,
                     forest_header = attr(tbl, "forest_header"),
                     xlim = c(0.1, 10),
                     logx = TRUE,
                     x_at = c(0.1, 1, 10),
                     width_row_names = NULL,
                     width_columns = NULL,
                     width_forest = grid::unit(1, "null"),
                     col_symbol_size = attr(tbl, "col_symbol_size"),
                     col = getOption("ggplot2.discrete.colour")[1],
                     gp = NULL,
                     draw = TRUE,
                     newpage = TRUE) {
  checkmate::assert_class(tbl, "VTableTree")

  nr <- nrow(tbl)
  nc <- ncol(tbl)
  if (is.null(col)) {
    col <- "blue"
  }

  checkmate::assert_number(col_x, lower = 0, upper = nc, null.ok = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_number(col_ci, lower = 0, upper = nc, null.ok = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_number(col_symbol_size, lower = 0, upper = nc, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_true(col_x > 0)
  checkmate::assert_true(col_ci > 0)
  checkmate::assert_character(col)
  if (!is.null(col_symbol_size)) {
    checkmate::assert_true(col_symbol_size > 0)
  }

  x_e <- vapply(seq_len(nr), function(i) {
    # If a label row is selected NULL is returned with a warning (suppressed)
    xi <- suppressWarnings(as.vector(tbl[i, col_x, drop = TRUE]))

    if (!is.null(xi) && !(length(xi) <= 0) && is.numeric(xi)) {
      xi
    } else {
      NA_real_
    }
  }, numeric(1))

  x_ci <- lapply(seq_len(nr), function(i) {
    xi <- suppressWarnings(as.vector(tbl[i, col_ci, drop = TRUE])) # as above

    if (!is.null(xi) && !(length(xi) <= 0) && is.numeric(xi)) {
      if (length(xi) != 2) {
        stop("ci column needs two elements")
      }
      xi
    } else {
      c(NA_real_, NA_real_)
    }
  })

  lower <- vapply(x_ci, `[`, numeric(1), 1)
  upper <- vapply(x_ci, `[`, numeric(1), 2)

  symbol_size <- if (!is.null(col_symbol_size)) {
    tmp_symbol_size <- vapply(seq_len(nr), function(i) {
      suppressWarnings(xi <- as.vector(tbl[i, col_symbol_size, drop = TRUE]))

      if (!is.null(xi) && !(length(xi) <= 0) && is.numeric(xi)) {
        xi
      } else {
        NA_real_
      }
    }, numeric(1))

    # Scale symbol size.
    tmp_symbol_size <- sqrt(tmp_symbol_size)
    max_size <- max(tmp_symbol_size, na.rm = TRUE)
    # Biggest points have radius is 2 * (1/3.5) lines not to overlap.
    # See forest_dot_line.
    2 * tmp_symbol_size / max_size
  } else {
    NULL
  }

  grob_forest <- forest_grob(
    tbl,
    x_e,
    lower,
    upper,
    vline,
    forest_header,
    xlim,
    logx,
    x_at,
    width_row_names,
    width_columns,
    width_forest,
    symbol_size = symbol_size,
    col = col,
    gp = gp,
    vp = grid::plotViewport(margins = rep(1, 4))
  )

  if (draw) {
    if (newpage) grid::grid.newpage()
    grid::grid.draw(grob_forest)
  }

  invisible(grob_forest)
}

#' Forest Plot Grob
#'
#' @inheritParams g_forest
#' @param tbl ([rtables::rtable()])
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr coordinate of point.
#' @param lower,upper (`numeric`)\cr lower/upper bound of the confidence interval.
#' @param symbol_size (`numeric`)\cr vector with relative size for plot symbol.
#' If `NULL`, the same symbol size is used.
#'
#' @details
#' The heights get automatically determined.
#'
#' @noRd
#'
#' @examples
#' tbl <- rtable(
#'   header = rheader(
#'     rrow("", "E", rcell("CI", colspan = 2), "N"),
#'     rrow("", "A", "B", "C", "D")
#'   ),
#'   rrow("row 1", 1, 0.8, 1.1, 16),
#'   rrow("row 2", 1.4, 0.8, 1.6, 25),
#'   rrow("row 3", 1.2, 0.8, 1.6, 36)
#' )
#'
#' x <- c(1, 1.4, 1.2)
#' lower <- c(0.8, 0.8, 0.8)
#' upper <- c(1.1, 1.6, 1.6)
#' # numeric vector with multiplication factor to scale each circle radius
#' # default radius is 1/3.5 lines
#' symbol_scale <- c(1, 1.25, 1.5)
#'
#' # Internal function - forest_grob
#' \donttest{
#' p <- forest_grob(tbl, x, lower, upper,
#'   vline = 1, forest_header = c("A", "B"),
#'   x_at = c(.1, 1, 10), xlim = c(0.1, 10), logx = TRUE, symbol_size = symbol_scale,
#'   vp = grid::plotViewport(margins = c(1, 1, 1, 1))
#' )
#'
#' draw_grob(p)
#' }
forest_grob <- function(tbl,
                        x,
                        lower,
                        upper,
                        vline,
                        forest_header,
                        xlim = NULL,
                        logx = FALSE,
                        x_at = NULL,
                        width_row_names = NULL,
                        width_columns = NULL,
                        width_forest = grid::unit(1, "null"),
                        symbol_size = NULL,
                        col = "blue",
                        name = NULL,
                        gp = NULL,
                        vp = NULL) {
  nr <- nrow(tbl)
  if (is.null(vline)) {
    checkmate::assert_true(is.null(forest_header))
  } else {
    checkmate::assert_number(vline)
    checkmate::assert_character(forest_header, len = 2, null.ok = TRUE)
  }

  checkmate::assert_numeric(x, len = nr)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(lower, len = nr)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(upper, len = nr)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(symbol_size, len = nr, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(col)

  if (is.null(symbol_size)) {
    symbol_size <- rep(1, nr)
  }

  if (is.null(xlim)) {
    r <- range(c(x, lower, upper), na.rm = TRUE)
    xlim <- r + c(-0.05, 0.05) * diff(r)
  }

  if (logx) {
    if (is.null(x_at)) {
      x_at <- pretty(log(stats::na.omit(c(x, lower, upper))))
      x_labels <- exp(x_at)
    } else {
      x_labels <- x_at
      x_at <- log(x_at)
    }
    xlim <- log(xlim)
    x <- log(x)
    lower <- log(lower)
    upper <- log(upper)
    if (!is.null(vline)) {
      vline <- log(vline)
    }
  } else {
    x_labels <- TRUE
  }

  data_forest_vp <- grid::dataViewport(xlim, c(0, 1))

  # Get table content as matrix form.
  mf <- matrix_form(tbl)

  # Use `rtables` indent_string eventually.
  mf$strings[, 1] <- paste0(
    strrep("    ", c(rep(0, attr(mf, "nrow_header")), mf$row_info$indent)),
    mf$strings[, 1]
  )

  n_header <- attr(mf, "nrow_header")

  if (any(mf$display[, 1] == FALSE)) stop("row names need to be always displayed")

  # Pre-process the data to be used in lapply and cell_in_rows.
  to_args_for_cell_in_rows_fun <- function(part = c("body", "header"),
                                           underline_colspan = FALSE) {
    part <- match.arg(part)
    if (part == "body") {
      mat_row_indices <- seq_len(nrow(tbl)) + n_header
      row_ind_offset <- -n_header
    } else {
      mat_row_indices <- seq_len(n_header)
      row_ind_offset <- 0
    }

    lapply(mat_row_indices, function(i) {
      disp <- mf$display[i, -1]
      list(
        row_name = mf$strings[i, 1],
        cells = mf$strings[i, -1][disp],
        cell_spans = mf$spans[i, -1][disp],
        row_index = i + row_ind_offset,
        underline_colspan = underline_colspan
      )
    })
  }

  args_header <- to_args_for_cell_in_rows_fun("header", underline_colspan = TRUE)
  args_body <- to_args_for_cell_in_rows_fun("body", underline_colspan = FALSE)

  grid::gTree(
    name = name,
    children = grid::gList(
      grid::gTree(
        children = do.call(grid::gList, lapply(args_header, do.call, what = cell_in_rows)),
        vp = grid::vpPath("vp_table_layout", "vp_header")
      ),
      grid::gTree(
        children = do.call(grid::gList, lapply(args_body, do.call, what = cell_in_rows)),
        vp = grid::vpPath("vp_table_layout", "vp_body")
      ),
      grid::linesGrob(
        grid::unit(c(0, 1), "npc"),
        y = grid::unit(c(.5, .5), "npc"),
        vp = grid::vpPath("vp_table_layout", "vp_spacer")
      ),
      # forest part
      if (is.null(vline)) {
        NULL
      } else {
        grid::gTree(
          children = grid::gList(
            grid::gTree(
              children = grid::gList(
                # this may overflow, to fix, look here
                # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33623169/add-multi-line-footnote-to-tablegrob-while-using-gridextra-in-r #nolintr
                grid::textGrob(
                  forest_header[1],
                  x = grid::unit(vline, "native") - grid::unit(1, "lines"),
                  just = c("right", "center")
                ),
                grid::textGrob(
                  forest_header[2],
                  x = grid::unit(vline, "native") + grid::unit(1, "lines"),
                  just = c("left", "center")
                )
              ),
              vp = grid::vpStack(grid::viewport(layout.pos.col = ncol(tbl) + 2), data_forest_vp)
            )
          ),
          vp = grid::vpPath("vp_table_layout", "vp_header")
        )
      },
      grid::gTree(
        children = grid::gList(
          grid::gTree(
            children = grid::gList(
              grid::rectGrob(gp = grid::gpar(col = "gray90", fill = "gray90")),
              if (is.null(vline)) {
                NULL
              } else {
                grid::linesGrob(
                  x = grid::unit(rep(vline, 2), "native"),
                  y = grid::unit(c(0, 1), "npc"),
                  gp = grid::gpar(lwd = 2),
                  vp = data_forest_vp
                )
              },
              grid::xaxisGrob(at = x_at, label = x_labels, vp = data_forest_vp)
            ),
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.col = ncol(tbl) + 2)
          )
        ),
        vp = grid::vpPath("vp_table_layout", "vp_body")
      ),
      grid::gTree(
        children = do.call(
          grid::gList,
          Map(
            function(xi, li, ui, row_index, size_i, col) {
              forest_dot_line(
                xi,
                li,
                ui,
                row_index,
                xlim,
                symbol_size = size_i,
                col = col,
                datavp = data_forest_vp
              )
            },
            x,
            lower,
            upper,
            seq_along(x),
            symbol_size,
            col,
            USE.NAMES = FALSE
          )
        ),
        vp = grid::vpPath("vp_table_layout", "vp_body")
      )
    ),
    childrenvp = forest_viewport(tbl, width_row_names, width_columns, width_forest),
    vp = vp,
    gp = gp
  )
}


cell_in_rows <- function(row_name,
                         cells,
                         cell_spans,
                         row_index,
                         underline_colspan = FALSE) {
  checkmate::assert_string(row_name)
  checkmate::assert_character(cells, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(cell_spans, len = length(cells), any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_number(row_index)
  checkmate::assert_flag(underline_colspan)

  vp_name_rn <- paste0("rowname-", row_index)
  g_rowname <- if (!is.null(row_name) && row_name != "") {
    grid::textGrob(
      name = vp_name_rn,
      label = row_name,
      x = grid::unit(0, "npc"),
      just = c("left", "center"),
      vp = grid::vpPath(paste0("rowname-", row_index))
    )
  } else {
    NULL
  }

  gl_cols <- if (!(length(cells) > 0)) {
    list(NULL)
  } else {
    j <- 1 # column index of cell

    lapply(seq_along(cells), function(k) {
      cell_ascii <- cells[[k]]
      cs <- cell_spans[[k]]

      if (is.na(cell_ascii) || is.null(cell_ascii)) {
        cell_ascii <- "NA"
      }

      cell_name <- paste0("g-cell-", row_index, "-", j)

      cell_grobs <- if (identical(cell_ascii, "")) {
        NULL
      } else {
        if (cs == 1) {
          grid::textGrob(
            label = cell_ascii,
            name = cell_name,
            vp = grid::vpPath(paste0("cell-", row_index, "-", j))
          )
        } else {
          # +1 because of rowname
          vp_joined_cols <- grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = row_index, layout.pos.col = seq(j + 1, j + cs))

          lab <- grid::textGrob(
            label = cell_ascii,
            name = cell_name,
            vp = vp_joined_cols
          )

          if (!underline_colspan || grepl("^[[:space:]]*$", cell_ascii)) {
            lab
          } else {
            grid::gList(
              lab,
              grid::linesGrob(
                x = grid::unit.c(grid::unit(.2, "lines"), grid::unit(1, "npc") - grid::unit(.2, "lines")),
                y = grid::unit(c(0, 0), "npc"),
                vp = vp_joined_cols
              )
            )
          }
        }
      }
      j <<- j + cs

      cell_grobs
    })
  }

  grid::gList(
    g_rowname,
    do.call(grid::gList, gl_cols)
  )
}

#' Graphic Object: Forest Dot Line
#'
#' Calculate the `grob` corresponding to the dot line within the forest plot.
#'
#' @noRd
forest_dot_line <- function(x,
                            lower,
                            upper,
                            row_index,
                            xlim,
                            symbol_size = 1,
                            col = "blue",
                            datavp) {
  ci <- c(lower, upper)
  if (any(!is.na(c(x, ci)))) {
    # line
    y <- grid::unit(c(0.5, 0.5), "npc")

    g_line <- if (all(!is.na(ci)) && ci[2] > xlim[1] && ci[1] < xlim[2]) {
      # -
      if (ci[1] >= xlim[1] && ci[2] <= xlim[2]) {
        grid::linesGrob(x = grid::unit(c(ci[1], ci[2]), "native"), y = y)
      } else if (ci[1] < xlim[1] && ci[2] > xlim[2]) {
        # <->
        grid::linesGrob(
          x = grid::unit(xlim, "native"),
          y = y,
          arrow = grid::arrow(angle = 30, length = grid::unit(0.5, "lines"), ends = "both")
        )
      } else if (ci[1] < xlim[1] && ci[2] <= xlim[2]) {
        # <-
        grid::linesGrob(
          x = grid::unit(c(xlim[1], ci[2]), "native"),
          y = y,
          arrow = grid::arrow(angle = 30, length = grid::unit(0.5, "lines"), ends = "first")
        )
      } else if (ci[1] >= xlim[1] && ci[2] > xlim[2]) {
        # ->
        grid::linesGrob(
          x = grid::unit(c(ci[1], xlim[2]), "native"),
          y = y,
          arrow = grid::arrow(angle = 30, length = grid::unit(0.5, "lines"), ends = "last")
        )
      }
    } else {
      NULL
    }

    g_circle <- if (!is.na(x) && x >= xlim[1] && x <= xlim[2]) {
      grid::circleGrob(
        x = grid::unit(x, "native"),
        y = y,
        r = grid::unit(1 / 3.5 * symbol_size, "lines"),
        name = "point"
      )
    } else {
      NULL
    }

    grid::gTree(
      children = grid::gList(
        grid::gTree(
          children = grid::gList(
            grid::gList(
              g_line,
              g_circle
            )
          ),
          vp = datavp,
          gp = grid::gpar(col = col, fill = col)
        )
      ),
      vp = grid::vpPath(paste0("forest-", row_index))
    )
  } else {
    NULL
  }
}

#' Create a Viewport Tree for the Forest Plot
#' @param tbl (`rtable`)
#' @param width_row_names (`grid::unit`)\cr Width of row names
#' @param width_columns (`grid::unit`)\cr Width of column spans
#' @param width_forest (`grid::unit`)\cr Width of the forest plot
#' @param gap_column (`grid::unit`)\cr Gap width between the columns
#' @param gap_header (`grid::unit`)\cr Gap width between the header
#' @param mat_form matrix print form of the table
#' @return A viewport tree.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(grid)
#'
#' tbl <- rtable(
#'   header = rheader(
#'     rrow("", "E", rcell("CI", colspan = 2)),
#'     rrow("", "A", "B", "C")
#'   ),
#'   rrow("row 1", 1, 0.8, 1.1),
#'   rrow("row 2", 1.4, 0.8, 1.6),
#'   rrow("row 3", 1.2, 0.8, 1.2)
#' )
#'
#' \donttest{
#' v <- forest_viewport(tbl)
#'
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' showViewport(v)
#' }
#'
#' @export
forest_viewport <- function(tbl,
                            width_row_names = NULL,
                            width_columns = NULL,
                            width_forest = grid::unit(1, "null"),
                            gap_column = grid::unit(1, "lines"),
                            gap_header = grid::unit(1, "lines"),
                            mat_form = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_class(tbl, "VTableTree")
  checkmate::assert_true(grid::is.unit(width_forest))
  if (!is.null(width_row_names)) {
    checkmate::assert_true(grid::is.unit(width_row_names))
  }
  if (!is.null(width_columns)) {
    checkmate::assert_true(grid::is.unit(width_columns))
  }

  if (is.null(mat_form)) mat_form <- matrix_form(tbl)

  mat_form$strings[!mat_form$display] <- ""

  nr <- nrow(tbl)
  nc <- ncol(tbl)
  nr_h <- attr(mat_form, "nrow_header")

  if (is.null(width_row_names) || is.null(width_columns)) {
    tbl_widths <- formatters::propose_column_widths(mat_form)
    strs_with_width <- strrep("x", tbl_widths) # that works for mono spaced fonts
    if (is.null(width_row_names)) width_row_names <- grid::stringWidth(strs_with_width[1])
    if (is.null(width_columns)) width_columns <- grid::stringWidth(strs_with_width[-1])
  }

  # Widths for row name, cols, forest.
  widths <- grid::unit.c(
    width_row_names + gap_column,
    width_columns + gap_column,
    width_forest
  )

  n_lines_per_row <- apply(
    X = mat_form$strings,
    MARGIN = 1,
    FUN = function(row) {
      tmp <- vapply(
        gregexpr("\n", row, fixed = TRUE),
        attr, numeric(1),
        "match.length"
      ) + 1
      max(c(tmp, 1))
    }
  )

  i_header <- seq_len(nr_h)

  height_body_rows <- grid::unit(n_lines_per_row[-i_header] * 1.2, "lines")
  height_header_rows <- grid::unit(n_lines_per_row[i_header] * 1.2, "lines")

  height_body <- grid::unit(sum(n_lines_per_row[-i_header]) * 1.2, "lines")
  height_header <- grid::unit(sum(n_lines_per_row[i_header]) * 1.2, "lines")

  nc_g <- nc + 2 # number of columns incl. row names and forest

  vp_tbl <- grid::vpTree(
    parent = grid::viewport(
      name = "vp_table_layout",
      layout = grid::grid.layout(
        nrow = 3, ncol = 1,
        heights = grid::unit.c(height_header, gap_header, height_body)
      )
    ),
    children = grid::vpList(
      vp_forest_table_part(nr_h, nc_g, 1, 1, widths, height_header_rows, "vp_header"),
      vp_forest_table_part(nr, nc_g, 3, 1, widths, height_body_rows, "vp_body"),
      grid::viewport(name = "vp_spacer", layout.pos.row = 2, layout.pos.col = 1)
    )
  )
  vp_tbl
}

#' Viewport Forest Plot: Table Part
#'
#' Prepares a viewport for the table included in the forest plot.
#'
#' @noRd
vp_forest_table_part <- function(nrow,
                                 ncol,
                                 l_row,
                                 l_col,
                                 widths,
                                 heights,
                                 name) {
  grid::vpTree(
    grid::viewport(
      name = name,
      layout.pos.row = l_row,
      layout.pos.col = l_col,
      layout = grid::grid.layout(nrow = nrow, ncol = ncol, widths = widths, heights = heights)
    ),
    children = grid::vpList(
      do.call(
        grid::vpList,
        lapply(
          seq_len(nrow), function(i) {
            grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 1, name = paste0("rowname-", i))
          }
        )
      ),
      do.call(
        grid::vpList,
        apply(
          expand.grid(seq_len(nrow), seq_len(ncol - 2)),
          1,
          function(x) {
            i <- x[1]
            j <- x[2]
            grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = j + 1, name = paste0("cell-", i, "-", j))
          }
        )
      ),
      do.call(
        grid::vpList,
        lapply(
          seq_len(nrow),
          function(i) {
            grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = ncol, name = paste0("forest-", i))
          }
        )
      )
    )
  )
}

#' Forest Rendering
#'
#' Renders the forest grob.
#'
#' @noRd
grid.forest <- function(...) { # nolint
  grid::grid.draw(forest_grob(...))
}

#' Cox Proportional Hazards Regression
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Fits a Cox regression model and estimates hazard ratio to describe the effect size in a survival analysis.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @details Cox models are the most commonly used methods to estimate the magnitude of
#'   the effect in survival analysis. It assumes proportional hazards: the ratio
#'   of the hazards between groups (e.g., two arms) is constant over time.
#'   This ratio is referred to as the "hazard ratio" (HR) and is one of the
#'   most commonly reported metrics to describe the effect size in survival
#'   analysis (NEST Team, 2020).
#'
#' @seealso [fit_coxreg] for relevant fitting functions, [h_cox_regression] for relevant
#'   helper functions, and [tidy_coxreg] for custom tidy methods.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(survival)
#'
#' # Testing dataset [survival::bladder].
#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
#' dta_bladder <- with(
#'   data = bladder[bladder$enum < 5, ],
#'   tibble::tibble(
#'     TIME = stop,
#'     STATUS = event,
#'     ARM = as.factor(rx),
#'     COVAR1 = as.factor(enum) %>% formatters::with_label("A Covariate Label"),
#'     COVAR2 = factor(
#'       sample(as.factor(enum)),
#'       levels = 1:4, labels = c("F", "F", "M", "M")
#'     ) %>% formatters::with_label("Sex (F/M)")
#'   )
#' )
#' dta_bladder$AGE <- sample(20:60, size = nrow(dta_bladder), replace = TRUE)
#' dta_bladder$STUDYID <- factor("X")
#'
#' plot(
#'   survfit(Surv(TIME, STATUS) ~ ARM + COVAR1, data = dta_bladder),
#'   lty = 2:4,
#'   xlab = "Months",
#'   col = c("blue1", "blue2", "blue3", "blue4", "red1", "red2", "red3", "red4")
#' )
#'
#' @name cox_regression
NULL

#' @describeIn cox_regression Statistics function that transforms results tabulated
#'   from [fit_coxreg_univar()] or [fit_coxreg_multivar()] into a list.
#'
#' @param model_df (`data.frame`)\cr contains the resulting model fit from a [fit_coxreg]
#'   function with tidying applied via [broom::tidy()].
#' @param .stats (`character`)\cr the name of statistics to be reported among:
#'   * `n`: number of observations (univariate only)
#'   * `hr`: hazard ratio
#'   * `ci`: confidence interval
#'   * `pval`: p-value of the treatment effect
#'   * `pval_inter`: p-value of the interaction effect between the treatment and the covariate (univariate only)
#' @param .which_vars (`character`)\cr which rows should statistics be returned for from the given model.
#'   Defaults to "all". Other options include "var_main" for main effects, `"inter"` for interaction effects,
#'   and `"multi_lvl"` for multivariate model covariate level rows. When `.which_vars` is "all" specific
#'   variables can be selected by specifying `.var_nms`.
#' @param .var_nms (`character`)\cr the `term` value of rows in `df` for which `.stats` should be returned. Typically
#'   this is the name of a variable. If using variable labels, `var` should be a vector of both the desired
#'   variable name and the variable label in that order to see all `.stats` related to that variable. When `.which_vars`
#'   is `"var_main"` `.var_nms` should be only the variable name.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_coxreg()` returns the selected statistic for from the Cox regression model for the selected variable(s).
#'
#' @examples
#' # s_coxreg
#'
#' # Univariate
#' u1_variables <- list(
#'   time = "TIME", event = "STATUS", arm = "ARM", covariates = c("COVAR1", "COVAR2")
#' )
#' univar_model <- fit_coxreg_univar(variables = u1_variables, data = dta_bladder)
#' df1 <- broom::tidy(univar_model)
#' s_coxreg(model_df = df1, .stats = "hr")
#'
#' # Univariate with interactions
#' univar_model_inter <- fit_coxreg_univar(
#'   variables = u1_variables, control = control_coxreg(interaction = TRUE), data = dta_bladder
#' )
#' df1_inter <- broom::tidy(univar_model_inter)
#' s_coxreg(model_df = df1_inter, .stats = "hr", .which_vars = "inter", .var_nms = "COVAR1")
#'
#' # Univariate without treatment arm - only "COVAR2" covariate effects
#' u2_variables <- list(time = "TIME", event = "STATUS", covariates = c("COVAR1", "COVAR2"))
#' univar_covs_model <- fit_coxreg_univar(variables = u2_variables, data = dta_bladder)
#' df1_covs <- broom::tidy(univar_covs_model)
#' s_coxreg(model_df = df1_covs, .stats = "hr", .var_nms = c("COVAR2", "Sex (F/M)"))
#'
#' # Multivariate.
#' m1_variables <- list(
#'   time = "TIME", event = "STATUS", arm = "ARM", covariates = c("COVAR1", "COVAR2")
#' )
#' multivar_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(variables = m1_variables, data = dta_bladder)
#' df2 <- broom::tidy(multivar_model)
#' s_coxreg(model_df = df2, .stats = "pval", .which_vars = "var_main", .var_nms = "COVAR1")
#' s_coxreg(
#'   model_df = df2, .stats = "pval", .which_vars = "multi_lvl",
#'   .var_nms = c("COVAR1", "A Covariate Label")
#' )
#'
#' # Multivariate without treatment arm - only "COVAR1" main effect
#' m2_variables <- list(time = "TIME", event = "STATUS", covariates = c("COVAR1", "COVAR2"))
#' multivar_covs_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(variables = m2_variables, data = dta_bladder)
#' df2_covs <- broom::tidy(multivar_covs_model)
#' s_coxreg(model_df = df2_covs, .stats = "hr")
#'
#' @export
s_coxreg <- function(model_df, .stats, .which_vars = "all", .var_nms = NULL) {
  assert_df_with_variables(model_df, list(term = "term", stat = .stats))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(model_df$term, classes = c("factor", "character"))
  model_df$term <- as.character(model_df$term)
  .var_nms <- .var_nms[!is.na(.var_nms)]

  if (length(.var_nms) > 0) model_df <- model_df[model_df$term %in% .var_nms, ]
  if (.which_vars == "multi_lvl") model_df$term <- tail(.var_nms, 1)

  # We need a list with names corresponding to the stats to display of equal length to the list of stats.
  y <- split(model_df, f = model_df$term, drop = FALSE)
  y <- stats::setNames(y, nm = rep(.stats, length(y)))

  if (.which_vars == "var_main") {
    y <- lapply(y, function(x) x[1, ]) # only main effect
  } else if (.which_vars %in% c("inter", "multi_lvl")) {
    y <- lapply(y, function(x) if (nrow(y[[1]]) > 1) x[-1, ] else x) # exclude main effect
  }

  lapply(
    X = y,
    FUN = function(x) {
      z <- as.list(x[[.stats]])
      stats::setNames(z, nm = x$term_label)
    }
  )
}

#' @describeIn cox_regression Analysis function which is used as `afun` in [rtables::analyze()]
#'   and `cfun` in [rtables::summarize_row_groups()] within `summarize_coxreg()`.
#'
#' @param eff (`flag`)\cr whether treatment effect should be calculated. Defaults to `FALSE`.
#' @param var_main (`flag`)\cr whether main effects should be calculated. Defaults to `FALSE`.
#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr custom string to replace all `NA` values with. Defaults to `""`.
#' @param cache_env (`environment`)\cr an environment object used to cache the regression model in order to
#'   avoid repeatedly fitting the same model for every row in the table. Defaults to `NULL` (no caching).
#' @param varlabels (`list`)\cr a named list corresponds to the names of variables found in data, passed
#'   as a named list and corresponding to time, event, arm, strata, and covariates terms. If arm is missing
#'   from variables, then only Cox model(s) including the covariates will be fitted and the corresponding
#'   effect estimates will be tabulated later.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_coxreg()` returns formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' a_coxreg(
#'   df = dta_bladder,
#'   labelstr = "Label 1",
#'   variables = u1_variables,
#'   .spl_context = list(value = "COVAR1"),
#'   .stats = "n",
#'   .formats = "xx"
#' )
#'
#' a_coxreg(
#'   df = dta_bladder,
#'   labelstr = "",
#'   variables = u1_variables,
#'   .spl_context = list(value = "COVAR2"),
#'   .stats = "pval",
#'   .formats = "xx.xxxx"
#' )
#'
#' @export
a_coxreg <- function(df,
                     labelstr,
                     eff = FALSE,
                     var_main = FALSE,
                     multivar = FALSE,
                     variables,
                     at = list(),
                     control = control_coxreg(),
                     .spl_context,
                     .stats,
                     .formats,
                     .indent_mods = NULL,
                     na_level = "",
                     cache_env = NULL) {
  cov_no_arm <- !multivar && !"arm" %in% names(variables) && control$interaction # special case: univar no arm
  cov <- tail(.spl_context$value, 1) # current variable/covariate
  var_lbl <- formatters::var_labels(df)[cov] # check for df labels
  if (length(labelstr) > 1) {
    labelstr <- if (cov %in% names(labelstr)) labelstr[[cov]] else var_lbl # use df labels if none
  } else if (!is.na(var_lbl) && labelstr == cov && cov %in% variables$covariates) {
    labelstr <- var_lbl
  }
  if (eff || multivar || cov_no_arm) {
    control$interaction <- FALSE
  } else {
    variables$covariates <- cov
    if (var_main) control$interaction <- TRUE
  }

  if (is.null(cache_env[[cov]])) {
    if (!multivar) {
      model <- fit_coxreg_univar(variables = variables, data = df, at = at, control = control) %>% broom::tidy()
    } else {
      model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(variables = variables, data = df, control = control) %>% broom::tidy()
    }
    cache_env[[cov]] <- model
  } else {
    model <- cache_env[[cov]]
  }
  if (!multivar && !var_main) model[, "pval_inter"] <- NA_real_

  if (cov_no_arm || (!cov_no_arm && !"arm" %in% names(variables) && is.numeric(df[[cov]]))) {
    multivar <- TRUE
    if (!cov_no_arm) var_main <- TRUE
  }

  vars_coxreg <- list(which_vars = "all", var_nms = NULL)
  if (eff) {
    if (multivar && !var_main) { # multivar treatment level
      var_lbl_arm <- formatters::var_labels(df)[[variables$arm]]
      vars_coxreg[c("var_nms", "which_vars")] <- list(c(variables$arm, var_lbl_arm), "multi_lvl")
    } else { # treatment effect
      vars_coxreg["var_nms"] <- variables$arm
      if (var_main) vars_coxreg["which_vars"] <- "var_main"
    }
  } else {
    if (!multivar || (multivar && var_main && !is.numeric(df[[cov]]))) { # covariate effect/level
      vars_coxreg[c("var_nms", "which_vars")] <- list(cov, "var_main")
    } else if (multivar) { # multivar covariate level
      vars_coxreg[c("var_nms", "which_vars")] <- list(c(cov, var_lbl), "multi_lvl")
      if (var_main) model[cov, .stats] <- NA_real_
    }
    if (!multivar && !var_main && control$interaction) vars_coxreg["which_vars"] <- "inter" # interaction effect
  }
  var_vals <- s_coxreg(model, .stats, .which_vars = vars_coxreg$which_vars, .var_nms = vars_coxreg$var_nms)[[1]]
  var_names <- if (all(grepl("\\(reference = ", names(var_vals))) && labelstr != tail(.spl_context$value, 1)) {
    paste(c(labelstr, tail(strsplit(names(var_vals), " ")[[1]], 3)), collapse = " ") # "reference" main effect labels
  } else if ((!multivar && !eff && !(!var_main && control$interaction) && nchar(labelstr) > 0) ||
    (multivar && var_main && is.numeric(df[[cov]]))) {
    labelstr # other main effect labels
  } else if (multivar && !eff && !var_main && is.numeric(df[[cov]])) {
    "All" # multivar numeric covariate
  } else {
    names(var_vals)
  }
  in_rows(
    .list = var_vals, .names = var_names, .labels = var_names, .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .formats = stats::setNames(rep(.formats, length(var_names)), var_names),
    .format_na_strs = stats::setNames(rep(na_level, length(var_names)), var_names)
  )
}

#' @describeIn cox_regression Layout-creating function which creates a Cox regression summary table
#'   layout. This function is a wrapper for several `rtables` layouting functions. This function
#'   is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze_colvars()] and [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @inheritParams fit_coxreg_univar
#' @param multivar (`flag`)\cr Defaults to `FALSE`. If `TRUE` multivariate Cox regression will run, otherwise
#'   univariate Cox regression will run.
#' @param common_var (`character`)\cr the name of a factor variable in the dataset which takes the same value
#'   for all rows. This should be created during pre-processing if no such variable currently exists.
#' @param .section_div (`character`)\cr string which should be repeated as a section divider between sections.
#'   Defaults to `NA` for no section divider. If a vector of two strings are given, the first will be used between
#'   treatment and covariate sections and the second between different covariates.
#'
#' @return
#' * `summarize_coxreg()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add a Cox regression table
#'   containing the chosen statistics to the table layout.
#'
#' @seealso [fit_coxreg_univar()] and [fit_coxreg_multivar()] which also take the `variables`, `data`,
#'   `at` (univariate only), and `control` arguments but return unformatted univariate and multivariate
#'   Cox regression models, respectively.
#'
#' @examples
#' # summarize_coxreg
#'
#' result_univar <- basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_coxreg(variables = u1_variables) %>%
#'   build_table(dta_bladder)
#' result_univar
#'
#' result_multivar <- basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_coxreg(
#'     variables = m1_variables,
#'     multivar = TRUE,
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(dta_bladder)
#' result_multivar
#'
#' result_univar_covs <- basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_coxreg(
#'     variables = u2_variables,
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(dta_bladder)
#' result_univar_covs
#'
#' result_multivar_covs <- basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_coxreg(
#'     variables = m2_variables,
#'     multivar = TRUE,
#'     varlabels = c("Covariate 1", "Covariate 2") # custom labels
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(dta_bladder)
#' result_multivar_covs
#'
#' @export
summarize_coxreg <- function(lyt,
                             variables,
                             control = control_coxreg(),
                             at = list(),
                             multivar = FALSE,
                             common_var = "STUDYID",
                             .stats = c("n", "hr", "ci", "pval", "pval_inter"),
                             .formats = c(
                               n = "xx", hr = "xx.xx", ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
                               pval = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)", pval_inter = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)"
                             ),
                             varlabels = NULL,
                             .indent_mods = NULL,
                             na_level = "",
                             .section_div = NA_character_) {
  if (multivar && control$interaction) {
    warning(paste(
      "Interactions are not available for multivariate cox regression using summarize_coxreg.",
      "The model will be calculated without interaction effects."
    ))
  }
  if (control$interaction && !"arm" %in% names(variables)) {
    stop("To include interactions please specify 'arm' in variables.")
  }

  .stats <- if (!"arm" %in% names(variables) || multivar) { # only valid statistics
    intersect(c("hr", "ci", "pval"), .stats)
  } else if (control$interaction) {
    intersect(c("n", "hr", "ci", "pval", "pval_inter"), .stats)
  } else {
    intersect(c("n", "hr", "ci", "pval"), .stats)
  }
  stat_labels <- c(
    n = "n", hr = "Hazard Ratio", ci = paste0(control$conf_level * 100, "% CI"),
    pval = "p-value", pval_inter = "Interaction p-value"
  )
  stat_labels <- stat_labels[names(stat_labels) %in% .stats]
  .formats <- .formats[names(.formats) %in% .stats]
  env <- new.env() # create caching environment

  lyt <- lyt %>%
    split_cols_by_multivar(
      vars = rep(common_var, length(.stats)),
      varlabels = stat_labels,
      extra_args = list(
        .stats = .stats, .formats = .formats, .indent_mods = .indent_mods, na_level = rep(na_level, length(.stats)),
        cache_env = replicate(length(.stats), list(env))
      )
    )

  if ("arm" %in% names(variables)) { # treatment effect
    lyt <- lyt %>%
      split_rows_by(
        common_var,
        split_label = "Treatment:",
        label_pos = "visible",
        child_labels = "hidden",
        section_div = head(.section_div, 1)
      )
    if (!multivar) {
      lyt <- lyt %>%
        analyze_colvars(
          afun = a_coxreg,
          extra_args = list(
            variables = variables, control = control, multivar = multivar, eff = TRUE, var_main = multivar,
            labelstr = ""
          )
        )
    } else { # treatment level effects
      lyt <- lyt %>%
        summarize_row_groups(
          cfun = a_coxreg,
          extra_args = list(
            variables = variables, control = control, multivar = multivar, eff = TRUE, var_main = multivar
          )
        ) %>%
        analyze_colvars(
          afun = a_coxreg,
          extra_args = list(eff = TRUE, control = control, variables = variables, multivar = multivar, labelstr = "")
        )
    }
  }

  if ("covariates" %in% names(variables)) { # covariate main effects
    lyt <- lyt %>%
      split_rows_by_multivar(
        vars = variables$covariates,
        varlabels = varlabels,
        split_label = "Covariate:",
        nested = FALSE,
        child_labels = if (multivar || control$interaction || !"arm" %in% names(variables)) "default" else "hidden",
        section_div = tail(.section_div, 1)
      )
    if (multivar || control$interaction || !"arm" %in% names(variables)) {
      lyt <- lyt %>%
        summarize_row_groups(
          cfun = a_coxreg,
          extra_args = list(
            variables = variables, at = at, control = control, multivar = multivar,
            var_main = if (multivar) multivar else control$interaction
          )
        )
    } else {
      if (!is.null(varlabels)) names(varlabels) <- variables$covariates
      lyt <- lyt %>%
        analyze_colvars(
          afun = a_coxreg,
          extra_args = list(
            variables = variables, at = at, control = control, multivar = multivar,
            var_main = if (multivar) multivar else control$interaction,
            labelstr = if (is.null(varlabels)) "" else varlabels
          )
        )
    }

    if (!"arm" %in% names(variables)) control$interaction <- TRUE # special case: univar no arm
    if (multivar || control$interaction) { # covariate level effects
      lyt <- lyt %>%
        analyze_colvars(
          afun = a_coxreg,
          extra_args = list(variables = variables, at = at, control = control, multivar = multivar, labelstr = "")
        )
    }
  }

  lyt
}

#' Cox Regression Helper: Interactions
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Test and estimate the effect of a treatment in interaction with a covariate.
#' The effect is estimated as the HR of the tested treatment for a given level
#' of the covariate, in comparison to the treatment control.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param x (`numeric` or `factor`)\cr the values of the covariate to be tested.
#' @param effect (`string`)\cr the name of the effect to be tested and estimated.
#' @param covar (`string`)\cr the name of the covariate in the model.
#' @param mod (`coxph`)\cr the Cox regression model.
#' @param label (`string`)\cr the label to be returned as `term_label`.
#' @param control (`list`)\cr a list of controls as returned by [control_coxreg()].
#' @param ... see methods.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(survival)
#'
#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
#'
#' # Testing dataset [survival::bladder].
#' dta_bladder <- with(
#'   data = bladder[bladder$enum < 5, ],
#'   data.frame(
#'     time = stop,
#'     status = event,
#'     armcd = as.factor(rx),
#'     covar1 = as.factor(enum),
#'     covar2 = factor(
#'       sample(as.factor(enum)),
#'       levels = 1:4,
#'       labels = c("F", "F", "M", "M")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#' labels <- c("armcd" = "ARM", "covar1" = "A Covariate Label", "covar2" = "Sex (F/M)")
#' formatters::var_labels(dta_bladder)[names(labels)] <- labels
#' dta_bladder$age <- sample(20:60, size = nrow(dta_bladder), replace = TRUE)
#'
#' plot(
#'   survfit(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd + covar1, data = dta_bladder),
#'   lty = 2:4,
#'   xlab = "Months",
#'   col = c("blue1", "blue2", "blue3", "blue4", "red1", "red2", "red3", "red4")
#' )
#'
#' @name cox_regression_inter
NULL

#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter S3 generic helper function to determine interaction effect.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxreg_inter_effect()` returns a `data.frame` of covariate interaction effects consisting of the following
#'   variables: `effect`, `term`, `term_label`, `level`, `n`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `pval`, and `pval_inter`.
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_inter_effect <- function(x,
                                  effect,
                                  covar,
                                  mod,
                                  label,
                                  control,
                                  ...) {
  UseMethod("h_coxreg_inter_effect", x)
}

#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter Method for `numeric` class. Estimates the interaction with a `numeric` covariate.
#'
#' @method h_coxreg_inter_effect numeric
#'
#' @param at (`list`)\cr a list with items named after the covariate, every
#'   item is a vector of levels at which the interaction should be estimated.
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_inter_effect.numeric <- function(x,
                                          effect,
                                          covar,
                                          mod,
                                          label,
                                          control,
                                          at,
                                          ...) {
  betas <- stats::coef(mod)
  attrs <- attr(stats::terms(mod), "term.labels")
  term_indices <- grep(
    pattern = effect,
    x = attrs[!grepl("strata\\(", attrs)]
  )
  checkmate::assert_vector(term_indices, len = 2)
  betas <- betas[term_indices]
  betas_var <- diag(stats::vcov(mod))[term_indices]
  betas_cov <- stats::vcov(mod)[term_indices[1], term_indices[2]]
  xval <- if (is.null(at[[covar]])) {
    stats::median(x)
  } else {
    at[[covar]]
  }
  effect_index <- !grepl(covar, names(betas))
  coef_hat <- betas[effect_index] + xval * betas[!effect_index]
  coef_se <- sqrt(
    betas_var[effect_index] +
      xval ^ 2 * betas_var[!effect_index] + # styler: off
      2 * xval * betas_cov
  )
  q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + control$conf_level) / 2)
  data.frame(
    effect = "Covariate:",
    term = rep(covar, length(xval)),
    term_label = paste0("  ", xval),
    level = as.character(xval),
    n = NA,
    hr = exp(coef_hat),
    lcl = exp(coef_hat - q_norm * coef_se),
    ucl = exp(coef_hat + q_norm * coef_se),
    pval = NA,
    pval_inter = NA,
    stringsAsFactors = FALSE
  )
}

#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter Method for `factor` class. Estimate the interaction with a `factor` covariate.
#'
#' @method h_coxreg_inter_effect factor
#'
#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr the data frame on which the model was fit.
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_inter_effect.factor <- function(x,
                                         effect,
                                         covar,
                                         mod,
                                         label,
                                         control,
                                         data,
                                         ...) {
  lvl_given <- levels(x)
  y <- h_coxreg_inter_estimations(
    variable = effect, given = covar,
    lvl_var = levels(data[[effect]]),
    lvl_given = lvl_given,
    mod = mod,
    conf_level = 0.95
  )[[1]]

  data.frame(
    effect = "Covariate:",
    term = rep(covar, nrow(y)),
    term_label = paste0("  ", lvl_given),
    level = lvl_given,
    n = NA,
    hr = y[, "hr"],
    lcl = y[, "lcl"],
    ucl = y[, "ucl"],
    pval = NA,
    pval_inter = NA,
    stringsAsFactors = FALSE
  )
}

#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter Method for `character` class. Estimate the interaction with a `character` covariate.
#'   This makes an automatic conversion to `factor` and then forwards to the method for factors.
#'
#' @method h_coxreg_inter_effect character
#'
#' @note
#' * Automatic conversion of character to factor does not guarantee results can be generated correctly. It is
#'   therefore better to always pre-process the dataset such that factors are manually created from character
#'   variables before passing the dataset to [rtables::build_table()].
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_inter_effect.character <- function(x,
                                            effect,
                                            covar,
                                            mod,
                                            label,
                                            control,
                                            data,
                                            ...) {
  y <- as.factor(x)

  h_coxreg_inter_effect(
    x = y,
    effect = effect,
    covar = covar,
    mod = mod,
    label = label,
    control = control,
    data = data,
    ...
  )
}

#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter A higher level function to get
#'   the results of the interaction test and the estimated values.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxreg_extract_interaction()` returns the result of an interaction test and the estimated values. If
#'   no interaction, [h_coxreg_univar_extract()] is applied instead.
#'
#' @examples
#' mod <- coxph(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd * covar1, data = dta_bladder)
#' h_coxreg_extract_interaction(
#'   mod = mod, effect = "armcd", covar = "covar1", data = dta_bladder,
#'   control = control_coxreg()
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_extract_interaction <- function(effect,
                                         covar,
                                         mod,
                                         data,
                                         at,
                                         control) {
  if (!any(attr(stats::terms(mod), "order") == 2)) {
    y <- h_coxreg_univar_extract(
      effect = effect, covar = covar, mod = mod, data = data, control = control
    )
    y$pval_inter <- NA
    y
  } else {
    test_statistic <- c(wald = "Wald", likelihood = "LR")[control$pval_method]

    # Test the main treatment effect.
    mod_aov <- muffled_car_anova(mod, test_statistic)
    sum_anova <- broom::tidy(mod_aov)
    pval <- sum_anova[sum_anova$term == effect, ][["p.value"]]

    # Test the interaction effect.
    pval_inter <- sum_anova[grep(":", sum_anova$term), ][["p.value"]]
    covar_test <- data.frame(
      effect = "Covariate:",
      term = covar,
      term_label = unname(labels_or_names(data[covar])),
      level = "",
      n = mod$n, hr = NA, lcl = NA, ucl = NA, pval = pval,
      pval_inter = pval_inter,
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
    # Estimate the interaction.
    y <- h_coxreg_inter_effect(
      data[[covar]],
      covar = covar,
      effect = effect,
      mod = mod,
      label = unname(labels_or_names(data[covar])),
      at = at,
      control = control,
      data = data
    )
    rbind(covar_test, y)
  }
}

#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter Hazard ratio estimation in interactions.
#'
#' @param variable,given (`string`)\cr the name of variables in interaction. We seek the estimation
#'   of the levels of `variable` given the levels of `given`.
#' @param lvl_var,lvl_given (`character`)\cr corresponding levels has given by [levels()].
#' @param mod (`coxph`)\cr a fitted Cox regression model (see [survival::coxph()]).
#'
#' @details Given the cox regression investigating the effect of Arm (A, B, C; reference A)
#'   and Sex (F, M; reference Female) and the model being abbreviated: y ~ Arm + Sex + Arm:Sex.
#'   The cox regression estimates the coefficients along with a variance-covariance matrix for:
#'
#'   - b1 (arm b), b2 (arm c)
#'   - b3 (sex m)
#'   - b4 (arm b: sex m), b5 (arm c: sex m)
#'
#'   The estimation of the Hazard Ratio for arm C/sex M is given in reference
#'   to arm A/Sex M by exp(b2 + b3 + b5)/ exp(b3) = exp(b2 + b5).
#'   The interaction coefficient is deduced by b2 + b5 while the standard error
#'   is obtained as $sqrt(Var b2 + Var b5 + 2 * covariance (b2,b5))$.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxreg_inter_estimations()` returns a list of matrices (one per level of variable) with rows corresponding
#'   to the combinations of `variable` and `given`, with columns:
#'   * `coef_hat`: Estimation of the coefficient.
#'   * `coef_se`: Standard error of the estimation.
#'   * `hr`: Hazard ratio.
#'   * `lcl, ucl`: Lower/upper confidence limit of the hazard ratio.
#'
#' @examples
#' mod <- coxph(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd * covar1, data = dta_bladder)
#' result <- h_coxreg_inter_estimations(
#'   variable = "armcd", given = "covar1",
#'   lvl_var = levels(dta_bladder$armcd),
#'   lvl_given = levels(dta_bladder$covar1),
#'   mod = mod, conf_level = .95
#' )
#' result
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_inter_estimations <- function(variable,
                                       given,
                                       lvl_var,
                                       lvl_given,
                                       mod,
                                       conf_level = 0.95) {
  var_lvl <- paste0(variable, lvl_var[-1]) # [-1]: reference level
  giv_lvl <- paste0(given, lvl_given)
  design_mat <- expand.grid(variable = var_lvl, given = giv_lvl)
  design_mat <- design_mat[order(design_mat$variable, design_mat$given), ]
  design_mat <- within(
    data = design_mat,
    expr = {
      inter <- paste0(variable, ":", given)
      rev_inter <- paste0(given, ":", variable)
    }
  )
  split_by_variable <- design_mat$variable
  interaction_names <- paste(design_mat$variable, design_mat$given, sep = "/")

  mmat <- stats::model.matrix(mod)[1, ]
  mmat[!mmat == 0] <- 0

  design_mat <- apply(
    X = design_mat, MARGIN = 1, FUN = function(x) {
      mmat[names(mmat) %in% x[-which(names(x) == "given")]] <- 1
      mmat
    }
  )
  colnames(design_mat) <- interaction_names

  coef <- stats::coef(mod)
  vcov <- stats::vcov(mod)
  betas <- as.matrix(coef)
  coef_hat <- t(design_mat) %*% betas
  dimnames(coef_hat)[2] <- "coef"
  coef_se <- apply(
    design_mat, 2,
    function(x) {
      vcov_el <- as.logical(x)
      y <- vcov[vcov_el, vcov_el]
      y <- sum(y)
      y <- sqrt(y)
      return(y)
    }
  )
  q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
  y <- cbind(coef_hat, `se(coef)` = coef_se)
  y <- apply(y, 1, function(x) {
    x["hr"] <- exp(x["coef"])
    x["lcl"] <- exp(x["coef"] - q_norm * x["se(coef)"])
    x["ucl"] <- exp(x["coef"] + q_norm * x["se(coef)"])
    x
  })
  y <- t(y)
  y <- by(y, split_by_variable, identity)
  y <- lapply(y, as.matrix)
  attr(y, "details") <- paste0(
    "Estimations of ", variable,
    " hazard ratio given the level of ", given, " compared to ",
    variable, " level ", lvl_var[1], "."
  )
  y
}

#' Helper Functions for Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern (STEP) Calculations
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper functions that are used internally for the STEP calculations.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @name h_step
#' @include control_step.R
NULL

#' @describeIn h_step creates the windows for STEP, based on the control settings
#'   provided.
#'
#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr biomarker value(s) to use (without `NA`).
#' @param control (named `list`)\cr output from `control_step()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_step_window()` returns a list containing the window-selection matrix `sel`
#'   and the interval information matrix `interval`.
#'
#' @export
h_step_window <- function(x,
                          control = control_step()) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")

  sel <- matrix(FALSE, length(x), control$num_points)
  out <- matrix(0, control$num_points, 3)
  colnames(out) <- paste("Interval", c("Center", "Lower", "Upper"))
  if (control$use_percentile) {
    # Create windows according to percentile cutoffs.
    out <- cbind(out, out)
    colnames(out)[1:3] <- paste("Percentile", c("Center", "Lower", "Upper"))
    xs <- seq(0, 1, length = control$num_points + 2)[-1]
    for (i in seq_len(control$num_points)) {
      out[i, 2:3] <- c(
        max(xs[i] - control$bandwidth, 0),
        min(xs[i] + control$bandwidth, 1)
      )
      out[i, 5:6] <- stats::quantile(x, out[i, 2:3])
      sel[, i] <- x >= out[i, 5] & x <= out[i, 6]
    }
    # Center is the middle point of the percentile window.
    out[, 1] <- xs[-control$num_points - 1]
    out[, 4] <- stats::quantile(x, out[, 1])
  } else {
    # Create windows according to cutoffs.
    m <- c(min(x), max(x))
    xs <- seq(m[1], m[2], length = control$num_points + 2)[-1]
    for (i in seq_len(control$num_points)) {
      out[i, 2:3] <- c(
        max(xs[i] - control$bandwidth, m[1]),
        min(xs[i] + control$bandwidth, m[2])
      )
      sel[, i] <- x >= out[i, 2] & x <= out[i, 3]
    }
    # Center is the same as the point for predicting.
    out[, 1] <- xs[-control$num_points - 1]
  }
  list(sel = sel, interval = out)
}

#' @describeIn h_step calculates the estimated treatment effect estimate
#'   on the linear predictor scale and corresponding standard error from a STEP `model` fitted
#'   on `data` given `variables` specification, for a single biomarker value `x`.
#'   This works for both `coxph` and `glm` models, i.e. for calculating log hazard ratio or log odds
#'   ratio estimates.
#'
#' @param model the regression model object.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_step_trt_effect()` returns a vector with elements `est` and `se`.
#'
#' @export
h_step_trt_effect <- function(data,
                              model,
                              variables,
                              x) {
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(model, c("coxph", "glm"))
  checkmate::assert_number(x)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_factor(data[[variables$arm]], n.levels = 2)

  newdata <- data[c(1, 1), ]
  newdata[, variables$biomarker] <- x
  newdata[, variables$arm] <- levels(data[[variables$arm]])
  model_terms <- stats::delete.response(stats::terms(model))
  model_frame <- stats::model.frame(model_terms, data = newdata, xlev = model$xlevels)
  mat <- stats::model.matrix(model_terms, data = model_frame, contrasts.arg = model$contrasts)
  coefs <- stats::coef(model)
  # Note: It is important to use the coef subset from matrix, otherwise intercept and
  # strata are included for coxph() models.
  mat <- mat[, names(coefs)]
  mat_diff <- diff(mat)
  est <- mat_diff %*% coefs
  var <- mat_diff %*% stats::vcov(model) %*% t(mat_diff)
  se <- sqrt(var)
  c(
    est = est,
    se = se
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_step builds the model formula used in survival STEP calculations.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_step_survival_formula()` returns a model formula.
#'
#' @export
h_step_survival_formula <- function(variables,
                                    control = control_step()) {
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates, null.ok = TRUE)

  assert_list_of_variables(variables[c("arm", "biomarker", "event", "time")])
  form <- paste0("Surv(", variables$time, ", ", variables$event, ") ~ ", variables$arm)
  if (control$degree > 0) {
    form <- paste0(form, " * stats::poly(", variables$biomarker, ", degree = ", control$degree, ", raw = TRUE)")
  }
  if (!is.null(variables$covariates)) {
    form <- paste(form, "+", paste(variables$covariates, collapse = "+"))
  }
  if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
    form <- paste0(form, " + strata(", paste0(variables$strata, collapse = ", "), ")")
  }
  stats::as.formula(form)
}

#' @describeIn h_step estimates the model with `formula` built based on
#'   `variables` in `data` for a given `subset` and `control` parameters for the
#'   Cox regression.
#'
#' @param formula (`formula`)\cr the regression model formula.
#' @param subset (`logical`)\cr subset vector.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_step_survival_est()` returns a matrix of number of observations `n`,
#'   `events`, log hazard ratio estimates `loghr`, standard error `se`,
#'   and Wald confidence interval bounds `ci_lower` and `ci_upper`. One row is
#'   included for each biomarker value in `x`.
#'
#' @export
h_step_survival_est <- function(formula,
                                data,
                                variables,
                                x,
                                subset = rep(TRUE, nrow(data)),
                                control = control_coxph()) {
  checkmate::assert_formula(formula)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_logical(subset, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")

  # Note: `subset` in `coxph` needs to be an expression referring to `data` variables.
  data$.subset <- subset
  coxph_warnings <- NULL
  tryCatch(
    withCallingHandlers(
      expr = {
        fit <- survival::coxph(
          formula = formula,
          data = data,
          subset = .subset,
          ties = control$ties
        )
      },
      warning = function(w) {
        coxph_warnings <<- c(coxph_warnings, w)
        invokeRestart("muffleWarning")
      }
    ),
    finally = {
    }
  )
  if (!is.null(coxph_warnings)) {
    warning(paste(
      "Fit warnings occurred, please consider using a simpler model, or",
      "larger `bandwidth`, less `num_points` in `control_step()` settings"
    ))
  }
  # Produce a matrix with one row per `x` and columns `est` and `se`.
  estimates <- t(vapply(
    X = x,
    FUN = h_step_trt_effect,
    FUN.VALUE = c(1, 2),
    data = data,
    model = fit,
    variables = variables
  ))
  q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + control$conf_level) / 2)
  cbind(
    n = fit$n,
    events = fit$nevent,
    loghr = estimates[, "est"],
    se = estimates[, "se"],
    ci_lower = estimates[, "est"] - q_norm * estimates[, "se"],
    ci_upper = estimates[, "est"] + q_norm * estimates[, "se"]
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_step builds the model formula used in response STEP calculations.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_step_rsp_formula()` returns a model formula.
#'
#' @export
h_step_rsp_formula <- function(variables,
                               control = c(control_step(), control_logistic())) {
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates, null.ok = TRUE)
  assert_list_of_variables(variables[c("arm", "biomarker", "response")])
  response_definition <- sub(
    pattern = "response",
    replacement = variables$response,
    x = control$response_definition,
    fixed = TRUE
  )
  form <- paste0(response_definition, " ~ ", variables$arm)
  if (control$degree > 0) {
    form <- paste0(form, " * stats::poly(", variables$biomarker, ", degree = ", control$degree, ", raw = TRUE)")
  }
  if (!is.null(variables$covariates)) {
    form <- paste(form, "+", paste(variables$covariates, collapse = "+"))
  }
  if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
    strata_arg <- if (length(variables$strata) > 1) {
      paste0("I(interaction(", paste0(variables$strata, collapse = ", "), "))")
    } else {
      variables$strata
    }
    form <- paste0(form, "+ strata(", strata_arg, ")")
  }
  stats::as.formula(form)
}

#' @describeIn h_step estimates the model with `formula` built based on
#'   `variables` in `data` for a given `subset` and `control` parameters for the
#'   logistic regression.
#'
#' @param formula (`formula`)\cr the regression model formula.
#' @param subset (`logical`)\cr subset vector.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_step_rsp_est()` returns a matrix of number of observations `n`, log odds
#'   ratio estimates `logor`, standard error `se`, and Wald confidence interval bounds
#'   `ci_lower` and `ci_upper`. One row is included for each biomarker value in `x`.
#'
#' @export
h_step_rsp_est <- function(formula,
                           data,
                           variables,
                           x,
                           subset = rep(TRUE, nrow(data)),
                           control = control_logistic()) {
  checkmate::assert_formula(formula)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_logical(subset, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")
  # Note: `subset` in `glm` needs to be an expression referring to `data` variables.
  data$.subset <- subset
  fit_warnings <- NULL
  tryCatch(
    withCallingHandlers(
      expr = {
        fit <- if (is.null(variables$strata)) {
          stats::glm(
            formula = formula,
            data = data,
            subset = .subset,
            family = stats::binomial("logit")
          )
        } else {
          # clogit needs coxph and strata imported
          survival::clogit(
            formula = formula,
            data = data,
            subset = .subset
          )
        }
      },
      warning = function(w) {
        fit_warnings <<- c(fit_warnings, w)
        invokeRestart("muffleWarning")
      }
    ),
    finally = {
    }
  )
  if (!is.null(fit_warnings)) {
    warning(paste(
      "Fit warnings occurred, please consider using a simpler model, or",
      "larger `bandwidth`, less `num_points` in `control_step()` settings"
    ))
  }
  # Produce a matrix with one row per `x` and columns `est` and `se`.
  estimates <- t(vapply(
    X = x,
    FUN = h_step_trt_effect,
    FUN.VALUE = c(1, 2),
    data = data,
    model = fit,
    variables = variables
  ))
  q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + control$conf_level) / 2)
  cbind(
    n = length(fit$y),
    logor = estimates[, "est"],
    se = estimates[, "se"],
    ci_lower = estimates[, "est"] - q_norm * estimates[, "se"],
    ci_upper = estimates[, "est"] + q_norm * estimates[, "se"]
  )
}

#' Patient Counts for Laboratory Events (Worsen From Baseline) by Highest Grade Post-Baseline
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Patient count and fraction for laboratory events (worsen from baseline) shift table.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso Relevant helper functions [h_adlb_worsen()] and [h_worsen_counter()]
#'
#' @name abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen
NULL

#' Helper Function to Prepare `ADLB` with Worst Labs
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper function to prepare a `df` for generate the patient count shift table
#'
#' @param adlb (`data.frame`)\cr `ADLB` dataframe
#' @param worst_flag_low (named `vector`)\cr Worst low post-baseline lab grade flag variable
#' @param worst_flag_high (named `vector`)\cr Worst high post-baseline lab grade flag variable
#' @param direction_var (`string`)\cr Direction variable specifying the direction of the shift table of interest.
#'   Only lab records flagged by `L`, `H` or `B` are included in the shift table.
#'   * `L`: low direction only
#'   * `H`: high direction only
#'   * `B`: both low and high directions
#'
#' @return `h_adlb_worsen()` returns the `adlb` `data.frame` containing only the
#'   worst labs specified according to `worst_flag_low` or `worst_flag_high` for the
#'   direction specified according to `direction_var`. For instance, for a lab that is
#'   needed for the low direction only, only records flagged by `worst_flag_low` are
#'   selected. For a lab that is needed for both low and high directions, the worst
#'   low records are selected for the low direction, and the worst high record are selected
#'   for the high direction.
#'
#' @seealso [abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen]
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' # The direction variable, GRADDR, is based on metadata
#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     GRADDR = case_when(
#'       PARAMCD == "ALT" ~ "B",
#'       PARAMCD == "CRP" ~ "L",
#'       PARAMCD == "IGA" ~ "H"
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   filter(SAFFL == "Y" & ONTRTFL == "Y" & GRADDR != "")
#'
#' df <- h_adlb_worsen(
#'   adlb,
#'   worst_flag_low = c("WGRLOFL" = "Y"),
#'   worst_flag_high = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y"),
#'   direction_var = "GRADDR"
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_adlb_worsen <- function(adlb,
                          worst_flag_low = NULL,
                          worst_flag_high = NULL,
                          direction_var) {
  checkmate::assert_string(direction_var)
  checkmate::assert_subset(as.character(unique(adlb[[direction_var]])), c("B", "L", "H"))
  assert_df_with_variables(adlb, list("Col" = direction_var))

  if (any(unique(adlb[[direction_var]]) == "H")) {
    assert_df_with_variables(adlb, list("High" = names(worst_flag_high)))
  }

  if (any(unique(adlb[[direction_var]]) == "L")) {
    assert_df_with_variables(adlb, list("Low" = names(worst_flag_low)))
  }

  if (any(unique(adlb[[direction_var]]) == "B")) {
    assert_df_with_variables(
      adlb,
      list(
        "Low" = names(worst_flag_low),
        "High" = names(worst_flag_high)
      )
    )
  }

  # extract patients with worst post-baseline lab, either low or high or both
  worst_flag <- c(worst_flag_low, worst_flag_high)
  col_names <- names(worst_flag)
  filter_values <- worst_flag
  temp <- Map(
    function(x, y) which(adlb[[x]] == y),
    col_names,
    filter_values
  )
  position_satisfy_filters <- Reduce(union, temp)

  # select variables of interest
  adlb_f <- adlb[position_satisfy_filters, ]

  # generate subsets for different directionality
  adlb_f_h <- adlb_f[which(adlb_f[[direction_var]] == "H"), ]
  adlb_f_l <- adlb_f[which(adlb_f[[direction_var]] == "L"), ]
  adlb_f_b <- adlb_f[which(adlb_f[[direction_var]] == "B"), ]

  # for labs requiring both high and low, data is duplicated and will be stacked on top of each other
  adlb_f_b_h <- adlb_f_b
  adlb_f_b_l <- adlb_f_b

  # extract data with worst lab
  if (!is.null(worst_flag_high) && !is.null(worst_flag_low)) {
    # change H to High, L to Low
    adlb_f_h[[direction_var]] <- rep("High", nrow(adlb_f_h))
    adlb_f_l[[direction_var]] <- rep("Low", nrow(adlb_f_l))

    # change, B to High and Low
    adlb_f_b_h[[direction_var]] <- rep("High", nrow(adlb_f_b_h))
    adlb_f_b_l[[direction_var]] <- rep("Low", nrow(adlb_f_b_l))

    adlb_out_h <- adlb_f_h[which(adlb_f_h[[names(worst_flag_high)]] == worst_flag_high), ]
    adlb_out_b_h <- adlb_f_b_h[which(adlb_f_b_h[[names(worst_flag_high)]] == worst_flag_high), ]
    adlb_out_l <- adlb_f_l[which(adlb_f_l[[names(worst_flag_low)]] == worst_flag_low), ]
    adlb_out_b_l <- adlb_f_b_l[which(adlb_f_b_l[[names(worst_flag_low)]] == worst_flag_low), ]

    out <- rbind(adlb_out_h, adlb_out_b_h, adlb_out_l, adlb_out_b_l)
  } else if (!is.null(worst_flag_high)) {
    adlb_f_h[[direction_var]] <- rep("High", nrow(adlb_f_h))
    adlb_f_b_h[[direction_var]] <- rep("High", nrow(adlb_f_b_h))

    adlb_out_h <- adlb_f_h[which(adlb_f_h[[names(worst_flag_high)]] == worst_flag_high), ]
    adlb_out_b_h <- adlb_f_b_h[which(adlb_f_b_h[[names(worst_flag_high)]] == worst_flag_high), ]

    out <- rbind(adlb_out_h, adlb_out_b_h)
  } else if (!is.null(worst_flag_low)) {
    adlb_f_l[[direction_var]] <- rep("Low", nrow(adlb_f_l))
    adlb_f_b_l[[direction_var]] <- rep("Low", nrow(adlb_f_b_l))

    adlb_out_l <- adlb_f_l[which(adlb_f_l[[names(worst_flag_low)]] == worst_flag_low), ]
    adlb_out_b_l <- adlb_f_b_l[which(adlb_f_b_l[[names(worst_flag_low)]] == worst_flag_low), ]

    out <- rbind(adlb_out_l, adlb_out_b_l)
  }

  # label
  formatters::var_labels(out) <- formatters::var_labels(adlb_f, fill = FALSE)
  # NA
  out
}

#' Helper Function to Analyze Patients for [s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()]
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper function to count the number of patients and the fraction of patients according to
#' highest post-baseline lab grade variable `.var`, baseline lab grade variable `baseline_var`,
#' and the direction of interest specified in `direction_var`.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams h_adlb_worsen
#' @param baseline_var (`string`)\cr baseline lab grade variable
#'
#' @return `h_worsen_counter()` returns the counts and fraction of patients
#'   whose worst post-baseline lab grades are worse than their baseline grades, for
#'   post-baseline worst grades "1", "2", "3", "4" and "Any".
#'
#' @seealso [abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen]
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' # The direction variable, GRADDR, is based on metadata
#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     GRADDR = case_when(
#'       PARAMCD == "ALT" ~ "B",
#'       PARAMCD == "CRP" ~ "L",
#'       PARAMCD == "IGA" ~ "H"
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   filter(SAFFL == "Y" & ONTRTFL == "Y" & GRADDR != "")
#'
#' df <- h_adlb_worsen(
#'   adlb,
#'   worst_flag_low = c("WGRLOFL" = "Y"),
#'   worst_flag_high = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y"),
#'   direction_var = "GRADDR"
#' )
#'
#' # `h_worsen_counter`
#' h_worsen_counter(
#'   df %>% filter(PARAMCD == "CRP" & GRADDR == "Low"),
#'   id = "USUBJID",
#'   .var = "ATOXGR",
#'   baseline_var = "BTOXGR",
#'   direction_var = "GRADDR"
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_worsen_counter <- function(df, id, .var, baseline_var, direction_var) {
  checkmate::assert_string(id)
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  checkmate::assert_string(baseline_var)
  checkmate::assert_scalar(unique(df[[direction_var]]))
  checkmate::assert_subset(unique(df[[direction_var]]), c("High", "Low"))
  assert_df_with_variables(df, list(val = c(id, .var, baseline_var, direction_var)))

  # remove post-baseline missing
  df <- df[df[[.var]] != "<Missing>", ]

  # obtain directionality
  direction <- unique(df[[direction_var]])

  if (direction == "Low") {
    grade <- -1:-4
    worst_grade <- -4
  } else if (direction == "High") {
    grade <- 1:4
    worst_grade <- 4
  }

  if (nrow(df) > 0) {
    by_grade <- lapply(grade, function(i) {
      # filter baseline values that is less than i or <Missing>
      df_temp <- df[df[[baseline_var]] %in% c((i + sign(i) * -1):(-1 * worst_grade), "<Missing>"), ]
      # num: number of patients with post-baseline worst lab equal to i
      num <- length(unique(df_temp[df_temp[[.var]] %in% i, id, drop = TRUE]))
      # denom: number of patients with baseline values less than i or <missing> and post-baseline in the same direction
      denom <- length(unique(df_temp[[id]]))
      rm(df_temp)
      c(num = num, denom = denom)
    })
  } else {
    by_grade <- lapply(1, function(i) {
      c(num = 0, denom = 0)
    })
  }

  names(by_grade) <- as.character(seq_along(by_grade))

  # baseline grade less 4 or missing
  df_temp <- df[!df[[baseline_var]] %in% worst_grade, ]

  # denom: number of patients with baseline values less than 4 or <missing> and post-baseline in the same direction
  denom <- length(unique(df_temp[, id, drop = TRUE]))

  # condition 1: missing baseline and in the direction of abnormality
  con1 <- which(df_temp[[baseline_var]] == "<Missing>" & df_temp[[.var]] %in% grade)
  df_temp_nm <- df_temp[which(df_temp[[baseline_var]] != "<Missing>" & df_temp[[.var]] %in% grade), ]

  # condition 2: if post-baseline values are present then post-baseline values must be worse than baseline
  if (direction == "Low") {
    con2 <- which(as.numeric(as.character(df_temp_nm[[.var]])) < as.numeric(as.character(df_temp_nm[[baseline_var]])))
  } else {
    con2 <- which(as.numeric(as.character(df_temp_nm[[.var]])) > as.numeric(as.character(df_temp_nm[[baseline_var]])))
  }

  # number of patients satisfy either conditions 1 or 2
  num <- length(unique(df_temp[union(con1, con2), id, drop = TRUE]))

  list(fraction = c(by_grade, list("Any" = c(num = num, denom = denom))))
}

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen Statistics function for patients whose worst post-baseline
#'   lab grades are worse than their baseline grades.
#'
#' @param variables (named `list` of `string`)\cr list of additional analysis variables including:
#'   * `id` (`string`)\cr subject variable name.
#'   * `baseline_var` (`string`)\cr name of the data column containing baseline toxicity variable.
#'   * `direction_var` (`string`)\cr see `direction_var` for more details.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()` returns the counts and fraction of patients whose worst
#'   post-baseline lab grades are worse than their baseline grades, for post-baseline worst grades
#'   "1", "2", "3", "4" and "Any".
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' # The direction variable, GRADDR, is based on metadata
#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     GRADDR = case_when(
#'       PARAMCD == "ALT" ~ "B",
#'       PARAMCD == "CRP" ~ "L",
#'       PARAMCD == "IGA" ~ "H"
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   filter(SAFFL == "Y" & ONTRTFL == "Y" & GRADDR != "")
#'
#' df <- h_adlb_worsen(
#'   adlb,
#'   worst_flag_low = c("WGRLOFL" = "Y"),
#'   worst_flag_high = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y"),
#'   direction_var = "GRADDR"
#' )
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline <- function(df, # nolint
                                                    .var = "ATOXGR",
                                                    variables = list(
                                                      id = "USUBJID",
                                                      baseline_var = "BTOXGR",
                                                      direction_var = "GRADDR"
                                                    )) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  checkmate::assert_set_equal(names(variables), c("id", "baseline_var", "direction_var"))
  checkmate::assert_string(variables$id)
  checkmate::assert_string(variables$baseline_var)
  checkmate::assert_string(variables$direction_var)
  assert_df_with_variables(df, c(aval = .var, variables[1:3]))
  assert_list_of_variables(variables)

  h_worsen_counter(df, variables$id, .var, variables$baseline_var, variables$direction_var)
}


#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()` returns the corresponding list with
#'   formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline <- make_afun( # nolint
  s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline,
  .formats = c(fraction = format_fraction),
  .ungroup_stats = "fraction"
)

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen Layout-creating function which can take statistics function
#'   arguments and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting
#'   functions, or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted
#'   rows containing the statistics from `s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   split_rows_by("PARAMCD") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("GRADDR") %>%
#'   count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline(
#'     var = "ATOXGR",
#'     variables = list(
#'       id = "USUBJID",
#'       baseline_var = "BTOXGR",
#'       direction_var = "GRADDR"
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   append_topleft("Direction of Abnormality") %>%
#'   build_table(df = df, alt_counts_df = tern_ex_adsl)
#'
#' @export
count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline <- function(lyt, # nolint
                                                  var,
                                                  nested = TRUE,
                                                  ...,
                                                  table_names = NULL,
                                                  .stats = NULL,
                                                  .formats = NULL,
                                                  .labels = NULL,
                                                  .indent_mods = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_string(var)

  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )

  lyt <- analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = var,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...),
    show_labels = "hidden"
  )

  lyt
}

#' Helper Function to create a new `SMQ` variable in `ADAE` by stacking `SMQ` and/or `CQ` records.
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper Function to create a new `SMQ` variable in `ADAE` that consists of all adverse events belonging to
#' selected Standardized/Customized queries. The new dataset will only contain records of the adverse events
#' belonging to any of the selected baskets. Remember that `na_level` must match the needed pre-processing
#' done with [df_explicit_na()] to have the desired output.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param baskets (`character`)\cr variable names of the selected Standardized/Customized queries.
#' @param smq_varlabel (`string`)\cr a label for the new variable created.
#' @param keys (`character`)\cr names of the key variables to be returned along with the new variable created.
#' @param aag_summary (`data.frame`)\cr containing the `SMQ` baskets and the levels of interest for the final `SMQ`
#'   variable. This is useful when there are some levels of interest that are not observed in the `df` dataset.
#'   The two columns of this dataset should be named `basket` and `basket_name`.
#'
#' @return `data.frame` with variables in `keys` taken from `df` and new variable `SMQ` containing
#'   records belonging to the baskets selected via the `baskets` argument.
#'
#' @examples
#' adae <- tern_ex_adae[1:20, ] %>% df_explicit_na()
#' h_stack_by_baskets(df = adae)
#'
#' aag <- data.frame(
#'   NAMVAR = c("CQ01NAM", "CQ02NAM", "SMQ01NAM", "SMQ02NAM"),
#'   REFNAME = c(
#'     "D.2.1.5.3/A.1.1.1.1 AESI", "X.9.9.9.9/Y.8.8.8.8 AESI",
#'     "C.1.1.1.3/B.2.2.3.1 AESI", "C.1.1.1.3/B.3.3.3.3 AESI"
#'   ),
#'   SCOPE = c("", "", "BROAD", "BROAD"),
#'   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
#' )
#'
#' basket_name <- character(nrow(aag))
#' cq_pos <- grep("^(CQ).+NAM$", aag$NAMVAR)
#' smq_pos <- grep("^(SMQ).+NAM$", aag$NAMVAR)
#' basket_name[cq_pos] <- aag$REFNAME[cq_pos]
#' basket_name[smq_pos] <- paste0(
#'   aag$REFNAME[smq_pos], "(", aag$SCOPE[smq_pos], ")"
#' )
#'
#' aag_summary <- data.frame(
#'   basket = aag$NAMVAR,
#'   basket_name = basket_name,
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' result <- h_stack_by_baskets(df = adae, aag_summary = aag_summary)
#' all(levels(aag_summary$basket_name) %in% levels(result$SMQ))
#'
#' h_stack_by_baskets(
#'   df = adae,
#'   aag_summary = NULL,
#'   keys = c("STUDYID", "USUBJID", "AEDECOD", "ARM"),
#'   baskets = "SMQ01NAM"
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_stack_by_baskets <- function(df,
                               baskets = grep("^(SMQ|CQ).+NAM$", names(df), value = TRUE),
                               smq_varlabel = "Standardized MedDRA Query",
                               keys = c("STUDYID", "USUBJID", "ASTDTM", "AEDECOD", "AESEQ"),
                               aag_summary = NULL,
                               na_level = "<Missing>") {
  smq_nam <- baskets[startsWith(baskets, "SMQ")]
  # SC corresponding to NAM
  smq_sc <- gsub(pattern = "NAM", replacement = "SC", x = smq_nam, fixed = TRUE)
  smq <- stats::setNames(smq_sc, smq_nam)

  checkmate::assert_character(baskets)
  checkmate::assert_string(smq_varlabel)
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  checkmate::assert_true(all(startsWith(baskets, "SMQ") | startsWith(baskets, "CQ")))
  checkmate::assert_true(all(endsWith(baskets, "NAM")))
  checkmate::assert_subset(baskets, names(df))
  checkmate::assert_subset(keys, names(df))
  checkmate::assert_subset(smq_sc, names(df))
  checkmate::assert_string(na_level)

  if (!is.null(aag_summary)) {
    assert_df_with_variables(
      df = aag_summary,
      variables = list(val = c("basket", "basket_name"))
    )
    # Warning in case there is no match between `aag_summary$basket` and `baskets` argument.
    # Honestly, I think those should completely match. Target baskets should be the same.
    if (length(intersect(baskets, unique(aag_summary$basket))) == 0) {
      warning("There are 0 baskets in common between aag_summary$basket and `baskets` argument.")
    }
  }

  var_labels <- c(formatters::var_labels(df[, keys]), "SMQ" = smq_varlabel)

  # convert `na_level` records from baskets to NA for the later loop and from wide to long steps
  df[, c(baskets, smq_sc)][df[, c(baskets, smq_sc)] == na_level] <- NA

  if (all(is.na(df[, baskets]))) { # in case there is no level for the target baskets
    df_long <- df[-seq_len(nrow(df)), keys] # we just need an empty dataframe keeping all factor levels
  } else {
    # Concatenate SMQxxxNAM with corresponding SMQxxxSC
    df_cnct <- df[, c(keys, baskets[startsWith(baskets, "CQ")])]

    for (nam in names(smq)) {
      sc <- smq[nam] # SMQxxxSC corresponding to SMQxxxNAM
      nam_notna <- !is.na(df[[nam]])
      new_colname <- paste(nam, sc, sep = "_")
      df_cnct[nam_notna, new_colname] <- paste0(df[[nam]], "(", df[[sc]], ")")[nam_notna]
    }

    df_cnct$unique_id <- seq(1, nrow(df_cnct))
    var_cols <- names(df_cnct)[!(names(df_cnct) %in% c(keys, "unique_id"))]
    # have to convert df_cnct from tibble to dataframe
    # as it throws a warning otherwise about rownames.
    # tibble do not support rownames and reshape creates rownames

    df_long <- stats::reshape(
      data = as.data.frame(df_cnct),
      varying = var_cols,
      v.names = "SMQ",
      idvar = names(df_cnct)[names(df_cnct) %in% c(keys, "unique_id")],
      direction = "long",
      new.row.names = seq(prod(length(var_cols), nrow(df_cnct)))
    )

    df_long <- df_long[!is.na(df_long[, "SMQ"]), !(names(df_long) %in% c("time", "unique_id"))]
    df_long$SMQ <- as.factor(df_long$SMQ)
  }

  smq_levels <- setdiff(levels(df_long[["SMQ"]]), na_level)

  if (!is.null(aag_summary)) {
    # A warning in case there is no match between df and aag_summary records
    if (length(intersect(smq_levels, unique(aag_summary$basket_name))) == 0) {
      warning("There are 0 basket levels in common between aag_summary$basket_name and df.")
    }
    df_long[["SMQ"]] <- factor(
      df_long[["SMQ"]],
      levels = sort(
        c(
          smq_levels,
          setdiff(unique(aag_summary$basket_name), smq_levels)
        )
      )
    )
  } else {
    all_na_basket_flag <- vapply(df[, baskets], function(x) {
      all(is.na(x))
    }, FUN.VALUE = logical(1))
    all_na_basket <- baskets[all_na_basket_flag]

    df_long[["SMQ"]] <- factor(
      df_long[["SMQ"]],
      levels = sort(c(smq_levels, all_na_basket))
    )
  }
  formatters::var_labels(df_long) <- var_labels
  tibble::tibble(df_long)
}

#' Summary numeric variables in columns
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
#'
#' Layout-creating function which can be used for creating column-wise summary tables.
#' This function sets the analysis methods as column labels and is a wrapper for
#' [rtables::analyze_colvars()]. It was designed principally for PK tables.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams rtables::analyze_colvars
#' @param imp_rule (`character`)\cr imputation rule setting. Defaults to `NULL` for no imputation rule. Can
#'   also be `"1/3"` to implement 1/3 imputation rule or `"1/2"` to implement 1/2 imputation rule. In order
#'   to use an imputation rule, the `avalcat_var` argument must be specified. See [imputation_rule()]
#'   for more details on imputation.
#' @param avalcat_var (`character`)\cr if `imp_rule` is not `NULL`, name of variable that indicates whether a
#'   row in the data corresponds to an analysis value in category `"BLQ"`, `"LTR"`, `"<PCLLOQ"`, or none of
#'   the above (defaults to `"AVALCAT1"`). Variable must be present in the data and should match the variable
#'   used to calculate the `n_blq` statistic (if included in `.stats`).
#' @param cache (`flag`)\cr whether to store computed values in a temporary caching environment. This will
#'   speed up calculations in large tables, but should be set to `FALSE` if the same `rtable` layout is
#'   used for multiple tables with different data. Defaults to `FALSE`.
#' @param row_labels (`character`)\cr as this function works in columns space, usual `.labels`
#'   character vector applies on the column space. You can change the row labels by defining this
#'   parameter to a named character vector with names corresponding to the split values. It defaults
#'   to `NULL` and if it contains only one `string`, it will duplicate that as a row label.
#' @param do_summarize_row_groups (`flag`)\cr defaults to `FALSE` and applies the analysis to the current
#'   label rows. This is a wrapper of [rtables::summarize_row_groups()] and it can accept `labelstr`
#'   to define row labels. This behavior is not supported as we never need to overload row labels.
#' @param split_col_vars (`flag`)\cr defaults to `TRUE` and puts the analysis results onto the columns.
#'   This option allows you to add multiple instances of this functions, also in a nested fashion,
#'   without adding more splits. This split must happen only one time on a single layout.
#'
#' @return
#' A layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions, or to [rtables::build_table()].
#' Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will summarize the given variables, arrange the output
#' in columns, and add it to the table layout.
#'
#' @note This is an experimental implementation of [rtables::summarize_row_groups()] and
#'   [rtables::analyze_colvars()] that may be subjected to changes as `rtables` extends its
#'   support to more complex analysis pipelines on the column space. For the same reasons,
#'   we encourage to read the examples carefully and file issues for cases that differ from
#'   them.
#'
#'   Here `labelstr` behaves differently than usual. If it is not defined (default as `NULL`),
#'   row labels are assigned automatically to the split values in case of `rtables::analyze_colvars`
#'   (`do_summarize_row_groups = FALSE`, the default), and to the group label for
#'   `do_summarize_row_groups = TRUE`.
#'
#' @seealso [analyze_vars()], [rtables::analyze_colvars()].
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' # Data preparation
#' adpp <- tern_ex_adpp %>% h_pkparam_sort()
#'
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_rows_by(var = "STRATA1", label_pos = "topleft") %>%
#'   split_rows_by(
#'     var = "SEX",
#'     label_pos = "topleft",
#'     child_label = "hidden"
#'   ) %>% # Removes duplicated labels
#'   analyze_vars_in_cols(vars = "AGE")
#' result <- build_table(lyt = lyt, df = adpp)
#' result
#'
#' # By selecting just some statistics and ad-hoc labels
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_rows_by(var = "ARM", label_pos = "topleft") %>%
#'   split_rows_by(
#'     var = "SEX",
#'     label_pos = "topleft",
#'     child_labels = "hidden",
#'     split_fun = drop_split_levels
#'   ) %>%
#'   analyze_vars_in_cols(
#'     vars = "AGE",
#'     .stats = c("n", "cv", "geom_mean"),
#'     .labels = c(
#'       n = "aN",
#'       cv = "aCV",
#'       geom_mean = "aGeomMean"
#'     )
#'   )
#' result <- build_table(lyt = lyt, df = adpp)
#' result
#'
#' # Changing row labels
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   analyze_vars_in_cols(
#'     vars = "AGE",
#'     row_labels = "some custom label"
#'   )
#' result <- build_table(lyt, df = adpp)
#' result
#'
#' # Pharmacokinetic parameters
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_rows_by(
#'     var = "TLG_DISPLAY",
#'     split_label = "PK Parameter",
#'     label_pos = "topleft",
#'     child_label = "hidden"
#'   ) %>%
#'   analyze_vars_in_cols(
#'     vars = "AVAL"
#'   )
#' result <- build_table(lyt, df = adpp)
#' result
#'
#' # Multiple calls (summarize label and analyze underneath)
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_rows_by(
#'     var = "TLG_DISPLAY",
#'     split_label = "PK Parameter",
#'     label_pos = "topleft"
#'   ) %>%
#'   analyze_vars_in_cols(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     do_summarize_row_groups = TRUE # does a summarize level
#'   ) %>%
#'   split_rows_by("SEX",
#'     child_label = "hidden",
#'     label_pos = "topleft"
#'   ) %>%
#'   analyze_vars_in_cols(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     split_col_vars = FALSE # avoids re-splitting the columns
#'   )
#' result <- build_table(lyt, df = adpp)
#' result
#'
#' @export
analyze_vars_in_cols <- function(lyt,
                                 vars,
                                 ...,
                                 .stats = c(
                                   "n",
                                   "mean",
                                   "sd",
                                   "se",
                                   "cv",
                                   "geom_cv"
                                 ),
                                 .labels = c(
                                   n = "n",
                                   mean = "Mean",
                                   sd = "SD",
                                   se = "SE",
                                   cv = "CV (%)",
                                   geom_cv = "CV % Geometric Mean"
                                 ),
                                 row_labels = NULL,
                                 do_summarize_row_groups = FALSE,
                                 split_col_vars = TRUE,
                                 imp_rule = NULL,
                                 avalcat_var = "AVALCAT1",
                                 cache = FALSE,
                                 .indent_mods = NULL,
                                 nested = TRUE,
                                 na_level = NULL,
                                 .formats = NULL,
                                 .aligns = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_string(na_level, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(row_labels, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_int(.indent_mods, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_flag(nested)
  checkmate::assert_flag(split_col_vars)
  checkmate::assert_flag(do_summarize_row_groups)

  # Filtering
  met_grps <- paste0("analyze_vars", c("_numeric", "_counts"))
  .stats <- get_stats(met_grps, stats_in = .stats)
  formats_v <- get_formats_from_stats(stats = .stats, formats_in = .formats)
  labels_v <- get_labels_from_stats(stats = .stats, labels_in = .labels)

  # Check for vars in the case that one or more are used
  if (length(vars) == 1) {
    vars <- rep(vars, length(.stats))
  } else if (length(vars) != length(.stats)) {
    stop(
      "Analyzed variables (vars) does not have the same ",
      "number of elements of specified statistics (.stats)."
    )
  }

  if (split_col_vars) {
    # Checking there is not a previous identical column split
    clyt <- tail(clayout(lyt), 1)[[1]]

    dummy_lyt <- split_cols_by_multivar(
      lyt = basic_table(),
      vars = vars,
      varlabels = labels_v
    )

    if (any(sapply(clyt, identical, y = get_last_col_split(dummy_lyt)))) {
      stop(
        "Column split called again with the same values. ",
        "This can create many unwanted columns. Please consider adding ",
        "split_col_vars = FALSE to the last call of ",
        deparse(sys.calls()[[sys.nframe() - 1]]), "."
      )
    }

    # Main col split
    lyt <- split_cols_by_multivar(
      lyt = lyt,
      vars = vars,
      varlabels = labels_v
    )
  }

  env <- new.env() # create caching environment

  if (do_summarize_row_groups) {
    if (length(unique(vars)) > 1) {
      stop("When using do_summarize_row_groups only one label level var should be inserted.")
    }

    # Function list for do_summarize_row_groups. Slightly different handling of labels
    cfun_list <- Map(
      function(stat, use_cache, cache_env) {
        function(u, .spl_context, labelstr, .df_row, ...) {
          # Statistic
          var_row_val <- paste(
            gsub("\\._\\[\\[[0-9]+\\]\\]_\\.", "", paste(tail(.spl_context$cur_col_split_val, 1)[[1]], collapse = "_")),
            paste(.spl_context$value, collapse = "_"),
            sep = "_"
          )
          if (use_cache) {
            if (is.null(cache_env[[var_row_val]])) cache_env[[var_row_val]] <- s_summary(u, ...)
            x_stats <- cache_env[[var_row_val]]
          } else {
            x_stats <- s_summary(u, ...)
          }

          if (is.null(imp_rule) || !stat %in% c("mean", "sd", "cv", "geom_mean", "geom_cv", "median", "min", "max")) {
            res <- x_stats[[stat]]
          } else {
            res_imp <- imputation_rule(
              .df_row, x_stats, stat,
              imp_rule = imp_rule, post = as.numeric(tail(.spl_context$value, 1)) > 0, avalcat_var = avalcat_var
            )
            res <- res_imp[["val"]]
            na_level <- res_imp[["na_level"]]
          }

          # Label check and replacement
          if (length(row_labels) > 1) {
            if (!(labelstr %in% names(row_labels))) {
              stop(
                "Replacing the labels in do_summarize_row_groups needs a named vector",
                "that contains the split values. In the current split variable ",
                .spl_context$split[nrow(.spl_context)],
                " the labelstr value (split value by default) ", labelstr, " is not in",
                " row_labels names: ", names(row_labels)
              )
            }
            lbl <- unlist(row_labels[labelstr])
          } else {
            lbl <- labelstr
          }

          # Cell creation
          rcell(res,
            label = lbl,
            format = formats_v[names(formats_v) == stat][[1]],
            format_na_str = na_level,
            indent_mod = ifelse(is.null(.indent_mods), 0L, .indent_mods),
            align = .aligns
          )
        }
      },
      stat = .stats,
      use_cache = cache,
      cache_env = replicate(length(.stats), env)
    )

    # Main call to rtables
    summarize_row_groups(
      lyt = lyt,
      var = unique(vars),
      cfun = cfun_list,
      extra_args = list(...)
    )
  } else {
    # Function list for analyze_colvars
    afun_list <- Map(
      function(stat, use_cache, cache_env) {
        function(u, .spl_context, .df_row, ...) {
          # Main statistics
          var_row_val <- paste(
            gsub("\\._\\[\\[[0-9]+\\]\\]_\\.", "", paste(tail(.spl_context$cur_col_split_val, 1)[[1]], collapse = "_")),
            paste(.spl_context$value, collapse = "_"),
            sep = "_"
          )
          if (use_cache) {
            if (is.null(cache_env[[var_row_val]])) cache_env[[var_row_val]] <- s_summary(u, ...)
            x_stats <- cache_env[[var_row_val]]
          } else {
            x_stats <- s_summary(u, ...)
          }

          if (is.null(imp_rule) || !stat %in% c("mean", "sd", "cv", "geom_mean", "geom_cv", "median", "min", "max")) {
            res <- x_stats[[stat]]
          } else {
            res_imp <- imputation_rule(
              .df_row, x_stats, stat,
              imp_rule = imp_rule, post = as.numeric(tail(.spl_context$value, 1)) > 0, avalcat_var = avalcat_var
            )
            res <- res_imp[["val"]]
            na_level <- res_imp[["na_level"]]
          }

          if (is.list(res)) {
            if (length(res) > 1) {
              stop("The analyzed column produced more than one category of results.")
            } else {
              res <- unlist(res)
            }
          }

          # Label from context
          label_from_context <- .spl_context$value[nrow(.spl_context)]

          # Label switcher
          if (is.null(row_labels)) {
            lbl <- label_from_context
          } else {
            if (length(row_labels) > 1) {
              if (!(label_from_context %in% names(row_labels))) {
                stop(
                  "Replacing the labels in do_summarize_row_groups needs a named vector",
                  "that contains the split values. In the current split variable ",
                  .spl_context$split[nrow(.spl_context)],
                  " the split value ", label_from_context, " is not in",
                  " row_labels names: ", names(row_labels)
                )
              }
              lbl <- unlist(row_labels[label_from_context])
            } else {
              lbl <- row_labels
            }
          }

          # Cell creation
          rcell(res,
            label = lbl,
            format = formats_v[names(formats_v) == stat][[1]],
            format_na_str = na_level,
            indent_mod = ifelse(is.null(.indent_mods), 0L, .indent_mods),
            align = .aligns
          )
        }
      },
      stat = .stats,
      use_cache = cache,
      cache_env = replicate(length(.stats), env)
    )

    # Main call to rtables
    analyze_colvars(lyt,
      afun = afun_list,
      nested = nested,
      extra_args = list(...)
    )
  }
}

# Help function
get_last_col_split <- function(lyt) {
  tail(tail(clayout(lyt), 1)[[1]], 1)[[1]]
}

#' Controls for Cox Regression
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Sets a list of parameters for Cox regression fit. Used internally.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param pval_method (`string`)\cr the method used for estimation of p.values; `wald` (default) or `likelihood`.
#' @param interaction (`flag`)\cr if `TRUE`, the model includes the interaction between the studied
#'   treatment and candidate covariate. Note that for univariate models without treatment arm, and
#'   multivariate models, no interaction can be used so that this needs to be `FALSE`.
#' @param ties (`string`)\cr among `exact` (equivalent to `DISCRETE` in SAS), `efron` and `breslow`,
#'   see [survival::coxph()]. Note: there is no equivalent of SAS `EXACT` method in R.
#'
#' @return A `list` of items with names corresponding to the arguments.
#'
#' @seealso [fit_coxreg_univar()] and [fit_coxreg_multivar()].
#'
#' @examples
#' control_coxreg()
#'
#' @export
control_coxreg <- function(pval_method = c("wald", "likelihood"),
                           ties = c("exact", "efron", "breslow"),
                           conf_level = 0.95,
                           interaction = FALSE) {
  pval_method <- match.arg(pval_method)
  ties <- match.arg(ties)
  checkmate::assert_flag(interaction)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
  list(
    pval_method = pval_method,
    ties = ties,
    conf_level = conf_level,
    interaction = interaction
  )
}

#' Custom Tidy Methods for Cox Regression
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param x (`list`)\cr Result of the Cox regression model fitted by [fit_coxreg_univar()] (for univariate models)
#'   or [fit_coxreg_multivar()] (for multivariate models).
#'
#' @return [tidy()] returns:
#' * For `summary.coxph` objects,  a `data.frame` with columns: `Pr(>|z|)`, `exp(coef)`, `exp(-coef)`, `lower .95`,
#'   `upper .95`, `level`, and `n`.
#' * For `coxreg.univar` objects, a `data.frame` with columns: `effect`, `term`, `term_label`, `level`, `n`, `hr`,
#'   `lcl`, `ucl`, `pval`, and `ci`.
#' * For `coxreg.multivar` objects, a `data.frame` with columns: `term`, `pval`, `term_label`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`,
#'   `level`, and `ci`.
#'
#' @seealso [cox_regression]
#'
#' @name tidy_coxreg
NULL

#' @describeIn tidy_coxreg Custom tidy method for [survival::coxph()] summary results.
#'
#' Tidy the [survival::coxph()] results into a `data.frame` to extract model results.
#'
#' @method tidy summary.coxph
#'
#' @examples
#' library(survival)
#' library(broom)
#'
#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
#'
#' dta_bladder <- with(
#'   data = bladder[bladder$enum < 5, ],
#'   data.frame(
#'     time = stop,
#'     status = event,
#'     armcd = as.factor(rx),
#'     covar1 = as.factor(enum),
#'     covar2 = factor(
#'       sample(as.factor(enum)),
#'       levels = 1:4, labels = c("F", "F", "M", "M")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#' labels <- c("armcd" = "ARM", "covar1" = "A Covariate Label", "covar2" = "Sex (F/M)")
#' formatters::var_labels(dta_bladder)[names(labels)] <- labels
#' dta_bladder$age <- sample(20:60, size = nrow(dta_bladder), replace = TRUE)
#'
#' formula <- "survival::Surv(time, status) ~ armcd + covar1"
#' msum <- summary(coxph(stats::as.formula(formula), data = dta_bladder))
#' tidy(msum)
#'
#' @export
tidy.summary.coxph <- function(x, # nolint
                               ...) {
  checkmate::assert_class(x, "summary.coxph")
  pval <- x$coefficients
  confint <- x$conf.int
  levels <- rownames(pval)

  pval <- tibble::as_tibble(pval)
  confint <- tibble::as_tibble(confint)

  ret <- cbind(pval[, grepl("Pr", names(pval))], confint)
  ret$level <- levels
  ret$n <- x[["n"]]
  ret
}

#' @describeIn tidy_coxreg Custom tidy method for a univariate Cox regression.
#'
#' Tidy up the result of a Cox regression model fitted by [fit_coxreg_univar()].
#'
#' @method tidy coxreg.univar
#'
#' @examples
#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate.
#' mod1 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
#'     covariates = "covar1"
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder,
#'   control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91)
#' )
#'
#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate + interaction, 2 candidate covariates.
#' mod2 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
#'     covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder,
#'   control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91, interaction = TRUE)
#' )
#'
#' tidy(mod1)
#' tidy(mod2)
#'
#' @export
tidy.coxreg.univar <- function(x, # nolint
                               ...) {
  checkmate::assert_class(x, "coxreg.univar")
  mod <- x$mod
  vars <- c(x$vars$arm, x$vars$covariates)
  has_arm <- "arm" %in% names(x$vars)

  result <- if (!has_arm) {
    Map(
      mod = mod, vars = vars,
      f = function(mod, vars) {
        h_coxreg_multivar_extract(
          var = vars,
          data = x$data,
          mod = mod,
          control = x$control
        )
      }
    )
  } else if (x$control$interaction) {
    Map(
      mod = mod, covar = vars,
      f = function(mod, covar) {
        h_coxreg_extract_interaction(
          effect = x$vars$arm, covar = covar, mod = mod, data = x$data,
          at = x$at, control = x$control
        )
      }
    )
  } else {
    Map(
      mod = mod, vars = vars,
      f = function(mod, vars) {
        h_coxreg_univar_extract(
          effect = x$vars$arm, covar = vars, data = x$data, mod = mod,
          control = x$control
        )
      }
    )
  }
  result <- do.call(rbind, result)

  result$ci <- Map(lcl = result$lcl, ucl = result$ucl, f = function(lcl, ucl) c(lcl, ucl))
  result$n <- lapply(result$n, empty_vector_if_na)
  result$ci <- lapply(result$ci, empty_vector_if_na)
  result$hr <- lapply(result$hr, empty_vector_if_na)
  if (x$control$interaction) {
    result$pval_inter <- lapply(result$pval_inter, empty_vector_if_na)
    # Remove interaction p-values due to change in specifications.
    result$pval[result$effect != "Treatment:"] <- NA
  }
  result$pval <- lapply(result$pval, empty_vector_if_na)
  attr(result, "conf_level") <- x$control$conf_level
  result
}

#' @describeIn tidy_coxreg Custom tidy method for a multivariate Cox regression.
#'
#' Tidy up the result of a Cox regression model fitted by [fit_coxreg_multivar()].
#'
#' @method tidy coxreg.multivar
#'
#' @examples
#' multivar_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
#'     covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder
#' )
#' broom::tidy(multivar_model)
#'
#' @export
tidy.coxreg.multivar <- function(x, # nolint
                                 ...) {
  checkmate::assert_class(x, "coxreg.multivar")
  vars <- c(x$vars$arm, x$vars$covariates)

  # Convert the model summaries to data.
  result <- Map(
    vars = vars,
    f = function(vars) {
      h_coxreg_multivar_extract(
        var = vars, data = x$data,
        mod = x$mod, control = x$control
      )
    }
  )
  result <- do.call(rbind, result)

  result$ci <- Map(lcl = result$lcl, ucl = result$ucl, f = function(lcl, ucl) c(lcl, ucl))
  result$ci <- lapply(result$ci, empty_vector_if_na)
  result$hr <- lapply(result$hr, empty_vector_if_na)
  result$pval <- lapply(result$pval, empty_vector_if_na)
  result <- result[, names(result) != "n"]
  attr(result, "conf_level") <- x$control$conf_level

  result
}

#' Fits for Cox Proportional Hazards Regression
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Fitting functions for univariate and multivariate Cox regression models.
#'
#' @param variables (`list`)\cr a named list corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`, passed as a named
#'   list and corresponding to `time`, `event`, `arm`, `strata`, and `covariates` terms. If `arm` is missing from
#'   `variables`, then only Cox model(s) including the `covariates` will be fitted and the corresponding effect
#'   estimates will be tabulated later.
#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr the dataset containing the variables to fit the models.
#' @param at (`list` of `numeric`)\cr when the candidate covariate is a `numeric`, use `at` to specify
#'   the value of the covariate at which the effect should be estimated.
#' @param control (`list`)\cr a list of parameters as returned by the helper function [control_coxreg()].
#'
#' @seealso [h_cox_regression] for relevant helper functions, [cox_regression].
#'
#' @examples
#' library(survival)
#'
#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
#'
#' # Testing dataset [survival::bladder].
#' dta_bladder <- with(
#'   data = bladder[bladder$enum < 5, ],
#'   data.frame(
#'     time = stop,
#'     status = event,
#'     armcd = as.factor(rx),
#'     covar1 = as.factor(enum),
#'     covar2 = factor(
#'       sample(as.factor(enum)),
#'       levels = 1:4, labels = c("F", "F", "M", "M")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#' labels <- c("armcd" = "ARM", "covar1" = "A Covariate Label", "covar2" = "Sex (F/M)")
#' formatters::var_labels(dta_bladder)[names(labels)] <- labels
#' dta_bladder$age <- sample(20:60, size = nrow(dta_bladder), replace = TRUE)
#'
#' plot(
#'   survfit(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd + covar1, data = dta_bladder),
#'   lty = 2:4,
#'   xlab = "Months",
#'   col = c("blue1", "blue2", "blue3", "blue4", "red1", "red2", "red3", "red4")
#' )
#'
#' @name fit_coxreg
NULL

#' @describeIn fit_coxreg Fit a series of univariate Cox regression models given the inputs.
#'
#' @return
#' * `fit_coxreg_univar()` returns a `coxreg.univar` class object which is a named `list`
#'   with 5 elements:
#'   * `mod`: Cox regression models fitted by [survival::coxph()].
#'   * `data`: The original data frame input.
#'   * `control`: The original control input.
#'   * `vars`: The variables used in the model.
#'   * `at`: Value of the covariate at which the effect should be estimated.
#'
#' @note When using `fit_coxreg_univar` there should be two study arms.
#'
#' @examples
#' # fit_coxreg_univar
#'
#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate.
#' mod1 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
#'     covariates = "covar1"
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder,
#'   control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91)
#' )
#'
#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate + interaction, 2 candidate covariates.
#' mod2 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
#'     covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder,
#'   control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91, interaction = TRUE)
#' )
#'
#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate, stratified analysis.
#' mod3 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd", strata = "covar2",
#'     covariates = c("covar1")
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder,
#'   control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91)
#' )
#'
#' ## Cox regression: no arm, only covariates.
#' mod4 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status",
#'     covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder
#' )
#'
#' @export
fit_coxreg_univar <- function(variables,
                              data,
                              at = list(),
                              control = control_coxreg()) {
  checkmate::assert_list(variables, names = "named")
  has_arm <- "arm" %in% names(variables)
  arm_name <- if (has_arm) "arm" else NULL

  checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates, null.ok = TRUE)

  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  assert_list_of_variables(variables[c(arm_name, "event", "time")])

  if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
    checkmate::assert_disjunct(control$pval_method, "likelihood")
  }
  if (has_arm) {
    assert_df_with_factors(data, list(val = variables$arm), min.levels = 2, max.levels = 2)
  }
  vars <- unlist(variables[c(arm_name, "covariates", "strata")], use.names = FALSE)
  for (i in vars) {
    if (is.factor(data[[i]])) {
      attr(data[[i]], "levels") <- levels(droplevels(data[[i]]))
    }
  }
  forms <- h_coxreg_univar_formulas(variables, interaction = control$interaction)
  mod <- lapply(
    forms, function(x) {
      survival::coxph(formula = stats::as.formula(x), data = data, ties = control$ties)
    }
  )
  structure(
    list(
      mod = mod,
      data = data,
      control = control,
      vars = variables,
      at = at
    ),
    class = "coxreg.univar"
  )
}

#' @describeIn fit_coxreg Fit a multivariate Cox regression model.
#'
#' @return
#' * `fit_coxreg_multivar()` returns a `coxreg.multivar` class object which is a named list
#'   with 4 elements:
#'   * `mod`: Cox regression model fitted by [survival::coxph()].
#'   * `data`: The original data frame input.
#'   * `control`: The original control input.
#'   * `vars`: The variables used in the model.
#'
#' @examples
#' # fit_coxreg_multivar
#'
#' ## Cox regression: multivariate Cox regression.
#' multivar_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
#'     covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder
#' )
#'
#' # Example without treatment arm.
#' multivar_covs_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status",
#'     covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
#'   ),
#'   data = dta_bladder
#' )
#'
#' @export
fit_coxreg_multivar <- function(variables,
                                data,
                                control = control_coxreg()) {
  checkmate::assert_list(variables, names = "named")
  has_arm <- "arm" %in% names(variables)
  arm_name <- if (has_arm) "arm" else NULL

  if (!is.null(variables$covariates)) {
    checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates)
  }

  checkmate::assert_false(control$interaction)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  assert_list_of_variables(variables[c(arm_name, "event", "time")])

  if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
    checkmate::assert_disjunct(control$pval_method, "likelihood")
  }

  form <- h_coxreg_multivar_formula(variables)
  mod <- survival::coxph(
    formula = stats::as.formula(form),
    data = data,
    ties = control$ties
  )
  structure(
    list(
      mod = mod,
      data = data,
      control = control,
      vars = variables
    ),
    class = "coxreg.multivar"
  )
}

#' Muffled `car::Anova`
#'
#' Applied on survival models, [car::Anova()] signal that the `strata` terms is dropped from the model formula when
#' present, this function deliberately muffles this message.
#'
#' @param mod (`coxph`)\cr Cox regression model fitted by [survival::coxph()].
#' @param test_statistic (`string`)\cr the method used for estimation of p.values; `wald` (default) or `likelihood`.
#'
#' @return Returns the output of [car::Anova()], with convergence message muffled.
#'
#' @keywords internal
muffled_car_anova <- function(mod, test_statistic) {
  tryCatch(
    withCallingHandlers(
      expr = {
        car::Anova(
          mod,
          test.statistic = test_statistic,
          type = "III"
        )
      },
      message = function(m) invokeRestart("muffleMessage"),
      error = function(e) {
        stop(paste(
          "the model seems to have convergence problems, please try to change",
          "the configuration of covariates or strata variables, e.g.",
          "- original error:", e
        ))
      }
    )
  )
}

#' Tabulate Binary Response by Subgroup
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Tabulate statistics such as response rate and odds ratio for population subgroups.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @details These functions create a layout starting from a data frame which contains
#'   the required statistics. Tables typically used as part of forest plot.
#'
#' @seealso [extract_rsp_subgroups()]
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs)
#'
#' adrs_f <- adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   filter(ARM %in% c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")) %>%
#'   droplevels() %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of factor to make the placebo group the reference arm.
#'     ARM = fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo"),
#'     rsp = AVALC == "CR"
#'   )
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(adrs_labels, "Response")
#'
#' # Unstratified analysis.
#' df <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' @name response_subgroups
NULL

#' Prepares Response Data for Population Subgroups in Data Frames
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Prepares response rates and odds ratios for population subgroups in data frames. Simple wrapper
#' for [h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df()] and [h_proportion_subgroups_df()]. Result is a list of two
#' `data.frames`: `prop` and `or`. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`,
#' passed as a named `list` and requires elements `rsp`, `arm` and optionally `subgroups` and `strat`.
#' `groups_lists` optionally specifies groupings for `subgroups` variables.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams response_subgroups
#' @param label_all (`string`)\cr label for the total population analysis.
#'
#' @return A named list of two elements:
#'   * `prop`: A `data.frame` containing columns `arm`, `n`, `n_rsp`, `prop`, `subgroup`, `var`,
#'     `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'   * `or`: A `data.frame` containing columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `or`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `conf_level`,
#'     `subgroup`, `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'
#' @seealso [response_subgroups]
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs)
#'
#' adrs_f <- adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   filter(ARM %in% c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")) %>%
#'   droplevels() %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of factor to make the placebo group the reference arm.
#'     ARM = fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo"),
#'     rsp = AVALC == "CR"
#'   )
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(adrs_labels, "Response")
#'
#' # Unstratified analysis.
#' df <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' # Stratified analysis.
#' df_strat <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2"), strat = "STRATA1"),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#' df_strat
#'
#' # Grouping of the BMRKR2 levels.
#' df_grouped <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     BMRKR2 = list(
#'       "low" = "LOW",
#'       "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
#'       "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#' df_grouped
#'
#' @export
extract_rsp_subgroups <- function(variables,
                                  data,
                                  groups_lists = list(),
                                  conf_level = 0.95,
                                  method = NULL,
                                  label_all = "All Patients") {
  df_prop <- h_proportion_subgroups_df(
    variables,
    data,
    groups_lists = groups_lists,
    label_all = label_all
  )
  df_or <- h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df(
    variables,
    data,
    groups_lists = groups_lists,
    conf_level = conf_level,
    method = method,
    label_all = label_all
  )

  list(prop = df_prop, or = df_or)
}

#' @describeIn response_subgroups Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `tabulate_rsp_subgroups()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_response_subgroups()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_response_subgroups <- function(.formats = list(
                                   n = "xx",
                                   n_rsp = "xx",
                                   prop = "xx.x%",
                                   n_tot = "xx",
                                   or = list(format_extreme_values(2L)),
                                   ci = list(format_extreme_values_ci(2L)),
                                   pval = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)"
                                 )) {
  checkmate::assert_list(.formats)
  checkmate::assert_subset(
    names(.formats),
    c("n", "n_rsp", "prop", "n_tot", "or", "ci", "pval")
  )

  afun_lst <- Map(
    function(stat, fmt) {
      if (stat == "ci") {
        function(df, labelstr = "", ...) {
          in_rows(.list = combine_vectors(df$lcl, df$ucl), .labels = as.character(df$subgroup), .formats = fmt)
        }
      } else {
        function(df, labelstr = "", ...) {
          in_rows(.list = as.list(df[[stat]]), .labels = as.character(df$subgroup), .formats = fmt)
        }
      }
    },
    stat = names(.formats),
    fmt = .formats
  )

  afun_lst
}

#' @describeIn response_subgroups Table-creating function which creates a table
#'   summarizing binary response by subgroup. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze_colvars()]
#'   and [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @param df (`list`)\cr of data frames containing all analysis variables. List should be
#'   created using [extract_rsp_subgroups()].
#' @param vars (`character`)\cr the names of statistics to be reported among:
#'   * `n`: Total number of observations per group.
#'   * `n_rsp`: Number of responders per group.
#'   * `prop`: Proportion of responders.
#'   * `n_tot`: Total number of observations.
#'   * `or`: Odds ratio.
#'   * `ci` : Confidence interval of odds ratio.
#'   * `pval`: p-value of the effect.
#'   Note, the statistics `n_tot`, `or` and `ci` are required.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` table summarizing binary response by subgroup.
#'
#' @examples
#' ## Table with default columns.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   tabulate_rsp_subgroups(df)
#'
#' ## Table with selected columns.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   tabulate_rsp_subgroups(
#'     df = df,
#'     vars = c("n_tot", "n", "n_rsp", "prop", "or", "ci")
#'   )
#'
#' @export
tabulate_rsp_subgroups <- function(lyt,
                                   df,
                                   vars = c("n_tot", "n", "prop", "or", "ci")) {
  conf_level <- df$or$conf_level[1]
  method <- if ("pval_label" %in% names(df$or)) {
    df$or$pval_label[1]
  } else {
    NULL
  }

  afun_lst <- a_response_subgroups()
  colvars <- d_rsp_subgroups_colvars(vars, conf_level = conf_level, method = method)

  colvars_prop <- list(
    vars = colvars$vars[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n", "prop", "n_rsp")],
    labels = colvars$labels[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n", "prop", "n_rsp")]
  )
  colvars_or <- list(
    vars = colvars$vars[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n_tot", "or", "ci", "pval")],
    labels = colvars$labels[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n_tot", "or", "ci", "pval")]
  )

  # Columns from table_prop are optional.
  if (length(colvars_prop$vars) > 0) {
    lyt_prop <- split_cols_by(lyt = lyt, var = "arm")
    lyt_prop <- split_cols_by_multivar(
      lyt = lyt_prop,
      vars = colvars_prop$vars,
      varlabels = colvars_prop$labels
    )

    # "All Patients" row
    lyt_prop <- split_rows_by(
      lyt = lyt_prop,
      var = "row_type",
      split_fun = keep_split_levels("content"),
      nested = FALSE,
      child_labels = "hidden"
    )
    lyt_prop <- analyze_colvars(
      lyt = lyt_prop,
      afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_prop$labels)]
    )

    if ("analysis" %in% df$prop$row_type) {
      lyt_prop <- split_rows_by(
        lyt = lyt_prop,
        var = "row_type",
        split_fun = keep_split_levels("analysis"),
        nested = FALSE,
        child_labels = "hidden"
      )
      lyt_prop <- split_rows_by(lyt = lyt_prop, var = "var_label", nested = TRUE)
      lyt_prop <- analyze_colvars(
        lyt = lyt_prop,
        afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_prop$labels)],
        inclNAs = TRUE
      )
    }

    table_prop <- build_table(lyt_prop, df = df$prop)
  } else {
    table_prop <- NULL
  }

  # Columns "n_tot", "or", "ci" in table_or are required.
  lyt_or <- split_cols_by(lyt = lyt, var = "arm")
  lyt_or <- split_cols_by_multivar(
    lyt = lyt_or,
    vars = colvars_or$vars,
    varlabels = colvars_or$labels
  )

  # "All Patients" row
  lyt_or <- split_rows_by(
    lyt = lyt_or,
    var = "row_type",
    split_fun = keep_split_levels("content"),
    nested = FALSE,
    child_labels = "hidden"
  )
  lyt_or <- analyze_colvars(
    lyt = lyt_or,
    afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_or$labels)]
  ) %>%
    append_topleft("Baseline Risk Factors")

  if ("analysis" %in% df$or$row_type) {
    lyt_or <- split_rows_by(
      lyt = lyt_or,
      var = "row_type",
      split_fun = keep_split_levels("analysis"),
      nested = FALSE,
      child_labels = "hidden"
    )
    lyt_or <- split_rows_by(lyt = lyt_or, var = "var_label", nested = TRUE)
    lyt_or <- analyze_colvars(
      lyt = lyt_or,
      afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_or$labels)],
      inclNAs = TRUE
    )
  }
  table_or <- build_table(lyt_or, df = df$or)

  n_tot_id <- match("n_tot", colvars_or$vars)
  if (is.null(table_prop)) {
    result <- table_or
    or_id <- match("or", colvars_or$vars)
    ci_id <- match("lcl", colvars_or$vars)
  } else {
    result <- cbind_rtables(table_or[, n_tot_id], table_prop, table_or[, -n_tot_id])
    or_id <- 1L + ncol(table_prop) + match("or", colvars_or$vars[-n_tot_id])
    ci_id <- 1L + ncol(table_prop) + match("lcl", colvars_or$vars[-n_tot_id])
    n_tot_id <- 1L
  }
  structure(
    result,
    forest_header = paste0(levels(df$prop$arm), "\nBetter"),
    col_x = or_id,
    col_ci = ci_id,
    col_symbol_size = n_tot_id
  )
}

#' Labels for Column Variables in Binary Response by Subgroup Table
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Internal function to check variables included in [tabulate_rsp_subgroups()] and create column labels.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams tabulate_rsp_subgroups
#'
#' @return A `list` of variables to tabulate and their labels.
#'
#' @export
d_rsp_subgroups_colvars <- function(vars,
                                    conf_level = NULL,
                                    method = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_character(vars)
  checkmate::assert_subset(c("n_tot", "or", "ci"), vars)
  checkmate::assert_subset(
    vars,
    c("n", "n_rsp", "prop", "n_tot", "or", "ci", "pval")
  )

  varlabels <- c(
    n = "n",
    n_rsp = "Responders",
    prop = "Response (%)",
    n_tot = "Total n",
    or = "Odds Ratio"
  )
  colvars <- vars

  if ("ci" %in% colvars) {
    checkmate::assert_false(is.null(conf_level))

    varlabels <- c(
      varlabels,
      ci = paste0(100 * conf_level, "% CI")
    )

    # The `lcl`` variable is just a placeholder available in the analysis data,
    # it is not acutally used in the tabulation.
    # Variables used in the tabulation are lcl and ucl, see `a_response_subgroups` for details.
    colvars[colvars == "ci"] <- "lcl"
  }

  if ("pval" %in% colvars) {
    varlabels <- c(
      varlabels,
      pval = method
    )
  }

  list(
    vars = colvars,
    labels = varlabels[vars]
  )
}

#' Summary for Poisson Negative Binomial.
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
#'
#' Summarize results of a Poisson Negative Binomial Regression.
#' This can be used to analyze count and/or frequency data using a linear model.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @name summarize_glm_count
NULL

#' Helper Functions for Poisson Models.
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
#'
#' Helper functions that can be used to return the results of various Poisson models.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso [summarize_glm_count]
#'
#' @name h_glm_count
NULL

#' @describeIn h_glm_count Helper function to return results of a poisson model.
#'
#' @param .df_row (`data.frame`)\cr data set that includes all the variables that are called
#'   in `.var` and `variables`.
#' @param variables (named `list` of `strings`)\cr list of additional analysis variables, with
#'   expected elements:
#'   * `arm` (`string`)\cr group variable, for which the covariate adjusted means of multiple
#'     groups will be summarized. Specifically, the first level of `arm` variable is taken as the
#'     reference group.
#'   * `covariates` (`character`)\cr a vector that can contain single variable names (such as
#'     `"X1"`), and/or interaction terms indicated by `"X1 * X2"`.
#'   * `offset` (`numeric`)\cr a numeric vector or scalar adding an offset.
#' @param weights (`character`)\cr a character vector specifying weights used
#'   in averaging predictions. Number of weights must equal the number of levels included in the covariates.
#'   Weights option passed to [emmeans::emmeans()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_glm_poisson()` returns the results of a Poisson model.
#'
#' @keywords internal
h_glm_poisson <- function(.var,
                          .df_row,
                          variables,
                          weights) {
  arm <- variables$arm
  covariates <- variables$covariates
  offset <- .df_row[[variables$offset]]

  formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0(
    .var, " ~ ",
    " + ",
    paste(covariates, collapse = " + "),
    " + ",
    arm
  ))

  glm_fit <- stats::glm(
    formula = formula,
    offset = offset,
    data = .df_row,
    family = stats::poisson(link = "log")
  )

  emmeans_fit <- emmeans::emmeans(
    glm_fit,
    specs = arm,
    data = .df_row,
    type = "response",
    offset = 0,
    weights = weights
  )

  list(
    glm_fit = glm_fit,
    emmeans_fit = emmeans_fit
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_glm_count Helper function to return results of a quasipoisson model.
#'
#' @inheritParams summarize_glm_count
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_glm_quasipoisson()` returns the results of a Quasi-Poisson model.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
h_glm_quasipoisson <- function(.var,
                               .df_row,
                               variables,
                               weights) {
  arm <- variables$arm
  covariates <- variables$covariates
  offset <- .df_row[[variables$offset]]

  formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0(
    .var, " ~ ",
    " + ",
    paste(covariates, collapse = " + "),
    " + ",
    arm
  ))

  glm_fit <- stats::glm(
    formula = formula,
    offset = offset,
    data = .df_row,
    family = stats::quasipoisson(link = "log")
  )

  emmeans_fit <- emmeans::emmeans(
    glm_fit,
    specs = arm,
    data = .df_row,
    type = "response",
    offset = 0,
    weights = weights
  )

  list(
    glm_fit = glm_fit,
    emmeans_fit = emmeans_fit
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_glm_count Helper function to return the results of the
#'   selected model (poisson, quasipoisson, negative binomial).
#'
#' @param .df_row (`data.frame`)\cr data set that includes all the variables that are called
#'   in `.var` and `variables`.
#' @param variables (named `list` of `strings`)\cr list of additional analysis variables, with
#'   expected elements:
#'   * `arm` (`string`)\cr group variable, for which the covariate adjusted means of multiple
#'     groups will be summarized. Specifically, the first level of `arm` variable is taken as the
#'     reference group.
#'   * `covariates` (`character`)\cr a vector that can contain single variable names (such as
#'     `"X1"`), and/or interaction terms indicated by `"X1 * X2"`.
#'   * `offset` (`numeric`)\cr a numeric vector or scalar adding an offset.
#' @param distribution (`character`)\cr a character value specifying the distribution
#'   used in the regression (poisson, quasipoisson).
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_glm_count()` returns the results of the selected model.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
h_glm_count <- function(.var,
                        .df_row,
                        variables,
                        distribution,
                        weights) {
  if (distribution == "negbin") {
    stop("negative binomial distribution is not currently available.")
  }
  switch(distribution,
    poisson = h_glm_poisson(.var, .df_row, variables, weights),
    quasipoisson = h_glm_quasipoisson(.var, .df_row, variables, weights),
    negbin = list() # h_glm_negbin(.var, .df_row, variables, weights) # nolint
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_glm_count Helper function to return the estimated means.
#'
#' @param .df_row (`data.frame`)\cr data set that includes all the variables that are called in `.var` and `variables`.
#' @param conf_level (`numeric`)\cr value used to derive the confidence interval for the rate.
#' @param obj (`glm.fit`)\cr fitted model object used to derive the mean rate estimates in each treatment arm.
#' @param arm (`string`)\cr group variable, for which the covariate adjusted means of multiple groups will be
#'   summarized. Specifically, the first level of `arm` variable is taken as the reference group.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_ppmeans()` returns the estimated means.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
h_ppmeans <- function(obj, .df_row, arm, conf_level) {
  alpha <- 1 - conf_level
  p <- 1 - alpha / 2

  arm_levels <- levels(.df_row[[arm]])

  out <- lapply(arm_levels, function(lev) {
    temp <- .df_row
    temp[[arm]] <- factor(lev, levels = arm_levels)

    mf <- stats::model.frame(obj$formula, data = temp)
    X <- stats::model.matrix(obj$formula, data = mf) # nolint

    rate <- stats::predict(obj, newdata = mf, type = "response")
    rate_hat <- mean(rate)

    zz <- colMeans(rate * X)
    se <- sqrt(as.numeric(t(zz) %*% stats::vcov(obj) %*% zz))
    rate_lwr <- rate_hat * exp(-stats::qnorm(p) * se / rate_hat)
    rate_upr <- rate_hat * exp(stats::qnorm(p) * se / rate_hat)

    c(rate_hat, rate_lwr, rate_upr)
  })

  names(out) <- arm_levels
  out <- do.call(rbind, out)
  if ("negbin" %in% class(obj)) {
    colnames(out) <- c("response", "asymp.LCL", "asymp.UCL")
  } else {
    colnames(out) <- c("rate", "asymp.LCL", "asymp.UCL")
  }
  out <- as.data.frame(out)
  out[[arm]] <- rownames(out)
  out
}

#' @describeIn summarize_glm_count Statistics function that produces a named list of results
#'   of the investigated Poisson model.
#'
#' @inheritParams h_glm_count
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_glm_count()` returns a named `list` of 5 statistics:
#'   * `n`: Count of complete sample size for the group.
#'   * `rate`: Estimated event rate per follow-up time.
#'   * `rate_ci`: Confidence level for estimated rate per follow-up time.
#'   * `rate_ratio`: Ratio of event rates in each treatment arm to the reference arm.
#'   * `rate_ratio_ci`: Confidence level for the rate ratio.
#'   * `pval`: p-value.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_glm_count <- function(df,
                        .var,
                        .df_row,
                        variables,
                        .ref_group,
                        .in_ref_col,
                        distribution,
                        conf_level,
                        rate_mean_method,
                        weights,
                        scale = 1) {
  arm <- variables$arm

  y <- df[[.var]]
  smry_level <- as.character(unique(df[[arm]]))

  # ensure there is only 1 value
  checkmate::assert_scalar(smry_level)

  results <- h_glm_count(
    .var = .var,
    .df_row = .df_row,
    variables = variables,
    distribution = distribution,
    weights
  )

  if (rate_mean_method == "emmeans") {
    emmeans_smry <- summary(results$emmeans_fit, level = conf_level)
  } else if (rate_mean_method == "ppmeans") {
    emmeans_smry <- h_ppmeans(results$glm_fit, .df_row, arm, conf_level)
  }

  emmeans_smry_level <- emmeans_smry[emmeans_smry[[arm]] == smry_level, ]

  if (.in_ref_col) {
    list(
      n = length(y[!is.na(y)]),
      rate = formatters::with_label(
        ifelse(distribution == "negbin", emmeans_smry_level$response * scale, emmeans_smry_level$rate),
        "Adjusted Rate"
      ),
      rate_ci = formatters::with_label(
        c(emmeans_smry_level$asymp.LCL * scale, emmeans_smry_level$asymp.UCL * scale),
        f_conf_level(conf_level)
      ),
      rate_ratio = formatters::with_label(character(), "Adjusted Rate Ratio"),
      rate_ratio_ci = formatters::with_label(character(), f_conf_level(conf_level)),
      pval = formatters::with_label(character(), "p-value")
    )
  } else {
    emmeans_contrasts <- emmeans::contrast(
      results$emmeans_fit,
      method = "trt.vs.ctrl",
      ref = grep(
        as.character(unique(.ref_group[[arm]])),
        as.data.frame(results$emmeans_fit)[[arm]]
      )
    )

    contrasts_smry <- summary(
      emmeans_contrasts,
      infer = TRUE,
      adjust = "none"
    )

    smry_contrasts_level <- contrasts_smry[grepl(smry_level, contrasts_smry$contrast), ]

    list(
      n = length(y[!is.na(y)]),
      rate = formatters::with_label(
        ifelse(distribution == "negbin", emmeans_smry_level$response * scale, emmeans_smry_level$rate),
        "Adjusted Rate"
      ),
      rate_ci = formatters::with_label(
        c(emmeans_smry_level$asymp.LCL * scale, emmeans_smry_level$asymp.UCL * scale),
        f_conf_level(conf_level)
      ),
      rate_ratio = formatters::with_label(smry_contrasts_level$ratio, "Adjusted Rate Ratio"),
      rate_ratio_ci = formatters::with_label(
        c(smry_contrasts_level$asymp.LCL, smry_contrasts_level$asymp.UCL),
        f_conf_level(conf_level)
      ),
      pval = formatters::with_label(smry_contrasts_level$p.value, "p-value")
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn summarize_glm_count Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `summarize_glm_count()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_glm_count()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_glm_count <- make_afun(
  s_glm_count,
  .indent_mods = c(
    "n" = 0L,
    "rate" = 0L,
    "rate_ci" = 1L,
    "rate_ratio" = 0L,
    "rate_ratio_ci" = 1L,
    "pval" = 1L
  ),
  .formats = c(
    "n" = "xx",
    "rate" = "xx.xxxx",
    "rate_ci" = "(xx.xxxx, xx.xxxx)",
    "rate_ratio" = "xx.xxxx",
    "rate_ratio_ci" = "(xx.xxxx, xx.xxxx)",
    "pval" = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)"
  ),
  .null_ref_cells = FALSE
)

#' @describeIn summarize_glm_count Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `summarize_glm_count()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_glm_count()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' anl <- tern_ex_adtte %>% filter(PARAMCD == "TNE")
#' anl$AVAL_f <- as.factor(anl$AVAL)
#'
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM", ref_group = "B: Placebo") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze_vars(
#'     "AVAL_f",
#'     var_labels = "Number of exacerbations per patient",
#'     .stats = c("count_fraction"),
#'     .formats = c("count_fraction" = "xx (xx.xx%)"),
#'     .label = c("Number of exacerbations per patient")
#'   ) %>%
#'   summarize_glm_count(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     variables = list(arm = "ARM", offset = "lgTMATRSK", covariates = NULL),
#'     conf_level = 0.95,
#'     distribution = "poisson",
#'     rate_mean_method = "emmeans",
#'     var_labels = "Unadjusted exacerbation rate (per year)",
#'     table_names = "unadj",
#'     .stats = c("rate"),
#'     .labels = c(rate = "Rate")
#'   ) %>%
#'   summarize_glm_count(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     variables = list(arm = "ARM", offset = "lgTMATRSK", covariates = c("REGION1")),
#'     conf_level = 0.95,
#'     distribution = "quasipoisson",
#'     rate_mean_method = "ppmeans",
#'     var_labels = "Adjusted (QP) exacerbation rate (per year)",
#'     table_names = "adj",
#'     .stats = c("rate", "rate_ci", "rate_ratio", "rate_ratio_ci", "pval"),
#'     .labels = c(
#'       rate = "Rate", rate_ci = "Rate CI", rate_ratio = "Rate Ratio",
#'       rate_ratio_ci = "Rate Ratio CI", pval = "p value"
#'     )
#'   )
#' build_table(lyt = lyt, df = anl)
#'
#' @export
summarize_glm_count <- function(lyt,
                                vars,
                                var_labels,
                                nested = TRUE,
                                ...,
                                show_labels = "visible",
                                table_names = vars,
                                .stats = NULL,
                                .formats = NULL,
                                .labels = NULL,
                                .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_glm_count,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )

  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Additional Assertions for `checkmate`
#'
#' Additional assertion functions which can be used together with the `checkmate` package.
#'
#' @inheritParams checkmate::assert_factor
#' @param x (`any`)\cr object to test.
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr data set to test.
#' @param variables (named `list` of `character`)\cr list of variables to test.
#' @param include_boundaries (`logical`)\cr whether to include boundaries when testing
#'   for proportions.
#' @param na_level (`character`)\cr the string you have been using to represent NA or
#'   missing data. For `NA` values please consider using directly [is.na()] or
#'   similar approaches.
#'
#' @return Nothing if assertion passes, otherwise prints the error message.
#'
#' @name assertions
NULL

check_list_of_variables <- function(x) {
  # drop NULL elements in list
  x <- Filter(Negate(is.null), x)

  res <- checkmate::check_list(x,
    names = "named",
    min.len = 1,
    any.missing = FALSE,
    types = "character"
  )
  # no empty strings allowed
  if (isTRUE(res)) {
    res <- checkmate::check_character(unlist(x), min.chars = 1)
  }
  return(res)
}
#' @describeIn assertions Checks whether `x` is a valid list of variable names.
#'   `NULL` elements of the list `x` are dropped with `Filter(Negate(is.null), x)`.
#'
#' @keywords internal
assert_list_of_variables <- checkmate::makeAssertionFunction(check_list_of_variables)

check_df_with_variables <- function(df, variables, na_level = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  assert_list_of_variables(variables)

  # flag for equal variables and column names
  err_flag <- all(unlist(variables) %in% colnames(df))
  checkmate::assert_flag(err_flag)

  if (isFALSE(err_flag)) {
    vars <- setdiff(unlist(variables), colnames(df))
    return(paste(
      deparse(substitute(df)),
      "does not contain all specified variables as column names. Missing from dataframe:",
      paste(vars, collapse = ", ")
    ))
  }
  # checking if na_level is present and in which column
  if (!is.null(na_level)) {
    checkmate::assert_string(na_level)
    res <- unlist(lapply(as.list(df)[unlist(variables)], function(x) any(x == na_level)))
    if (any(res)) {
      return(paste0(
        deparse(substitute(df)), " contains explicit na_level (", na_level,
        ") in the following columns: ", paste0(unlist(variables)[res],
          collapse = ", "
        )
      ))
    }
  }
  return(TRUE)
}
#' @describeIn assertions Check whether `df` is a data frame with the analysis `variables`.
#'   Please notice how this produces an error when not all variables are present in the
#'   data.frame while the opposite is not required.
#'
#' @keywords internal
assert_df_with_variables <- checkmate::makeAssertionFunction(check_df_with_variables)

check_valid_factor <- function(x,
                               min.levels = 1, # nolint
                               max.levels = NULL, # nolint
                               null.ok = TRUE, # nolint
                               any.missing = TRUE, # nolint
                               n.levels = NULL, # nolint
                               len = NULL) {
  # checks on levels insertion
  checkmate::assert_int(min.levels, lower = 1)

  # main factor check
  res <- checkmate::check_factor(x,
    min.levels = min.levels,
    null.ok = null.ok,
    max.levels = max.levels,
    any.missing = any.missing,
    n.levels = n.levels
  )

  # no empty strings allowed
  if (isTRUE(res)) {
    res <- checkmate::check_character(levels(x), min.chars = 1)
  }

  return(res)
}
#' @describeIn assertions Check whether `x` is a valid factor (i.e. has levels and no empty
#'   string levels). Note that `NULL` and `NA` elements are allowed.
#'
#' @keywords internal
assert_valid_factor <- checkmate::makeAssertionFunction(check_valid_factor)


check_df_with_factors <- function(df,
                                  variables,
                                  min.levels = 1, # nolint
                                  max.levels = NULL, # nolint
                                  any.missing = TRUE, # nolint
                                  na_level = NULL) {
  res <- check_df_with_variables(df, variables, na_level)
  # checking if all the columns specified by variables are valid factors
  if (isTRUE(res)) {
    # searching the data.frame with selected columns (variables) as a list
    res <- lapply(
      X = as.list(df)[unlist(variables)],
      FUN = check_valid_factor,
      min.levels = min.levels,
      max.levels = max.levels,
      any.missing = any.missing
    )
    res_lo <- unlist(vapply(res, Negate(isTRUE), logical(1)))
    if (any(res_lo)) {
      return(paste0(
        deparse(substitute(df)), " does not contain only factor variables among:",
        "\n* Column `", paste0(unlist(variables)[res_lo],
          "` of the data.frame -> ", res[res_lo],
          collapse = "\n* "
        )
      ))
    } else {
      res <- TRUE
    }
  }
  return(res)
}
#' @describeIn assertions Check whether `df` is a data frame where the analysis `variables`
#'   are all factors. Note that the creation of `NA` by direct call of `factor()` will
#'   trim `NA` levels out of the vector list itself.
#'
#' @keywords internal
assert_df_with_factors <- checkmate::makeAssertionFunction(check_df_with_factors)

#' @describeIn assertions Check whether `x` is a proportion: number between 0 and 1.
#'
#' @keywords internal
assert_proportion_value <- function(x, include_boundaries = FALSE) {
  checkmate::assert_number(x, lower = 0, upper = 1)
  checkmate::assert_flag(include_boundaries)
  if (isFALSE(include_boundaries)) {
    checkmate::assert_true(x > 0)
    checkmate::assert_true(x < 1)
  }
}

#' Occurrence Table Pruning
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Family of constructor and condition functions to flexibly prune occurrence tables.
#' The condition functions always return whether the row result is higher than the threshold.
#' Since they are of class [CombinationFunction()] they can be logically combined with other condition
#' functions.
#'
#' @note Since most table specifications are worded positively, we name our constructor and condition
#'   functions positively, too. However, note that the result of [keep_rows()] says what
#'   should be pruned, to conform with the [rtables::prune_table()] interface.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' tab <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("RACE") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("STRATA1") %>%
#'   summarize_row_groups() %>%
#'   analyze_vars("COUNTRY", .stats = "count_fraction") %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#' }
#'
#' @name prune_occurrences
NULL

#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating pruning functions based on
#'   a row condition function. This removes all analysis rows (`TableRow`) that should be
#'   pruned, i.e., don't fulfill the row condition. It removes the sub-tree if there are no
#'   children left.
#'
#' @param row_condition (`CombinationFunction`)\cr condition function which works on individual
#'   analysis rows and flags whether these should be kept in the pruned table.
#'
#' @return
#' * `keep_rows()` returns a pruning function that can be used with [rtables::prune_table()]
#'   to prune an `rtables` table.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' # `keep_rows`
#' is_non_empty <- !CombinationFunction(all_zero_or_na)
#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(is_non_empty))
#' }
#'
#' @export
keep_rows <- function(row_condition) {
  checkmate::assert_function(row_condition)
  function(table_tree) {
    if (inherits(table_tree, "TableRow")) {
      return(!row_condition(table_tree))
    }
    children <- tree_children(table_tree)
    identical(length(children), 0L)
  }
}

#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating pruning functions based on
#'   a condition for the (first) content row in leaf tables. This removes all leaf tables where
#'   the first content row does not fulfill the condition. It does not check individual rows.
#'   It then proceeds recursively by removing the sub tree if there are no children left.
#'
#' @param content_row_condition (`CombinationFunction`)\cr condition function which works on individual
#'   first content rows of leaf tables and flags whether these leaf tables should be kept in the pruned table.
#'
#' @return
#' * `keep_content_rows()` returns a pruning function that checks the condition on the first content
#'   row of leaf tables in the table.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `keep_content_rows`
#' \donttest{
#' more_than_twenty <- has_count_in_cols(atleast = 20L, col_names = names(tab))
#' prune_table(tab, keep_content_rows(more_than_twenty))
#' }
#'
#' @export
keep_content_rows <- function(content_row_condition) {
  checkmate::assert_function(content_row_condition)
  function(table_tree) {
    if (is_leaf_table(table_tree)) {
      content_row <- h_content_first_row(table_tree)
      return(!content_row_condition(content_row))
    }
    if (inherits(table_tree, "DataRow")) {
      return(FALSE)
    }
    children <- tree_children(table_tree)
    identical(length(children), 0L)
  }
}

#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition functions on total counts in the specified columns.
#'
#' @param atleast (`count` or `proportion`)\cr threshold which should be met in order to keep the row.
#' @param ... arguments for row or column access, see [`rtables_access`]: either `col_names` (`character`) including
#'   the names of the columns which should be used, or alternatively `col_indices` (`integer`) giving the indices
#'   directly instead.
#'
#' @return
#' * `has_count_in_cols()` returns a condition function that sums the counts in the specified column.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' more_than_one <- has_count_in_cols(atleast = 1L, col_names = names(tab))
#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_one))
#' }
#'
#' @export
has_count_in_cols <- function(atleast, ...) {
  checkmate::assert_count(atleast)
  CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
    row_counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
    total_count <- sum(row_counts)
    total_count >= atleast
  })
}

#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition functions on any of the counts in
#'   the specified columns satisfying a threshold.
#'
#' @param atleast (`count` or `proportion`)\cr threshold which should be met in order to keep the row.
#'
#' @return
#' * `has_count_in_any_col()` returns a condition function that compares the counts in the
#'   specified columns with the threshold.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' # `has_count_in_any_col`
#' any_more_than_one <- has_count_in_any_col(atleast = 1L, col_names = names(tab))
#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(any_more_than_one))
#' }
#'
#' @export
has_count_in_any_col <- function(atleast, ...) {
  checkmate::assert_count(atleast)
  CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
    row_counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
    any(row_counts >= atleast)
  })
}

#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition functions on total fraction in
#'   the specified columns.
#'
#' @return
#' * `has_fraction_in_cols()` returns a condition function that sums the counts in the
#'   specified column, and computes the fraction by dividing by the total column counts.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' # `has_fraction_in_cols`
#' more_than_five_percent <- has_fraction_in_cols(atleast = 0.05, col_names = names(tab))
#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_five_percent))
#' }
#'
#' @export
has_fraction_in_cols <- function(atleast, ...) {
  assert_proportion_value(atleast, include_boundaries = TRUE)
  CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
    row_counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
    total_count <- sum(row_counts)
    col_counts <- h_col_counts(table_row, ...)
    total_n <- sum(col_counts)
    total_percent <- total_count / total_n
    total_percent >= atleast
  })
}

#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition functions on any fraction in
#'   the specified columns.
#'
#' @return
#' * `has_fraction_in_any_col()` returns a condition function that looks at the fractions
#'  in the specified columns and checks whether any of them fulfill the threshold.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' # `has_fraction_in_any_col`
#' any_atleast_five_percent <- has_fraction_in_any_col(atleast = 0.05, col_names = names(tab))
#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_five_percent))
#' }
#'
#' @export
has_fraction_in_any_col <- function(atleast, ...) {
  assert_proportion_value(atleast, include_boundaries = TRUE)
  CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
    row_fractions <- h_row_fractions(table_row, ...)
    any(row_fractions >= atleast)
  })
}

#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition function that checks the difference
#'   between the fractions reported in each specified column.
#'
#' @return
#' * `has_fractions_difference()` returns a condition function that extracts the fractions of each
#'   specified column, and computes the difference of the minimum and maximum.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' # `has_fractions_difference`
#' more_than_five_percent_diff <- has_fractions_difference(atleast = 0.05, col_names = names(tab))
#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_five_percent_diff))
#' }
#'
#' @export
has_fractions_difference <- function(atleast, ...) {
  assert_proportion_value(atleast, include_boundaries = TRUE)
  CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
    fractions <- h_row_fractions(table_row, ...)
    difference <- diff(range(fractions))
    difference >= atleast
  })
}

#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition function that checks the difference
#'   between the counts reported in each specified column.
#'
#' @return
#' * `has_counts_difference()` returns a condition function that extracts the counts of each
#'   specified column, and computes the difference of the minimum and maximum.
#'
#' @examples
#' \donttest{
#' more_than_one_diff <- has_counts_difference(atleast = 1L, col_names = names(tab))
#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_one_diff))
#' }
#'
#' @export
has_counts_difference <- function(atleast, ...) {
  checkmate::assert_count(atleast)
  CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
    counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
    difference <- diff(range(counts))
    difference >= atleast
  })
}

#' Stack Multiple Grobs
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Stack grobs as a new grob with 1 column and multiple rows layout.
#'
#' @param ... grobs.
#' @param grobs list of grobs.
#' @param padding unit of length 1, space between each grob.
#' @param vp a [viewport()] object (or `NULL`).
#' @param name a character identifier for the grob.
#' @param gp A [gpar()] object.
#'
#' @return A `grob`.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(grid)
#'
#' g1 <- circleGrob(gp = gpar(col = "blue"))
#' g2 <- circleGrob(gp = gpar(col = "red"))
#' g3 <- textGrob("TEST TEXT")
#' grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(stack_grobs(g1, g2, g3))
#'
#' showViewport()
#'
#' grid.newpage()
#' pushViewport(viewport(layout = grid.layout(1, 2)))
#' vp1 <- viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 2)
#' grid.draw(stack_grobs(g1, g2, g3, vp = vp1, name = "test"))
#'
#' showViewport()
#' grid.ls(grobs = TRUE, viewports = TRUE, print = FALSE)
#'
#' @export
stack_grobs <- function(...,
                        grobs = list(...),
                        padding = grid::unit(2, "line"),
                        vp = NULL,
                        gp = NULL,
                        name = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_true(
    all(vapply(grobs, grid::is.grob, logical(1)))
  )

  if (length(grobs) == 1) {
    return(grobs[[1]])
  }

  n_layout <- 2 * length(grobs) - 1
  hts <- lapply(
    seq(1, n_layout),
    function(i) {
      if (i %% 2 != 0) {
        grid::unit(1, "null")
      } else {
        padding
      }
    }
  )
  hts <- do.call(grid::unit.c, hts)

  main_vp <- grid::viewport(
    layout = grid::grid.layout(nrow = n_layout, ncol = 1, heights = hts)
  )

  nested_grobs <- Map(function(g, i) {
    grid::gTree(
      children = grid::gList(g),
      vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 1)
    )
  }, grobs, seq_along(grobs) * 2 - 1)

  grobs_mainvp <- grid::gTree(
    children = do.call(grid::gList, nested_grobs),
    vp = main_vp
  )

  grid::gTree(
    children = grid::gList(grobs_mainvp),
    vp = vp,
    gp = gp,
    name = name
  )
}

#' Arrange Multiple Grobs
#'
#' Arrange grobs as a new grob with \verb{n*m (rows*cols)} layout.
#'
#' @inheritParams stack_grobs
#' @param ncol number of columns in layout.
#' @param nrow number of rows in layout.
#' @param padding_ht unit of length 1, vertical space between each grob.
#' @param padding_wt unit of length 1, horizontal space between each grob.
#'
#' @return A `grob`.
#' @examples
#' library(grid)
#'
#' \donttest{
#' num <- lapply(1:9, textGrob)
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(arrange_grobs(grobs = num, ncol = 2))
#'
#' showViewport()
#'
#' g1 <- circleGrob(gp = gpar(col = "blue"))
#' g2 <- circleGrob(gp = gpar(col = "red"))
#' g3 <- textGrob("TEST TEXT")
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(arrange_grobs(g1, g2, g3, nrow = 2))
#'
#' showViewport()
#'
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' grid.draw(arrange_grobs(g1, g2, g3, ncol = 3))
#'
#' grid::grid.newpage()
#' grid::pushViewport(grid::viewport(layout = grid::grid.layout(1, 2)))
#' vp1 <- grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 2)
#' grid.draw(arrange_grobs(g1, g2, g3, ncol = 2, vp = vp1))
#'
#' showViewport()
#' }
#' @export
arrange_grobs <- function(...,
                          grobs = list(...),
                          ncol = NULL, nrow = NULL,
                          padding_ht = grid::unit(2, "line"),
                          padding_wt = grid::unit(2, "line"),
                          vp = NULL,
                          gp = NULL,
                          name = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_true(
    all(vapply(grobs, grid::is.grob, logical(1)))
  )

  if (length(grobs) == 1) {
    return(grobs[[1]])
  }

  if (is.null(ncol) && is.null(nrow)) {
    ncol <- 1
    nrow <- ceiling(length(grobs) / ncol)
  } else if (!is.null(ncol) && is.null(nrow)) {
    nrow <- ceiling(length(grobs) / ncol)
  } else if (is.null(ncol) && !is.null(nrow)) {
    ncol <- ceiling(length(grobs) / nrow)
  }

  if (ncol * nrow < length(grobs)) {
    stop("specififed ncol and nrow are not enough for arranging the grobs ")
  }

  if (ncol == 1) {
    return(stack_grobs(grobs = grobs, padding = padding_ht, vp = vp, gp = gp, name = name))
  }

  n_col <- 2 * ncol - 1
  n_row <- 2 * nrow - 1
  hts <- lapply(
    seq(1, n_row),
    function(i) {
      if (i %% 2 != 0) {
        grid::unit(1, "null")
      } else {
        padding_ht
      }
    }
  )
  hts <- do.call(grid::unit.c, hts)

  wts <- lapply(
    seq(1, n_col),
    function(i) {
      if (i %% 2 != 0) {
        grid::unit(1, "null")
      } else {
        padding_wt
      }
    }
  )
  wts <- do.call(grid::unit.c, wts)

  main_vp <- grid::viewport(
    layout = grid::grid.layout(nrow = n_row, ncol = n_col, widths = wts, heights = hts)
  )

  nested_grobs <- list()
  k <- 0
  for (i in seq(nrow) * 2 - 1) {
    for (j in seq(ncol) * 2 - 1) {
      k <- k + 1
      if (k <= length(grobs)) {
        nested_grobs <- c(
          nested_grobs,
          list(grid::gTree(
            children = grid::gList(grobs[[k]]),
            vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = j)
          ))
        )
      }
    }
  }
  grobs_mainvp <- grid::gTree(
    children = do.call(grid::gList, nested_grobs),
    vp = main_vp
  )

  grid::gTree(
    children = grid::gList(grobs_mainvp),
    vp = vp,
    gp = gp,
    name = name
  )
}

#' Draw `grob`
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Draw grob on device page.
#'
#' @param grob grid object
#' @param newpage draw on a new page
#' @param vp a [viewport()] object (or `NULL`).
#'
#' @return A `grob`.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(grid)
#'
#' \donttest{
#' rect <- rectGrob(width = grid::unit(0.5, "npc"), height = grid::unit(0.5, "npc"))
#' rect %>% draw_grob(vp = grid::viewport(angle = 45))
#'
#' num <- lapply(1:10, textGrob)
#' num %>%
#'   arrange_grobs(grobs = .) %>%
#'   draw_grob()
#' showViewport()
#' }
#'
#' @export
draw_grob <- function(grob, newpage = TRUE, vp = NULL) {
  if (newpage) {
    grid::grid.newpage()
  }
  if (!is.null(vp)) {
    grid::pushViewport(vp)
  }
  grid::grid.draw(grob)
}

tern_grob <- function(x) {
  class(x) <- unique(c("ternGrob", class(x)))
  x
}

print.ternGrob <- function(x, ...) {
  grid::grid.newpage()
  grid::grid.draw(x)
}

#' Univariate Formula Special Term
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' The special term `univariate` indicate that the model should be fitted individually for
#' every variable included in univariate.
#'
#' @param x A vector of variable name separated by commas.
#'
#' @return When used within a model formula, produces univariate models for each variable provided.
#'
#' @details
#' If provided alongside with pairwise specification, the model
#' `y ~ ARM + univariate(SEX, AGE, RACE)` lead to the study and comparison of the models
#' + `y ~ ARM`
#' + `y ~ ARM + SEX`
#' + `y ~ ARM + AGE`
#' + `y ~ ARM + RACE`
#'
#' @export
univariate <- function(x) {
  structure(x, varname = deparse(substitute(x)))
}

# Get the right-hand-term of a formula
rht <- function(x) {
  checkmate::assert_formula(x)
  y <- as.character(rev(x)[[1]])
  return(y)
}

#' Hazard Ratio Estimation in Interactions
#'
#' This function estimates the hazard ratios between arms when an interaction variable is given with
#' specific values.
#'
#' @param variable,given Names of two variable in interaction. We seek the estimation of the levels of `variable`
#'   given the levels of `given`.
#' @param lvl_var,lvl_given corresponding levels has given by `levels`.
#' @param mmat A name numeric filled with 0 used as template to obtain the design matrix.
#' @param coef Numeric of estimated coefficients.
#' @param vcov Variance-covariance matrix of underlying model.
#' @param conf_level Single numeric for the confidence level of estimate intervals.
#'
#' @details Given the cox regression investigating the effect of Arm (A, B, C; reference A)
#'   and Sex (F, M; reference Female). The model is abbreviated: y ~ Arm + Sex + Arm x Sex.
#'   The cox regression estimates the coefficients along with a variance-covariance matrix for:
#'
#'   - b1 (arm b), b2 (arm c)
#'   - b3 (sex m)
#'   - b4 (arm b: sex m), b5 (arm c: sex m)
#'
#'   Given that I want an estimation of the Hazard Ratio for arm C/sex M, the estimation
#'   will be given in reference to arm A/Sex M by exp(b2 + b3 + b5)/ exp(b3) = exp(b2 + b5),
#'   therefore the interaction coefficient is given by b2 + b5 while the standard error is obtained
#'   as $1.96 * sqrt(Var b2 + Var b5 + 2 * covariance (b2,b5))$ for a confidence level of 0.95.
#'
#' @return A list of matrix (one per level of variable) with rows corresponding to the combinations of
#'   `variable` and `given`, with columns:
#'   * `coef_hat`: Estimation of the coefficient.
#'   * `coef_se`: Standard error of the estimation.
#'   * `hr`: Hazard ratio.
#'   * `lcl, ucl`: Lower/upper confidence limit of the hazard ratio.
#'
#' @seealso [s_cox_multivariate()].
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(survival)
#'
#' ADSL <- tern_ex_adsl %>%
#'   filter(SEX %in% c("F", "M"))
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte %>% filter(PARAMCD == "PFS")
#' adtte$ARMCD <- droplevels(adtte$ARMCD)
#' adtte$SEX <- droplevels(adtte$SEX)
#'
#' mod <- coxph(
#'   formula = Surv(time = AVAL, event = 1 - CNSR) ~ (SEX + ARMCD)^2,
#'   data = adtte
#' )
#'
#' mmat <- stats::model.matrix(mod)[1, ]
#' mmat[!mmat == 0] <- 0
#'
#' @keywords internal
estimate_coef <- function(variable, given,
                          lvl_var, lvl_given,
                          coef,
                          mmat,
                          vcov,
                          conf_level = 0.95) {
  var_lvl <- paste0(variable, lvl_var[-1]) # [-1]: reference level
  giv_lvl <- paste0(given, lvl_given)

  design_mat <- expand.grid(variable = var_lvl, given = giv_lvl)
  design_mat <- design_mat[order(design_mat$variable, design_mat$given), ]
  design_mat <- within(
    data = design_mat,
    expr = {
      inter <- paste0(variable, ":", given)
      rev_inter <- paste0(given, ":", variable)
    }
  )

  split_by_variable <- design_mat$variable
  interaction_names <- paste(design_mat$variable, design_mat$given, sep = "/")

  design_mat <- apply(
    X = design_mat, MARGIN = 1, FUN = function(x) {
      mmat[names(mmat) %in% x[-which(names(x) == "given")]] <- 1
      return(mmat)
    }
  )
  colnames(design_mat) <- interaction_names

  betas <- as.matrix(coef)

  coef_hat <- t(design_mat) %*% betas
  dimnames(coef_hat)[2] <- "coef"

  coef_se <- apply(design_mat, 2, function(x) {
    vcov_el <- as.logical(x)
    y <- vcov[vcov_el, vcov_el]
    y <- sum(y)
    y <- sqrt(y)
    return(y)
  })

  q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
  y <- cbind(coef_hat, `se(coef)` = coef_se)

  y <- apply(y, 1, function(x) {
    x["hr"] <- exp(x["coef"])
    x["lcl"] <- exp(x["coef"] - q_norm * x["se(coef)"])
    x["ucl"] <- exp(x["coef"] + q_norm * x["se(coef)"])

    return(x)
  })

  y <- t(y)
  y <- by(y, split_by_variable, identity)
  y <- lapply(y, as.matrix)

  attr(y, "details") <- paste0(
    "Estimations of ", variable,
    " hazard ratio given the level of ", given, " compared to ",
    variable, " level ", lvl_var[1], "."
  )
  return(y)
}

#' `tryCatch` around `car::Anova`
#'
#' Captures warnings when executing [car::Anova].
#'
#' @inheritParams car::Anova
#'
#' @return A list with item `aov` for the result of the model and `error_text` for the captured warnings.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `car::Anova` on cox regression model including strata and expected
#' # a likelihood ratio test triggers a warning as only `Wald` method is
#' # accepted.
#'
#' library(survival)
#'
#' mod <- coxph(
#'   formula = Surv(time = futime, event = fustat) ~ factor(rx) + strata(ecog.ps),
#'   data = ovarian
#' )
#'
#' @keywords internal
try_car_anova <- function(mod,
                          test.statistic) { # nolint
  y <- tryCatch(
    withCallingHandlers(
      expr = {
        warn_text <- c()
        list(
          aov = car::Anova(
            mod,
            test.statistic = test.statistic,
            type = "III"
          ),
          warn_text = warn_text
        )
      },
      warning = function(w) {
        # If a warning is detected it is handled as "w".
        warn_text <<- trimws(paste0("Warning in `try_car_anova`: ", w))

        # A warning is sometimes expected, then, we want to restart
        # the execution while ignoring the warning.
        invokeRestart("muffleWarning")
      }
    ),
    finally = {
    }
  )

  return(y)
}

#' Fit the Cox Regression Model and `Anova`
#'
#' The functions allows to derive from the [survival::coxph()] results the effect p.values using [car::Anova()].
#' This last package introduces more flexibility to get the effect p.values.
#'
#' @inheritParams t_coxreg
#'
#' @return A list with items `mod` (results of [survival::coxph()]), `msum` (result of `summary`) and
#'   `aov` (result of [car::Anova()]).
#'
#' @noRd
fit_n_aov <- function(formula,
                      data = data,
                      conf_level = conf_level,
                      pval_method = c("wald", "likelihood"),
                      ...) {
  pval_method <- match.arg(pval_method)

  environment(formula) <- environment()
  suppressWarnings({
    # We expect some warnings due to coxph which fails strict programming.
    mod <- survival::coxph(formula, data = data, ...)
    msum <- summary(mod, conf.int = conf_level)
  })

  aov <- try_car_anova(
    mod,
    test.statistic = switch(pval_method,
      "wald" = "Wald",
      "likelihood" = "LR"
    )
  )

  warn_attr <- aov$warn_text
  if (!is.null(aov$warn_text)) message(warn_attr)

  aov <- aov$aov
  y <- list(mod = mod, msum = msum, aov = aov)
  attr(y, "message") <- warn_attr

  return(y)
}

# argument_checks
check_formula <- function(formula) {
  if (!(inherits(formula, "formula"))) {
    stop("Check `formula`. A formula should resemble `Surv(time = AVAL, event = 1 - CNSR) ~ study_arm(ARMCD)`.")
  }

  invisible()
}

check_covariate_formulas <- function(covariates) {
  if (!all(vapply(X = covariates, FUN = inherits, what = "formula", FUN.VALUE = TRUE)) || is.null(covariates)) {
    stop("Check `covariates`, it should be a list of right-hand-term formulas, e.g. list(Age = ~AGE).")
  }

  invisible()
}

name_covariate_names <- function(covariates) {
  miss_names <- names(covariates) == ""
  no_names <- is.null(names(covariates))
  if (any(miss_names)) names(covariates)[miss_names] <- vapply(covariates[miss_names], FUN = rht, FUN.VALUE = "name")
  if (no_names) names(covariates) <- vapply(covariates, FUN = rht, FUN.VALUE = "name")
  return(covariates)
}

check_increments <- function(increments, covariates) {
  if (!is.null(increments)) {
    covariates <- vapply(covariates, FUN = rht, FUN.VALUE = "name")
    lapply(
      X = names(increments), FUN = function(x) {
        if (!x %in% covariates) {
          warning(
            paste(
              "Check `increments`, the `increment` for ", x,
              "doesn't match any names in investigated covariate(s)."
            )
          )
        }
      }
    )
  }

  invisible()
}

#' Multivariate Cox Model - Summarized Results
#'
#' Analyses based on multivariate Cox model are usually not performed for the Controlled Substance Reporting or
#' regulatory documents but serve exploratory purposes only (e.g., for publication). In practice, the model usually
#' includes only the main effects (without interaction terms). It produces the hazard ratio estimates for each of the
#' covariates included in the model.
#' The analysis follows the same principles (e.g., stratified vs. unstratified analysis and tie handling) as the
#' usual Cox model analysis. Since there is usually no pre-specified hypothesis testing for such analysis,
#' the p.values need to be interpreted with caution. (**Statistical Analysis of Clinical Trials Data with R**,
#' `NEST's bookdown`)
#'
#' @param formula (`formula`)\cr A formula corresponding to the investigated [survival::Surv()] survival model
#'   including covariates.
#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr A data frame which includes the variable in formula and covariates.
#' @param conf_level (`proportion`)\cr The confidence level for the hazard ratio interval estimations. Default is 0.95.
#' @param pval_method (`character`)\cr The method used for the estimation of p-values, should be one of
#'   `"wald"` (default) or `"likelihood"`.
#' @param ... Optional parameters passed to [survival::coxph()]. Can include `ties`, a character string specifying the
#'   method for tie handling, one of `exact` (default), `efron`, `breslow`.
#'
#' @return A `list` with elements `mod`, `msum`, `aov`, and `coef_inter`.
#'
#' @details The output is limited to single effect terms. Work in ongoing for estimation of interaction terms
#'   but is out of scope as defined by the  Global Data Standards Repository
#'   (**`GDS_Standard_TLG_Specs_Tables_2.doc`**).
#'
#' @seealso [estimate_coef()].
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
#' adtte_f <- subset(adtte, PARAMCD == "OS") # _f: filtered
#' adtte_f <- filter(
#'   adtte_f,
#'   PARAMCD == "OS" &
#'     SEX %in% c("F", "M") &
#'     RACE %in% c("ASIAN", "BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN", "WHITE")
#' )
#' adtte_f$SEX <- droplevels(adtte_f$SEX)
#' adtte_f$RACE <- droplevels(adtte_f$RACE)
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_cox_multivariate <- function(formula, data,
                               conf_level = 0.95,
                               pval_method = c("wald", "likelihood"),
                               ...) {
  tf <- stats::terms(formula, specials = c("strata"))
  covariates <- rownames(attr(tf, "factors"))[-c(1, unlist(attr(tf, "specials")))]
  lapply(
    X = covariates,
    FUN = function(x) {
      if (is.character(data[[x]])) {
        data[[x]] <<- as.factor(data[[x]])
      }
      invisible()
    }
  )
  pval_method <- match.arg(pval_method)

  # Results directly exported from environment(fit_n_aov) to environment(s_function_draft)
  y <- fit_n_aov(
    formula = formula,
    data = data,
    conf_level = conf_level,
    pval_method = pval_method,
    ...
  )
  mod <- y$mod
  aov <- y$aov
  msum <- y$msum
  list2env(as.list(y), environment())

  all_term_labs <- attr(mod$terms, "term.labels")
  term_labs <- all_term_labs[which(attr(mod$terms, "order") == 1)]
  names(term_labs) <- term_labs

  coef_inter <- NULL
  if (any(attr(mod$terms, "order") > 1)) {
    for_inter <- all_term_labs[attr(mod$terms, "order") > 1]
    names(for_inter) <- for_inter
    mmat <- stats::model.matrix(mod)[1, ]
    mmat[!mmat == 0] <- 0
    mcoef <- stats::coef(mod)
    mvcov <- stats::vcov(mod)

    estimate_coef_local <- function(variable, given) {
      estimate_coef(
        variable, given,
        coef = mcoef, mmat = mmat, vcov = mvcov, conf_level = conf_level,
        lvl_var = levels(data[[variable]]), lvl_given = levels(data[[given]])
      )
    }

    coef_inter <- lapply(
      for_inter, function(x) {
        y <- attr(mod$terms, "factor")[, x]
        y <- names(y[y > 0])
        Map(estimate_coef_local, variable = y, given = rev(y))
      }
    )
  }

  list(mod = mod, msum = msum, aov = aov, coef_inter = coef_inter)
}

#' Line plot with the optional table
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Line plot with the optional table.
#'
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr data set containing all analysis variables.
#' @param alt_counts_df (`data.frame` or `NULL`)\cr data set that will be used (only) to counts objects in strata.
#' @param variables (named `character` vector) of variable names in `df` data set. Details are:
#'   * `x` (`character`)\cr name of x-axis variable.
#'   * `y` (`character`)\cr name of y-axis variable.
#'   * `strata` (`character`)\cr name of grouping variable, i.e. treatment arm. Can be `NA` to indicate lack of groups.
#'   * `paramcd` (`character`)\cr name of the variable for parameter's code. Used for y-axis label and plot's subtitle.
#'     Can be `NA` if `paramcd` is not to be added to the y-axis label or subtitle.
#'   * `y_unit` (`character`)\cr name of variable with units of `y`. Used for y-axis label and plot's subtitle.
#'     Can be `NA` if y unit is not to be added to the y-axis label or subtitle.
#' @param mid (`character` or `NULL`)\cr names of the statistics that will be plotted as midpoints.
#'   All the statistics indicated in `mid` variable must be present in the object returned by `sfun`,
#'   and be of a `double` or `numeric` type vector of length one.
#' @param interval (`character` or `NULL`)\cr names of the statistics that will be plotted as intervals.
#'   All the statistics indicated in `interval` variable must be present in the object returned by `sfun`,
#'   and be of a `double` or `numeric` type vector of length two.
#' @param whiskers (`character`)\cr names of the interval whiskers that will be plotted. Must match the `names`
#'   attribute of the `interval` element in the list returned by `sfun`. It is possible to specify one whisker only,
#'   lower or upper.
#' @param table (`character` or `NULL`)\cr names of the statistics that will be displayed in the table below the plot.
#'   All the statistics indicated in `table` variable must be present in the object returned by `sfun`.
#' @param sfun (`closure`)\cr the function to compute the values of required statistics. It must return a named `list`
#'   with atomic vectors. The names of the `list` elements refer to the names of the statistics and are used by `mid`,
#'   `interval`, `table`. It must be able to accept as input a vector with data for which statistics are computed.
#' @param ... optional arguments to `sfun`.
#' @param mid_type (`character`)\cr controls the type of the `mid` plot, it can be point (`p`), line (`l`),
#'   or point and line (`pl`).
#' @param mid_point_size (`integer` or `double`)\cr controls the font size of the point for `mid` plot.
#' @param position (`character` or `call`)\cr geom element position adjustment, either as a string, or the result of
#'   a call to a position adjustment function.
#' @param legend_title (`character` string)\cr legend title.
#' @param legend_position (`character`)\cr the position of the plot legend (`none`, `left`, `right`, `bottom`, `top`,
#'   or two-element numeric vector).
#' @param ggtheme (`theme`)\cr a graphical theme as provided by `ggplot2` to control styling of the plot.
#' @param y_lab (`character`)\cr y-axis label. If equal to `NULL`, then no label will be added.
#' @param y_lab_add_paramcd (`logical`)\cr should `paramcd`, i.e. `unique(df[[variables["paramcd"]]])` be added to the
#'   y-axis label `y_lab`?
#' @param y_lab_add_unit (`logical`)\cr should y unit, i.e. `unique(df[[variables["y_unit"]]])` be added to the y-axis
#'   label `y_lab`?
#' @param title (`character`)\cr plot title.
#' @param subtitle (`character`)\cr plot subtitle.
#' @param subtitle_add_paramcd (`logical`)\cr should `paramcd`, i.e. `unique(df[[variables["paramcd"]]])` be added to
#'   the plot's subtitle `subtitle`?
#' @param subtitle_add_unit (`logical`)\cr should y unit, i.e. `unique(df[[variables["y_unit"]]])` be added to the
#'   plot's subtitle `subtitle`?
#' @param caption (`character`)\cr optional caption below the plot.
#' @param table_format (named `character` or `NULL`)\cr format patterns for descriptive statistics used in the
#'   (optional) table appended to the plot. It is passed directly to the `h_format_row` function through the `format`
#'   parameter. Names of `table_format` must match the names of statistics returned by `sfun` function.
#' @param table_labels (named `character` or `NULL`)\cr labels for descriptive statistics used in the (optional) table
#'   appended to the plot. Names of `table_labels` must match the names of statistics returned by `sfun` function.
#' @param table_font_size (`integer` or `double`)\cr controls the font size of values in the table.
#' @param newpage (`logical`)\cr should plot be drawn on new page?
#' @param col (`character`)\cr colors.
#'
#' @return A `ggplot` line plot (and statistics table if applicable).
#'
#' @examples
#' library(nestcolor)
#'
#' adsl <- tern_ex_adsl
#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>% dplyr::filter(ANL01FL == "Y", PARAMCD == "ALT", AVISIT != "SCREENING")
#' adlb$AVISIT <- droplevels(adlb$AVISIT)
#' adlb <- dplyr::mutate(adlb, AVISIT = forcats::fct_reorder(AVISIT, AVISITN, min))
#'
#' # Mean with CI
#' g_lineplot(adlb, adsl, subtitle = "Laboratory Test:")
#'
#' # Mean with CI, no stratification
#' g_lineplot(adlb, variables = control_lineplot_vars(strata = NA))
#'
#' # Mean, upper whisker of CI, no strata counts N
#' g_lineplot(
#'   adlb,
#'   whiskers = "mean_ci_upr",
#'   title = "Plot of Mean and Upper 95% Confidence Limit by Visit"
#' )
#'
#' # Median with CI
#' g_lineplot(
#'   adlb,
#'   adsl,
#'   mid = "median",
#'   interval = "median_ci",
#'   whiskers = c("median_ci_lwr", "median_ci_upr"),
#'   title = "Plot of Median and 95% Confidence Limits by Visit"
#' )
#'
#' # Mean, +/- SD
#' g_lineplot(adlb, adsl,
#'   interval = "mean_sdi",
#'   whiskers = c("mean_sdi_lwr", "mean_sdi_upr"),
#'   title = "Plot of Median +/- SD by Visit"
#' )
#'
#' # Mean with CI plot with stats table
#' g_lineplot(adlb, adsl, table = c("n", "mean", "mean_ci"))
#'
#' # Mean with CI, table and customized confidence level
#' g_lineplot(
#'   adlb,
#'   adsl,
#'   table = c("n", "mean", "mean_ci"),
#'   control = control_analyze_vars(conf_level = 0.80),
#'   title = "Plot of Mean and 80% Confidence Limits by Visit"
#' )
#'
#' # Mean with CI, table, filtered data
#' adlb_f <- dplyr::filter(adlb, ARMCD != "ARM A" | AVISIT == "BASELINE")
#' g_lineplot(adlb_f, table = c("n", "mean"))
#'
#' @export
g_lineplot <- function(df,
                       alt_counts_df = NULL,
                       variables = control_lineplot_vars(),
                       mid = "mean",
                       interval = "mean_ci",
                       whiskers = c("mean_ci_lwr", "mean_ci_upr"),
                       table = NULL,
                       sfun = tern::s_summary,
                       ...,
                       mid_type = "pl",
                       mid_point_size = 2,
                       position = ggplot2::position_dodge(width = 0.4),
                       legend_title = NULL,
                       legend_position = "bottom",
                       ggtheme = nestcolor::theme_nest(),
                       y_lab = NULL,
                       y_lab_add_paramcd = TRUE,
                       y_lab_add_unit = TRUE,
                       title = "Plot of Mean and 95% Confidence Limits by Visit",
                       subtitle = "",
                       subtitle_add_paramcd = TRUE,
                       subtitle_add_unit = TRUE,
                       caption = NULL,
                       table_format = summary_formats(),
                       table_labels = summary_labels(),
                       table_font_size = 3,
                       newpage = TRUE,
                       col = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_character(variables, any.missing = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(mid, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(interval, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(col, null.ok = TRUE)

  checkmate::assert_string(title, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_string(subtitle, null.ok = TRUE)

  if (is.character(interval)) {
    checkmate::assert_vector(whiskers, min.len = 0, max.len = 2)
  }

  if (length(whiskers) == 1) {
    checkmate::assert_character(mid)
  }

  if (is.character(mid)) {
    checkmate::assert_scalar(mid_type)
    checkmate::assert_subset(mid_type, c("pl", "p", "l"))
  }

  x <- variables[["x"]]
  y <- variables[["y"]]
  paramcd <- variables["paramcd"] # NA if paramcd == NA or it is not in variables
  y_unit <- variables["y_unit"] # NA if y_unit == NA or it is not in variables
  if (is.na(variables["strata"])) {
    strata <- NULL # NULL if strata == NA or it is not in variables
  } else {
    strata <- variables[["strata"]]
  }
  checkmate::assert_flag(y_lab_add_paramcd, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_flag(subtitle_add_paramcd, null.ok = TRUE)
  if ((!is.null(y_lab) && y_lab_add_paramcd) || (!is.null(subtitle) && subtitle_add_paramcd)) {
    checkmate::assert_false(is.na(paramcd))
    checkmate::assert_scalar(unique(df[[paramcd]]))
  }

  checkmate::assert_flag(y_lab_add_unit, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_flag(subtitle_add_unit, null.ok = TRUE)
  if ((!is.null(y_lab) && y_lab_add_unit) || (!is.null(subtitle) && subtitle_add_unit)) {
    checkmate::assert_false(is.na(y_unit))
    checkmate::assert_scalar(unique(df[[y_unit]]))
  }

  if (!is.null(strata) && !is.null(alt_counts_df)) {
    checkmate::assert_set_equal(unique(alt_counts_df[[strata]]), unique(df[[strata]]))
  }

  ####################################### |
  # ---- Compute required statistics ----
  ####################################### |
  if (!is.null(strata)) {
    df_grp <- tidyr::expand(df, .data[[strata]], .data[[x]]) # expand based on levels of factors
  } else {
    df_grp <- tidyr::expand(df, NULL, .data[[x]])
  }
  df_grp <- df_grp %>%
    dplyr::full_join(y = df[, c(strata, x, y)], by = c(strata, x), multiple = "all") %>%
    dplyr::group_by_at(c(strata, x))

  df_stats <- df_grp %>%
    dplyr::summarise(
      data.frame(t(do.call(c, unname(sfun(.data[[y]], ...)[c(mid, interval)])))),
      .groups = "drop"
    )

  df_stats <- df_stats[!is.na(df_stats[[mid]]), ]

  # add number of objects N in strata
  if (!is.null(strata) && !is.null(alt_counts_df)) {
    strata_N <- paste0(strata, "_N") # nolint

    df_N <- as.data.frame(table(alt_counts_df[[strata]], exclude = c(NA, NaN, Inf))) # nolint
    colnames(df_N) <- c(strata, "N") # nolint
    df_N[[strata_N]] <- paste0(df_N[[strata]], " (N = ", df_N$N, ")") # nolint

    # strata_N should not be in clonames(df_stats)
    checkmate::assert_disjunct(strata_N, colnames(df_stats))

    df_stats <- merge(x = df_stats, y = df_N[, c(strata, strata_N)], by = strata)
  } else if (!is.null(strata)) {
    strata_N <- strata # nolint
  } else {
    strata_N <- NULL # nolint
  }

  ############################################### |
  # ---- Prepare certain plot's properties. ----
  ############################################### |
  # legend title
  if (is.null(legend_title) && !is.null(strata) && legend_position != "none") {
    legend_title <- attr(df[[strata]], "label")
  }

  # y label
  if (!is.null(y_lab)) {
    if (y_lab_add_paramcd) {
      y_lab <- paste(y_lab, unique(df[[paramcd]]))
    }

    if (y_lab_add_unit) {
      y_lab <- paste0(y_lab, " (", unique(df[[y_unit]]), ")")
    }

    y_lab <- trimws(y_lab)
  }

  # subtitle
  if (!is.null(subtitle)) {
    if (subtitle_add_paramcd) {
      subtitle <- paste(subtitle, unique(df[[paramcd]]))
    }

    if (subtitle_add_unit) {
      subtitle <- paste0(subtitle, " (", unique(df[[y_unit]]), ")")
    }

    subtitle <- trimws(subtitle)
  }

  ############################### |
  # ---- Build plot object. ----
  ############################### |
  p <- ggplot2::ggplot(
    data = df_stats,
    mapping = ggplot2::aes(
      x = .data[[x]], y = .data[[mid]],
      color = if (is.null(strata_N)) NULL else .data[[strata_N]],
      shape = if (is.null(strata_N)) NULL else .data[[strata_N]],
      lty = if (is.null(strata_N)) NULL else .data[[strata_N]],
      group = if (is.null(strata_N)) NULL else .data[[strata_N]]
    )
  )

  if (!is.null(mid)) {
    # points
    if (grepl("p", mid_type, fixed = TRUE)) {
      p <- p + ggplot2::geom_point(position = position, size = mid_point_size, na.rm = TRUE)
    }

    # lines
    # further conditions in if are to ensure that not all of the groups consist of only one observation
    if (grepl("l", mid_type, fixed = TRUE) &&
      !is.null(strata) &&
      !all(dplyr::summarise(df_grp, count_n = dplyr::n())[["count_n"]] == 1L)) {
      p <- p + ggplot2::geom_line(position = position, na.rm = TRUE)
    }
  }

  # interval
  if (!is.null(interval)) {
    p <- p +
      ggplot2::geom_errorbar(
        ggplot2::aes(ymin = .data[[whiskers[1]]], ymax = .data[[whiskers[max(1, length(whiskers))]]]),
        width = 0.45,
        position = position
      )

    if (length(whiskers) == 1) { # lwr or upr only; mid is then required
      # workaround as geom_errorbar does not provide single-direction whiskers
      p <- p +
        ggplot2::geom_linerange(
          data = df_stats[!is.na(df_stats[[whiskers]]), ], # as na.rm =TRUE does not suppress warnings
          ggplot2::aes(ymin = .data[[mid]], ymax = .data[[whiskers]]),
          position = position,
          na.rm = TRUE,
          show.legend = FALSE
        )
    }
  }

  p <- p +
    ggplot2::scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::comma, expand = ggplot2::expansion(c(0.25, .25))) +
    ggplot2::labs(
      title = title,
      subtitle = subtitle,
      caption = caption,
      color = legend_title,
      lty = legend_title,
      shape = legend_title,
      x = attr(df[[x]], "label"),
      y = y_lab
    )

  if (!is.null(col)) {
    p <- p +
      ggplot2::scale_color_manual(values = col)
  }

  if (!is.null(ggtheme)) {
    p <- p + ggtheme
  } else {
    p <- p +
      ggplot2::theme_bw() +
      ggplot2::theme(
        legend.key.width = grid::unit(1, "cm"),
        legend.position = legend_position,
        legend.direction = ifelse(
          legend_position %in% c("top", "bottom"),
          "horizontal",
          "vertical"
        )
      )
  }

  ############################################################# |
  # ---- Optionally, add table to the bottom of the plot. ----
  ############################################################# |
  if (!is.null(table)) {
    df_stats_table <- df_grp %>%
      dplyr::summarise(
        h_format_row(
          x = sfun(.data[[y]], ...)[table],
          format = table_format,
          labels = table_labels
        ),
        .groups = "drop"
      )

    stats_lev <- rev(setdiff(colnames(df_stats_table), c(strata, x)))

    df_stats_table <- df_stats_table %>%
      tidyr::pivot_longer(
        cols = -dplyr::all_of(c(strata, x)),
        names_to = "stat",
        values_to = "value",
        names_ptypes = list(stat = factor(levels = stats_lev))
      )

    tbl <- ggplot2::ggplot(
      df_stats_table,
      ggplot2::aes(x = .data[[x]], y = .data[["stat"]], label = .data[["value"]])
    ) +
      ggplot2::geom_text(size = table_font_size) +
      ggplot2::theme_bw() +
      ggplot2::theme(
        panel.border = ggplot2::element_blank(),
        panel.grid.major = ggplot2::element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor = ggplot2::element_blank(),
        axis.ticks = ggplot2::element_blank(),
        axis.title = ggplot2::element_blank(),
        axis.text.x = ggplot2::element_blank(),
        axis.text.y = ggplot2::element_text(margin = ggplot2::margin(t = 0, r = 0, b = 0, l = 5)),
        strip.text = ggplot2::element_text(hjust = 0),
        strip.text.x = ggplot2::element_text(margin = ggplot2::margin(1.5, 0, 1.5, 0, "pt")),
        strip.background = ggplot2::element_rect(fill = "grey95", color = NA),
        legend.position = "none"
      )

    if (!is.null(strata)) {
      tbl <- tbl + ggplot2::facet_wrap(facets = strata, ncol = 1)
    }

    # align plot and table
    cowplot::plot_grid(p, tbl, ncol = 1)
  } else {
    p
  }
}

#' Helper function to get the right formatting in the optional table in `g_lineplot`.
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @param x (named `list`)\cr list of numerical values to be formatted and optionally labeled.
#'   Elements of `x` must be `numeric` vectors.
#' @param format (named `character` or `NULL`)\cr format patterns for `x`. Names of the `format` must
#'   match the names of `x`. This parameter is passed directly to the `rtables::format_rcell`
#'   function through the `format` parameter.
#' @param labels (named `character` or `NULL`)\cr optional labels for `x`. Names of the `labels` must
#'   match the names of `x`. When a label is not specified for an element of `x`,
#'   then this function tries to use `label` or `names` (in this order) attribute of that element
#'   (depending on which one exists and it is not `NULL` or `NA` or `NaN`). If none of these attributes
#'   are attached to a given element of `x`, then the label is automatically generated.
#'
#' @return A single row `data.frame` object.
#'
#' @examples
#' mean_ci <- c(48, 51)
#' x <- list(mean = 50, mean_ci = mean_ci)
#' format <- c(mean = "xx.x", mean_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)")
#' labels <- c(mean = "My Mean")
#' h_format_row(x, format, labels)
#'
#' attr(mean_ci, "label") <- "Mean 95% CI"
#' x <- list(mean = 50, mean_ci = mean_ci)
#' h_format_row(x, format, labels)
#'
#' @export
h_format_row <- function(x, format, labels = NULL) {
  # cell: one row, one column data.frame
  format_cell <- function(x, format, label = NULL) {
    fc <- format_rcell(x = x, format = unlist(format))
    if (is.na(fc)) {
      fc <- "NA"
    }
    x_label <- attr(x, "label")
    if (!is.null(label) && !is.na(label)) {
      names(fc) <- label
    } else if (!is.null(x_label) && !is.na(x_label)) {
      names(fc) <- x_label
    } else if (length(x) == length(fc)) {
      names(fc) <- names(x)
    }
    as.data.frame(t(fc))
  }

  row <- do.call(
    cbind,
    lapply(
      names(x), function(xn) format_cell(x[[xn]], format = format[xn], label = labels[xn])
    )
  )

  row
}

#' Control Function for `g_lineplot` Function
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Default values for `variables` parameter in `g_lineplot` function.
#' A variable's default value can be overwritten for any variable.
#'
#' @param x (`character`)\cr x variable name.
#' @param y (`character`)\cr y variable name.
#' @param strata (`character` or `NA`)\cr strata variable name.
#' @param paramcd (`character` or `NA`)\cr `paramcd` variable name.
#' @param y_unit (`character` or `NA`)\cr `y_unit` variable name.
#'
#' @return A named character vector of variable names.
#'
#' @examples
#' control_lineplot_vars()
#' control_lineplot_vars(strata = NA)
#'
#' @export
control_lineplot_vars <- function(x = "AVISIT", y = "AVAL", strata = "ARM", paramcd = "PARAMCD", y_unit = "AVALU") {
  checkmate::assert_string(x)
  checkmate::assert_string(y)
  checkmate::assert_string(strata, na.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_string(paramcd, na.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_string(y_unit, na.ok = TRUE)

  variables <- c(x = x, y = y, strata = strata, paramcd = paramcd, y_unit = y_unit)
  return(variables)
}

#' Confidence Interval for Mean
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Convenient function for calculating the mean confidence interval. It calculates the arithmetic as well as the
#' geometric mean. It can be used as a `ggplot` helper function for plotting.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param n_min (`number`)\cr a minimum number of non-missing `x` to estimate the confidence interval for mean.
#' @param gg_helper (`logical`)\cr `TRUE` when output should be aligned for the use with `ggplot`.
#' @param geom_mean (`logical`)\cr `TRUE` when the geometric mean should be calculated.
#'
#' @return A named `vector` of values `mean_ci_lwr` and `mean_ci_upr`.
#'
#' @examples
#' stat_mean_ci(sample(10), gg_helper = FALSE)
#'
#' p <- ggplot2::ggplot(mtcars, ggplot2::aes(cyl, mpg)) +
#'   ggplot2::geom_point()
#'
#' p + ggplot2::stat_summary(
#'   fun.data = stat_mean_ci,
#'   geom = "errorbar"
#' )
#'
#' p + ggplot2::stat_summary(
#'   fun.data = stat_mean_ci,
#'   fun.args = list(conf_level = 0.5),
#'   geom = "errorbar"
#' )
#'
#' p + ggplot2::stat_summary(
#'   fun.data = stat_mean_ci,
#'   fun.args = list(conf_level = 0.5, geom_mean = TRUE),
#'   geom = "errorbar"
#' )
#'
#' @export
stat_mean_ci <- function(x,
                         conf_level = 0.95,
                         na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                         n_min = 2,
                         gg_helper = TRUE,
                         geom_mean = FALSE) {
  if (na.rm) {
    x <- stats::na.omit(x)
  }
  n <- length(x)

  if (!geom_mean) {
    m <- mean(x)
  } else {
    negative_values_exist <- any(is.na(x[!is.na(x)]) <- x[!is.na(x)] <= 0)
    if (negative_values_exist) {
      m <- NA_real_
    } else {
      x <- log(x)
      m <- mean(x)
    }
  }

  if (n < n_min || is.na(m)) {
    ci <- c(mean_ci_lwr = NA_real_, mean_ci_upr = NA_real_)
  } else {
    hci <- stats::qt((1 + conf_level) / 2, df = n - 1) * stats::sd(x) / sqrt(n)
    ci <- c(mean_ci_lwr = m - hci, mean_ci_upr = m + hci)
    if (geom_mean) {
      ci <- exp(ci)
    }
  }

  if (gg_helper) {
    m <- ifelse(is.na(m), NA_real_, m)
    ci <- data.frame(y = ifelse(geom_mean, exp(m), m), ymin = ci[[1]], ymax = ci[[2]])
  }

  return(ci)
}

#' Confidence Interval for Median
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Convenient function for calculating the median confidence interval. It can be used as a `ggplot` helper
#' function for plotting.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param gg_helper (`logical`)\cr `TRUE` when output should be aligned for the use with `ggplot`.
#'
#' @details The function was adapted from `DescTools/versions/0.99.35/source`
#'
#' @return A named `vector` of values `median_ci_lwr` and `median_ci_upr`.
#'
#' @examples
#' stat_median_ci(sample(10), gg_helper = FALSE)
#'
#' p <- ggplot2::ggplot(mtcars, ggplot2::aes(cyl, mpg)) +
#'   ggplot2::geom_point()
#' p + ggplot2::stat_summary(
#'   fun.data = stat_median_ci,
#'   geom = "errorbar"
#' )
#'
#' @export
stat_median_ci <- function(x,
                           conf_level = 0.95,
                           na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                           gg_helper = TRUE) {
  x <- unname(x)
  if (na.rm) {
    x <- x[!is.na(x)]
  }
  n <- length(x)
  med <- stats::median(x)

  k <- stats::qbinom(p = (1 - conf_level) / 2, size = n, prob = 0.5, lower.tail = TRUE)

  # k == 0 - for small samples (e.g. n <= 5) ci can be outside the observed range
  if (k == 0 || is.na(med)) {
    ci <- c(median_ci_lwr = NA_real_, median_ci_upr = NA_real_)
    empir_conf_level <- NA_real_
  } else {
    x_sort <- sort(x)
    ci <- c(median_ci_lwr = x_sort[k], median_ci_upr = x_sort[n - k + 1])
    empir_conf_level <- 1 - 2 * stats::pbinom(k - 1, size = n, prob = 0.5)
  }

  if (gg_helper) {
    ci <- data.frame(y = med, ymin = ci[[1]], ymax = ci[[2]])
  }

  attr(ci, "conf_level") <- empir_conf_level

  return(ci)
}

#' p-Value of the Mean
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Convenient function for calculating the two-sided p-value of the mean.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param n_min (`numeric`)\cr a minimum number of non-missing `x` to estimate the p-value of the mean.
#' @param test_mean (`numeric`)\cr mean value to test under the null hypothesis.
#'
#' @return A p-value.
#'
#' @examples
#' stat_mean_pval(sample(10))
#'
#' stat_mean_pval(rnorm(10), test_mean = 0.5)
#'
#' @export
stat_mean_pval <- function(x,
                           na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                           n_min = 2,
                           test_mean = 0) {
  if (na.rm) {
    x <- stats::na.omit(x)
  }
  n <- length(x)

  x_mean <- mean(x)
  x_sd <- stats::sd(x)

  if (n < n_min) {
    pv <- c(p_value = NA_real_)
  } else {
    x_se <- stats::sd(x) / sqrt(n)
    ttest <- (x_mean - test_mean) / x_se
    pv <- c(p_value = 2 * stats::pt(-abs(ttest), df = n - 1))
  }

  return(pv)
}

#' Proportion Difference and Confidence Interval
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Function for calculating the proportion (or risk) difference and confidence interval between arm
#' X (reference group) and arm Y. Risk difference is calculated by subtracting cumulative incidence
#' in arm Y from cumulative incidence in arm X.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param x (`list` of `integer`)\cr list of number of occurrences in arm X (reference group).
#' @param y (`list` of `integer`)\cr list of number of occurrences in arm Y. Must be of equal length to `x`.
#' @param N_x (`numeric`)\cr total number of records in arm X.
#' @param N_y (`numeric`)\cr total number of records in arm Y.
#' @param list_names (`character`)\cr names of each variable/level corresponding to pair of proportions in
#'   `x` and `y`. Must be of equal length to `x` and `y`.
#' @param pct (`flag`)\cr whether output should be returned as percentages. Defaults to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @return List of proportion differences and CIs corresponding to each pair of number of occurrences in `x` and
#'   `y`. Each list element consists of 3 statistics: proportion difference, CI lower bound, and CI upper bound.
#'
#' @seealso Split function [add_riskdiff()] which, when used as `split_fun` within [rtables::split_cols_by()]
#'   with `riskdiff` argument is set to `TRUE` in subsequent analyze functions, adds a column containing
#'   proportion (risk) difference to an `rtables` layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' stat_propdiff_ci(
#'   x = list(0.375), y = list(0.01), N_x = 5, N_y = 5, list_names = "x", conf_level = 0.9
#' )
#'
#' stat_propdiff_ci(
#'   x = list(0.5, 0.75, 1), y = list(0.25, 0.05, 0.5), N_x = 10, N_y = 20, pct = FALSE
#' )
#'
#' @export
stat_propdiff_ci <- function(x,
                             y,
                             N_x, # nolint
                             N_y, # nolint
                             list_names = NULL,
                             conf_level = 0.95,
                             pct = TRUE) {
  checkmate::assert_list(x, types = "numeric")
  checkmate::assert_list(y, types = "numeric", len = length(x))
  checkmate::assert_character(list_names, len = length(x), null.ok = TRUE)
  rd_list <- lapply(seq_along(x), function(i) {
    p_x <- x[[i]] / N_x
    p_y <- y[[i]] / N_y
    rd_ci <- p_x - p_y + c(-1, 1) * stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2) *
      sqrt(p_x * (1 - p_x) / N_x + p_y * (1 - p_y) / N_y)
    c(p_x - p_y, rd_ci) * ifelse(pct, 100, 1)
  })
  names(rd_list) <- list_names
  rd_list
}

#' Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern (STEP) Fit for Binary (Response) Outcome
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This fits the Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern logistic regression models for a binary
#' (response) outcome. The treatment arm variable must have exactly 2 levels,
#' where the first one is taken as reference and the estimated odds ratios are
#' for the comparison of the second level vs. the first one.
#'
#' The (conditional) logistic regression model which is fit is:
#'
#' `response ~ arm * poly(biomarker, degree) + covariates + strata(strata)`
#'
#' where `degree` is specified by `control_step()`.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param variables (named `list` of `character`)\cr list of analysis variables:
#'   needs `response`, `arm`, `biomarker`, and optional `covariates` and `strata`.
#' @param control (named `list`)\cr combined control list from [control_step()]
#'   and [control_logistic()].
#'
#' @return A matrix of class `step`. The first part of the columns describe the
#'   subgroup intervals used for the biomarker variable, including where the
#'   center of the intervals are and their bounds. The second part of the
#'   columns contain the estimates for the treatment arm comparison.
#'
#' @note For the default degree 0 the `biomarker` variable is not included in the model.
#'
#' @seealso [control_step()] and [control_logistic()] for the available
#'   customization options.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Testing dataset with just two treatment arms.
#' library(survival)
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adrs_f <- tern_ex_adrs %>%
#'   filter(
#'     PARAMCD == "BESRSPI",
#'     ARM %in% c("B: Placebo", "A: Drug X")
#'   ) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of ARM to have Placebo as reference arm for Odds Ratio calculations.
#'     ARM = droplevels(forcats::fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo")),
#'     RSP = case_when(AVALC %in% c("PR", "CR") ~ 1, TRUE ~ 0),
#'     SEX = factor(SEX)
#'   )
#'
#' variables <- list(
#'   arm = "ARM",
#'   biomarker = "BMRKR1",
#'   covariates = "AGE",
#'   response = "RSP"
#' )
#'
#' # Fit default STEP models: Here a constant treatment effect is estimated in each subgroup.
#' # We use a large enough bandwidth to avoid too small subgroups and linear separation in those.
#' step_matrix <- fit_rsp_step(
#'   variables = variables,
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   control = c(control_logistic(), control_step(bandwidth = 0.5))
#' )
#' dim(step_matrix)
#' head(step_matrix)
#'
#' # Specify different polynomial degree for the biomarker interaction to use more flexible local
#' # models. Or specify different logistic regression options, including confidence level.
#' step_matrix2 <- fit_rsp_step(
#'   variables = variables,
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   control = c(control_logistic(conf_level = 0.9), control_step(bandwidth = 0.6, degree = 1))
#' )
#'
#' # Use a global constant model. This is helpful as a reference for the subgroup models.
#' step_matrix3 <- fit_rsp_step(
#'   variables = variables,
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   control = c(control_logistic(), control_step(bandwidth = NULL, num_points = 2L))
#' )
#'
#' # It is also possible to use strata, i.e. use conditional logistic regression models.
#' variables2 <- list(
#'   arm = "ARM",
#'   biomarker = "BMRKR1",
#'   covariates = "AGE",
#'   response = "RSP",
#'   strata = c("STRATA1", "STRATA2")
#' )
#'
#' step_matrix4 <- fit_rsp_step(
#'   variables = variables2,
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   control = c(control_logistic(), control_step(bandwidth = 0.6))
#' )
#'
#' @export
fit_rsp_step <- function(variables,
                         data,
                         control = c(control_step(), control_logistic())) {
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")
  data <- data[!is.na(data[[variables$biomarker]]), ]
  window_sel <- h_step_window(x = data[[variables$biomarker]], control = control)
  interval_center <- window_sel$interval[, "Interval Center"]
  form <- h_step_rsp_formula(variables = variables, control = control)
  estimates <- if (is.null(control$bandwidth)) {
    h_step_rsp_est(
      formula = form,
      data = data,
      variables = variables,
      x = interval_center,
      control = control
    )
  } else {
    tmp <- mapply(
      FUN = h_step_rsp_est,
      x = interval_center,
      subset = as.list(as.data.frame(window_sel$sel)),
      MoreArgs = list(
        formula = form,
        data = data,
        variables = variables,
        control = control
      )
    )
    # Maybe we find a more elegant solution than this.
    rownames(tmp) <- c("n", "logor", "se", "ci_lower", "ci_upper")
    t(tmp)
  }
  result <- cbind(window_sel$interval, estimates)
  structure(
    result,
    class = c("step", "matrix"),
    variables = variables,
    control = control
  )
}

#' Convert List of Groups to Data Frame
#'
#' This converts a list of group levels into a data frame format which is expected by [rtables::add_combo_levels()].
#'
#' @param groups_list (named `list` of `character`)\cr specifies the new group levels via the names and the
#'   levels that belong to it in the character vectors that are elements of the list.
#'
#' @return [tibble::tibble()] in the required format.
#'
#' @examples
#' grade_groups <- list(
#'   "Any Grade (%)" = c("1", "2", "3", "4", "5"),
#'   "Grade 3-4 (%)" = c("3", "4"),
#'   "Grade 5 (%)" = "5"
#' )
#' groups_list_to_df(grade_groups)
#'
#' @export
groups_list_to_df <- function(groups_list) {
  checkmate::assert_list(groups_list, names = "named")
  lapply(groups_list, checkmate::assert_character)
  tibble::tibble(
    valname = make_names(names(groups_list)),
    label = names(groups_list),
    levelcombo = unname(groups_list),
    exargs = replicate(length(groups_list), list())
  )
}

#' Reference and Treatment Group Combination
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Facilitate the re-combination of groups divided as reference and treatment groups; it helps in arranging groups of
#' columns in the `rtables` framework and teal modules.
#'
#' @param fct (`factor`)\cr the variable with levels which needs to be grouped.
#' @param ref (`string`)\cr the reference level(s).
#' @param collapse (`string`)\cr a character string to separate `fct` and `ref`.
#'
#' @return A `list` with first item `ref` (reference) and second item `trt` (treatment).
#'
#' @examples
#' groups <- combine_groups(
#'   fct = DM$ARM,
#'   ref = c("B: Placebo")
#' )
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups) %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze_vars("AGE") %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#'
#' @export
combine_groups <- function(fct,
                           ref = NULL,
                           collapse = "/") {
  checkmate::assert_string(collapse)
  checkmate::assert_character(ref, min.chars = 1, any.missing = FALSE, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(fct, classes = c("factor", "character"))

  fct <- as_factor_keep_attributes(fct)

  group_levels <- levels(fct)
  if (is.null(ref)) {
    ref <- group_levels[1]
  } else {
    checkmate::assert_subset(ref, group_levels)
  }

  groups <- list(
    ref = group_levels[group_levels %in% ref],
    trt = group_levels[!group_levels %in% ref]
  )
  stats::setNames(groups, nm = lapply(groups, paste, collapse = collapse))
}

#' Split Columns by Groups of Levels
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams groups_list_to_df
#' @param ... additional arguments to [rtables::split_cols_by()] in order. For instance, to
#'   control formats (`format`), add a joint column for all groups (`incl_all`).
#'
#' @return A layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions. Adding
#'   this function to an `rtable` layout will add a column split including the given
#'   groups to the table layout.
#'
#' @seealso [rtables::split_cols_by()]
#'
#' @examples
#' # 1 - Basic use
#'
#' # Without group combination `split_cols_by_groups` is
#' # equivalent to [rtables::split_cols_by()].
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze("AGE") %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#'
#' # Add a reference column.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM", ref_group = "B: Placebo") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze(
#'     "AGE",
#'     afun = function(x, .ref_group, .in_ref_col) {
#'       if (.in_ref_col) {
#'         in_rows("Diff Mean" = rcell(NULL))
#'       } else {
#'         in_rows("Diff Mean" = rcell(mean(x) - mean(.ref_group), format = "xx.xx"))
#'       }
#'     }
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#'
#' # 2 - Adding group specification
#'
#' # Manual preparation of the groups.
#' groups <- list(
#'   "Arms A+B" = c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo"),
#'   "Arms A+C" = c("A: Drug X", "C: Combination")
#' )
#'
#' # Use of split_cols_by_groups without reference column.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups) %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze("AGE") %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#'
#' # Including differentiated output in the reference column.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups_list = groups, ref_group = "Arms A+B") %>%
#'   analyze(
#'     "AGE",
#'     afun = function(x, .ref_group, .in_ref_col) {
#'       if (.in_ref_col) {
#'         in_rows("Diff. of Averages" = rcell(NULL))
#'       } else {
#'         in_rows("Diff. of Averages" = rcell(mean(x) - mean(.ref_group), format = "xx.xx"))
#'       }
#'     }
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#'
#' # 3 - Binary list dividing factor levels into reference and treatment
#'
#' # `combine_groups` defines reference and treatment.
#' groups <- combine_groups(
#'   fct = DM$ARM,
#'   ref = c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")
#' )
#' groups
#'
#' # Use group definition without reference column.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups_list = groups) %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze("AGE") %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#'
#' # Use group definition with reference column (first item of groups).
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups, ref_group = names(groups)[1]) %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze(
#'     "AGE",
#'     afun = function(x, .ref_group, .in_ref_col) {
#'       if (.in_ref_col) {
#'         in_rows("Diff Mean" = rcell(NULL))
#'       } else {
#'         in_rows("Diff Mean" = rcell(mean(x) - mean(.ref_group), format = "xx.xx"))
#'       }
#'     }
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(DM)
#'
#' @export
split_cols_by_groups <- function(lyt,
                                 var,
                                 groups_list = NULL,
                                 ref_group = NULL,
                                 ...) {
  if (is.null(groups_list)) {
    split_cols_by(
      lyt = lyt,
      var = var,
      ref_group = ref_group,
      ...
    )
  } else {
    groups_df <- groups_list_to_df(groups_list)
    if (!is.null(ref_group)) {
      ref_group <- groups_df$valname[groups_df$label == ref_group]
    }
    split_cols_by(
      lyt = lyt,
      var = var,
      split_fun = add_combo_levels(groups_df, keep_levels = groups_df$valname),
      ref_group = ref_group,
      ...
    )
  }
}

#' Combine Counts
#'
#' Simplifies the estimation of column counts, especially when group combination is required.
#'
#' @inheritParams combine_groups
#' @inheritParams groups_list_to_df
#'
#' @return A `vector` of column counts.
#'
#' @seealso [combine_groups()]
#'
#' @examples
#' ref <- c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")
#' groups <- combine_groups(fct = DM$ARM, ref = ref)
#'
#' col_counts <- combine_counts(
#'   fct = DM$ARM,
#'   groups_list = groups
#' )
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups) %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze_vars("AGE") %>%
#'   build_table(DM, col_counts = col_counts)
#'
#' ref <- "A: Drug X"
#' groups <- combine_groups(fct = DM$ARM, ref = ref)
#' col_counts <- combine_counts(
#'   fct = DM$ARM,
#'   groups_list = groups
#' )
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups) %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze_vars("AGE") %>%
#'   build_table(DM, col_counts = col_counts)
#'
#' @export
combine_counts <- function(fct, groups_list = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(fct, classes = c("factor", "character"))

  fct <- as_factor_keep_attributes(fct)

  if (is.null(groups_list)) {
    y <- table(fct)
    y <- stats::setNames(as.numeric(y), nm = dimnames(y)[[1]])
  } else {
    y <- vapply(
      X = groups_list,
      FUN = function(x) sum(table(fct)[x]),
      FUN.VALUE = 1
    )
  }
  y
}

#' Helper Functions for Multivariate Logistic Regression
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper functions used in calculations for logistic regression.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param fit_glm (`glm`)\cr logistic regression model fitted by [stats::glm()] with "binomial" family.
#'   Limited functionality is also available for conditional logistic regression models fitted by
#'   [survival::clogit()], currently this is used only by [extract_rsp_biomarkers()].
#' @param x (`string` or `character`)\cr a variable or interaction term in `fit_glm` (depending on the
#'   helper function).
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(broom)
#'
#' adrs_f <- tern_ex_adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   filter(RACE %in% c("ASIAN", "WHITE", "BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN")) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     Response = case_when(AVALC %in% c("PR", "CR") ~ 1, TRUE ~ 0),
#'     RACE = factor(RACE),
#'     SEX = factor(SEX)
#'   )
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(formatters::var_labels(tern_ex_adrs), Response = "Response")
#' mod1 <- fit_logistic(
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   variables = list(
#'     response = "Response",
#'     arm = "ARMCD",
#'     covariates = c("AGE", "RACE")
#'   )
#' )
#' mod2 <- fit_logistic(
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   variables = list(
#'     response = "Response",
#'     arm = "ARMCD",
#'     covariates = c("AGE", "RACE"),
#'     interaction = "AGE"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @name h_logistic_regression
NULL

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to extract interaction variable names from a fitted
#'   model assuming only one interaction term.
#'
#' @return Vector of names of interaction variables.
#'
#' @export
h_get_interaction_vars <- function(fit_glm) {
  checkmate::assert_class(fit_glm, "glm")
  terms_name <- attr(stats::terms(fit_glm), "term.labels")
  terms_order <- attr(stats::terms(fit_glm), "order")
  interaction_term <- terms_name[terms_order == 2]
  checkmate::assert_string(interaction_term)
  strsplit(interaction_term, split = ":")[[1]]
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to get the right coefficient name from the
#'   interaction variable names and the given levels. The main value here is that the order
#'   of first and second variable is checked in the `interaction_vars` input.
#'
#' @param interaction_vars (`character` of length 2)\cr interaction variable names.
#' @param first_var_with_level (`character` of length 2)\cr the first variable name with
#'   the interaction level.
#' @param second_var_with_level (`character` of length 2)\cr the second variable name with
#'   the interaction level.
#'
#' @return Name of coefficient.
#'
#' @export
h_interaction_coef_name <- function(interaction_vars,
                                    first_var_with_level,
                                    second_var_with_level) {
  checkmate::assert_character(interaction_vars, len = 2, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_character(first_var_with_level, len = 2, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_character(second_var_with_level, len = 2, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_subset(c(first_var_with_level[1], second_var_with_level[1]), interaction_vars)

  first_name <- paste(first_var_with_level, collapse = "")
  second_name <- paste(second_var_with_level, collapse = "")
  if (first_var_with_level[1] == interaction_vars[1]) {
    paste(first_name, second_name, sep = ":")
  } else if (second_var_with_level[1] == interaction_vars[1]) {
    paste(second_name, first_name, sep = ":")
  }
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to calculate the odds ratio estimates
#'   for the case when both the odds ratio and the interaction variable are categorical.
#'
#' @param odds_ratio_var (`string`)\cr the odds ratio variable.
#' @param interaction_var (`string`)\cr the interaction variable.
#'
#' @return Odds ratio.
#'
#' @export
h_or_cat_interaction <- function(odds_ratio_var,
                                 interaction_var,
                                 fit_glm,
                                 conf_level = 0.95) {
  interaction_vars <- h_get_interaction_vars(fit_glm)
  checkmate::assert_string(odds_ratio_var)
  checkmate::assert_string(interaction_var)
  checkmate::assert_subset(c(odds_ratio_var, interaction_var), interaction_vars)
  checkmate::assert_vector(interaction_vars, len = 2)

  xs_level <- fit_glm$xlevels
  xs_coef <- stats::coef(fit_glm)
  xs_vcov <- stats::vcov(fit_glm)
  y <- list()
  for (var_level in xs_level[[odds_ratio_var]][-1]) {
    x <- list()
    for (ref_level in xs_level[[interaction_var]]) {
      coef_names <- paste0(odds_ratio_var, var_level)
      if (ref_level != xs_level[[interaction_var]][1]) {
        interaction_coef_name <- h_interaction_coef_name(
          interaction_vars,
          c(odds_ratio_var, var_level),
          c(interaction_var, ref_level)
        )
        coef_names <- c(
          coef_names,
          interaction_coef_name
        )
      }
      if (length(coef_names) > 1) {
        ones <- t(c(1, 1))
        est <- as.numeric(ones %*% xs_coef[coef_names])
        se <- sqrt(as.numeric(ones %*% xs_vcov[coef_names, coef_names] %*% t(ones)))
      } else {
        est <- xs_coef[coef_names]
        se <- sqrt(as.numeric(xs_vcov[coef_names, coef_names]))
      }
      or <- exp(est)
      ci <- exp(est + c(lcl = -1, ucl = 1) * stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2) * se)
      x[[ref_level]] <- list(or = or, ci = ci)
    }
    y[[var_level]] <- x
  }
  y
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to calculate the odds ratio estimates
#'   for the case when either the odds ratio or the interaction variable is continuous.
#'
#' @param at (`NULL` or `numeric`)\cr optional values for the interaction variable. Otherwise
#'   the median is used.
#'
#' @return Odds ratio.
#'
#' @note We don't provide a function for the case when both variables are continuous because
#'   this does not arise in this table, as the treatment arm variable will always be involved
#'   and categorical.
#'
#' @export
h_or_cont_interaction <- function(odds_ratio_var,
                                  interaction_var,
                                  fit_glm,
                                  at = NULL,
                                  conf_level = 0.95) {
  interaction_vars <- h_get_interaction_vars(fit_glm)
  checkmate::assert_string(odds_ratio_var)
  checkmate::assert_string(interaction_var)
  checkmate::assert_subset(c(odds_ratio_var, interaction_var), interaction_vars)
  checkmate::assert_vector(interaction_vars, len = 2)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(at, min.len = 1, null.ok = TRUE, any.missing = FALSE)
  xs_level <- fit_glm$xlevels
  xs_coef <- stats::coef(fit_glm)
  xs_vcov <- stats::vcov(fit_glm)
  xs_class <- attr(fit_glm$terms, "dataClasses")
  model_data <- fit_glm$model
  if (!is.null(at)) {
    checkmate::assert_set_equal(xs_class[interaction_var], "numeric")
  }
  y <- list()
  if (xs_class[interaction_var] == "numeric") {
    if (is.null(at)) {
      at <- ceiling(stats::median(model_data[[interaction_var]]))
    }

    for (var_level in xs_level[[odds_ratio_var]][-1]) {
      x <- list()
      for (increment in at) {
        coef_names <- paste0(odds_ratio_var, var_level)
        if (increment != 0) {
          interaction_coef_name <- h_interaction_coef_name(
            interaction_vars,
            c(odds_ratio_var, var_level),
            c(interaction_var, "")
          )
          coef_names <- c(
            coef_names,
            interaction_coef_name
          )
        }
        if (length(coef_names) > 1) {
          xvec <- t(c(1, increment))
          est <- as.numeric(xvec %*% xs_coef[coef_names])
          se <- sqrt(as.numeric(xvec %*% xs_vcov[coef_names, coef_names] %*% t(xvec)))
        } else {
          est <- xs_coef[coef_names]
          se <- sqrt(as.numeric(xs_vcov[coef_names, coef_names]))
        }
        or <- exp(est)
        ci <- exp(est + c(lcl = -1, ucl = 1) * stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2) * se)
        x[[as.character(increment)]] <- list(or = or, ci = ci)
      }
      y[[var_level]] <- x
    }
  } else {
    checkmate::assert_set_equal(xs_class[odds_ratio_var], "numeric")
    checkmate::assert_set_equal(xs_class[interaction_var], "factor")
    for (var_level in xs_level[[interaction_var]]) {
      coef_names <- odds_ratio_var
      if (var_level != xs_level[[interaction_var]][1]) {
        interaction_coef_name <- h_interaction_coef_name(
          interaction_vars,
          c(odds_ratio_var, ""),
          c(interaction_var, var_level)
        )
        coef_names <- c(
          coef_names,
          interaction_coef_name
        )
      }
      if (length(coef_names) > 1) {
        xvec <- t(c(1, 1))
        est <- as.numeric(xvec %*% xs_coef[coef_names])
        se <- sqrt(as.numeric(xvec %*% xs_vcov[coef_names, coef_names] %*% t(xvec)))
      } else {
        est <- xs_coef[coef_names]
        se <- sqrt(as.numeric(xs_vcov[coef_names, coef_names]))
      }
      or <- exp(est)
      ci <- exp(est + c(lcl = -1, ucl = 1) * stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2) * se)
      y[[var_level]] <- list(or = or, ci = ci)
    }
  }
  y
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to calculate the odds ratio estimates
#'   in case of an interaction. This is a wrapper for [h_or_cont_interaction()] and
#'   [h_or_cat_interaction()].
#'
#' @return Odds ratio.
#'
#' @export
h_or_interaction <- function(odds_ratio_var,
                             interaction_var,
                             fit_glm,
                             at = NULL,
                             conf_level = 0.95) {
  xs_class <- attr(fit_glm$terms, "dataClasses")
  if (any(xs_class[c(odds_ratio_var, interaction_var)] == "numeric")) {
    h_or_cont_interaction(
      odds_ratio_var,
      interaction_var,
      fit_glm,
      at = at,
      conf_level = conf_level
    )
  } else if (all(xs_class[c(odds_ratio_var, interaction_var)] == "factor")) {
    h_or_cat_interaction(
      odds_ratio_var,
      interaction_var,
      fit_glm,
      conf_level = conf_level
    )
  } else {
    stop("wrong interaction variable class, the interaction variable is not a numeric nor a factor")
  }
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to construct term labels from simple terms and the table
#'   of numbers of patients.
#'
#' @param terms (`character`)\cr simple terms.
#' @param table (`table`)\cr table containing numbers for terms.
#'
#' @return Term labels containing numbers of patients.
#'
#' @export
h_simple_term_labels <- function(terms,
                                 table) {
  checkmate::assert_true(is.table(table))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(terms, classes = c("factor", "character"))
  terms <- as.character(terms)
  term_n <- table[terms]
  paste0(terms, ", n = ", term_n)
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to construct term labels from interaction terms and the table
#'   of numbers of patients.
#'
#' @param terms1 (`character`)\cr terms for first dimension (rows).
#' @param terms2 (`character`)\cr terms for second dimension (rows).
#' @param any (`flag`)\cr whether any of `term1` and `term2` can be fulfilled to count the
#'   number of patients. In that case they can only be scalar (strings).
#'
#' @return Term labels containing numbers of patients.
#'
#' @export
h_interaction_term_labels <- function(terms1,
                                      terms2,
                                      table,
                                      any = FALSE) {
  checkmate::assert_true(is.table(table))
  checkmate::assert_flag(any)
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(terms1, classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(terms2, classes = c("factor", "character"))
  terms1 <- as.character(terms1)
  terms2 <- as.character(terms2)
  if (any) {
    checkmate::assert_scalar(terms1)
    checkmate::assert_scalar(terms2)
    paste0(
      terms1, " or ", terms2, ", n = ",
      # Note that we double count in the initial sum the cell [terms1, terms2], therefore subtract.
      sum(c(table[terms1, ], table[, terms2])) - table[terms1, terms2]
    )
  } else {
    term_n <- table[cbind(terms1, terms2)]
    paste0(terms1, " * ", terms2, ", n = ", term_n)
  }
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to tabulate the main effect
#'   results of a (conditional) logistic regression model.
#'
#' @return Tabulated main effect results from a logistic regression model.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_glm_simple_term_extract("AGE", mod1)
#' h_glm_simple_term_extract("ARMCD", mod1)
#'
#' @export
h_glm_simple_term_extract <- function(x, fit_glm) {
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(fit_glm, c("glm", "clogit"))
  checkmate::assert_string(x)

  xs_class <- attr(fit_glm$terms, "dataClasses")
  xs_level <- fit_glm$xlevels
  xs_coef <- summary(fit_glm)$coefficients
  stats <- if (inherits(fit_glm, "glm")) {
    c("estimate" = "Estimate", "std_error" = "Std. Error", "pvalue" = "Pr(>|z|)")
  } else {
    c("estimate" = "coef", "std_error" = "se(coef)", "pvalue" = "Pr(>|z|)")
  }
  # Make sure x is not an interaction term.
  checkmate::assert_subset(x, names(xs_class))
  x_sel <- if (xs_class[x] == "numeric") x else paste0(x, xs_level[[x]][-1])
  x_stats <- as.data.frame(xs_coef[x_sel, stats, drop = FALSE], stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
  colnames(x_stats) <- names(stats)
  x_stats$estimate <- as.list(x_stats$estimate)
  x_stats$std_error <- as.list(x_stats$std_error)
  x_stats$pvalue <- as.list(x_stats$pvalue)
  x_stats$df <- as.list(1)
  if (xs_class[x] == "numeric") {
    x_stats$term <- x
    x_stats$term_label <- if (inherits(fit_glm, "glm")) {
      formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[x], fill = TRUE)
    } else {
      # We just fill in here with the `term` itself as we don't have the data available.
      x
    }
    x_stats$is_variable_summary <- FALSE
    x_stats$is_term_summary <- TRUE
  } else {
    checkmate::assert_class(fit_glm, "glm")
    # The reason is that we don't have the original data set in the `clogit` object
    # and therefore cannot determine the `x_numbers` here.
    x_numbers <- table(fit_glm$data[[x]])
    x_stats$term <- xs_level[[x]][-1]
    x_stats$term_label <- h_simple_term_labels(x_stats$term, x_numbers)
    x_stats$is_variable_summary <- FALSE
    x_stats$is_term_summary <- TRUE
    main_effects <- car::Anova(fit_glm, type = 3, test.statistic = "Wald")
    x_main <- data.frame(
      pvalue = main_effects[x, "Pr(>Chisq)", drop = TRUE],
      term = xs_level[[x]][1],
      term_label = paste("Reference", h_simple_term_labels(xs_level[[x]][1], x_numbers)),
      df = main_effects[x, "Df", drop = TRUE],
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
    x_main$pvalue <- as.list(x_main$pvalue)
    x_main$df <- as.list(x_main$df)
    x_main$estimate <- list(numeric(0))
    x_main$std_error <- list(numeric(0))
    if (length(xs_level[[x]][-1]) == 1) {
      x_main$pvalue <- list(numeric(0))
      x_main$df <- list(numeric(0))
    }
    x_main$is_variable_summary <- TRUE
    x_main$is_term_summary <- FALSE
    x_stats <- rbind(x_main, x_stats)
  }
  x_stats$variable <- x
  x_stats$variable_label <- if (inherits(fit_glm, "glm")) {
    formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[x], fill = TRUE)
  } else {
    x
  }
  x_stats$interaction <- ""
  x_stats$interaction_label <- ""
  x_stats$reference <- ""
  x_stats$reference_label <- ""
  rownames(x_stats) <- NULL
  x_stats[c(
    "variable",
    "variable_label",
    "term",
    "term_label",
    "interaction",
    "interaction_label",
    "reference",
    "reference_label",
    "estimate",
    "std_error",
    "df",
    "pvalue",
    "is_variable_summary",
    "is_term_summary"
  )]
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to tabulate the interaction term
#'   results of a logistic regression model.
#'
#' @return Tabulated interaction term results from a logistic regression model.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_glm_interaction_extract("ARMCD:AGE", mod2)
#'
#' @export
h_glm_interaction_extract <- function(x, fit_glm) {
  vars <- h_get_interaction_vars(fit_glm)
  xs_class <- attr(fit_glm$terms, "dataClasses")

  checkmate::assert_string(x)

  # Only take two-way interaction
  checkmate::assert_vector(vars, len = 2)

  # Only consider simple case: first variable in interaction is arm, a categorical variable
  checkmate::assert_disjunct(xs_class[vars[1]], "numeric")

  xs_level <- fit_glm$xlevels
  xs_coef <- summary(fit_glm)$coefficients
  main_effects <- car::Anova(fit_glm, type = 3, test.statistic = "Wald")
  stats <- c("estimate" = "Estimate", "std_error" = "Std. Error", "pvalue" = "Pr(>|z|)")
  v1_comp <- xs_level[[vars[1]]][-1]
  if (xs_class[vars[2]] == "numeric") {
    x_stats <- as.data.frame(
      xs_coef[paste0(vars[1], v1_comp, ":", vars[2]), stats, drop = FALSE],
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
    colnames(x_stats) <- names(stats)
    x_stats$term <- v1_comp
    x_numbers <- table(fit_glm$data[[vars[1]]])
    x_stats$term_label <- h_simple_term_labels(v1_comp, x_numbers)
    v1_ref <- xs_level[[vars[1]]][1]
    term_main <- v1_ref
    ref_label <- h_simple_term_labels(v1_ref, x_numbers)
  } else if (xs_class[vars[2]] != "numeric") {
    v2_comp <- xs_level[[vars[2]]][-1]
    v1_v2_grid <- expand.grid(v1 = v1_comp, v2 = v2_comp)
    x_sel <- paste(
      paste0(vars[1], v1_v2_grid$v1),
      paste0(vars[2], v1_v2_grid$v2),
      sep = ":"
    )
    x_stats <- as.data.frame(xs_coef[x_sel, stats, drop = FALSE], stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
    colnames(x_stats) <- names(stats)
    x_stats$term <- paste(v1_v2_grid$v1, "*", v1_v2_grid$v2)
    x_numbers <- table(fit_glm$data[[vars[1]]], fit_glm$data[[vars[2]]])
    x_stats$term_label <- h_interaction_term_labels(v1_v2_grid$v1, v1_v2_grid$v2, x_numbers)
    v1_ref <- xs_level[[vars[1]]][1]
    v2_ref <- xs_level[[vars[2]]][1]
    term_main <- paste(vars[1], vars[2], sep = " * ")
    ref_label <- h_interaction_term_labels(v1_ref, v2_ref, x_numbers, any = TRUE)
  }
  x_stats$df <- as.list(1)
  x_stats$pvalue <- as.list(x_stats$pvalue)
  x_stats$is_variable_summary <- FALSE
  x_stats$is_term_summary <- TRUE
  x_main <- data.frame(
    pvalue = main_effects[x, "Pr(>Chisq)", drop = TRUE],
    term = term_main,
    term_label = paste("Reference", ref_label),
    df = main_effects[x, "Df", drop = TRUE],
    stringsAsFactors = FALSE
  )
  x_main$pvalue <- as.list(x_main$pvalue)
  x_main$df <- as.list(x_main$df)
  x_main$estimate <- list(numeric(0))
  x_main$std_error <- list(numeric(0))
  x_main$is_variable_summary <- TRUE
  x_main$is_term_summary <- FALSE

  x_stats <- rbind(x_main, x_stats)
  x_stats$variable <- x
  x_stats$variable_label <- paste(
    "Interaction of",
    formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[vars[1]], fill = TRUE),
    "*",
    formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[vars[2]], fill = TRUE)
  )
  x_stats$interaction <- ""
  x_stats$interaction_label <- ""
  x_stats$reference <- ""
  x_stats$reference_label <- ""
  rownames(x_stats) <- NULL
  x_stats[c(
    "variable",
    "variable_label",
    "term",
    "term_label",
    "interaction",
    "interaction_label",
    "reference",
    "reference_label",
    "estimate",
    "std_error",
    "df",
    "pvalue",
    "is_variable_summary",
    "is_term_summary"
  )]
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to tabulate the interaction
#'   results of a logistic regression model. This basically is a wrapper for
#'   [h_or_interaction()] and [h_glm_simple_term_extract()] which puts the results
#'   in the right data frame format.
#'
#' @return A `data.frame` of tabulated interaction term results from a logistic regression model.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_glm_inter_term_extract("AGE", "ARMCD", mod2)
#'
#' @export
h_glm_inter_term_extract <- function(odds_ratio_var,
                                     interaction_var,
                                     fit_glm,
                                     ...) {
  # First obtain the main effects.
  main_stats <- h_glm_simple_term_extract(odds_ratio_var, fit_glm)
  main_stats$is_reference_summary <- FALSE
  main_stats$odds_ratio <- NA
  main_stats$lcl <- NA
  main_stats$ucl <- NA

  # Then we get the odds ratio estimates and put into df form.
  or_numbers <- h_or_interaction(odds_ratio_var, interaction_var, fit_glm, ...)
  is_num_or_var <- attr(fit_glm$terms, "dataClasses")[odds_ratio_var] == "numeric"

  if (is_num_or_var) {
    # Numeric OR variable case.
    references <- names(or_numbers)
    n_ref <- length(references)

    extract_from_list <- function(l, name, pos = 1) {
      unname(unlist(
        lapply(or_numbers, function(x) {
          x[[name]][pos]
        })
      ))
    }
    or_stats <- data.frame(
      variable = odds_ratio_var,
      variable_label = unname(formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[odds_ratio_var], fill = TRUE)),
      term = odds_ratio_var,
      term_label = unname(formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[odds_ratio_var], fill = TRUE)),
      interaction = interaction_var,
      interaction_label = unname(formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[interaction_var], fill = TRUE)),
      reference = references,
      reference_label = references,
      estimate = NA,
      std_error = NA,
      odds_ratio = extract_from_list(or_numbers, "or"),
      lcl = extract_from_list(or_numbers, "ci", pos = "lcl"),
      ucl = extract_from_list(or_numbers, "ci", pos = "ucl"),
      df = NA,
      pvalue = NA,
      is_variable_summary = FALSE,
      is_term_summary = FALSE,
      is_reference_summary = TRUE
    )
  } else {
    # Categorical OR variable case.
    references <- names(or_numbers[[1]])
    n_ref <- length(references)

    extract_from_list <- function(l, name, pos = 1) {
      unname(unlist(
        lapply(or_numbers, function(x) {
          lapply(x, function(y) y[[name]][pos])
        })
      ))
    }
    or_stats <- data.frame(
      variable = odds_ratio_var,
      variable_label = unname(formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[odds_ratio_var], fill = TRUE)),
      term = rep(names(or_numbers), each = n_ref),
      term_label = h_simple_term_labels(rep(names(or_numbers), each = n_ref), table(fit_glm$data[[odds_ratio_var]])),
      interaction = interaction_var,
      interaction_label = unname(formatters::var_labels(fit_glm$data[interaction_var], fill = TRUE)),
      reference = unlist(lapply(or_numbers, names)),
      reference_label = unlist(lapply(or_numbers, names)),
      estimate = NA,
      std_error = NA,
      odds_ratio = extract_from_list(or_numbers, "or"),
      lcl = extract_from_list(or_numbers, "ci", pos = "lcl"),
      ucl = extract_from_list(or_numbers, "ci", pos = "ucl"),
      df = NA,
      pvalue = NA,
      is_variable_summary = FALSE,
      is_term_summary = FALSE,
      is_reference_summary = TRUE
    )
  }

  df <- rbind(
    main_stats[, names(or_stats)],
    or_stats
  )
  df[order(-df$is_variable_summary, df$term, -df$is_term_summary, df$reference), ]
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to tabulate the results including
#'   odds ratios and confidence intervals of simple terms.
#'
#' @return Tabulated statistics for the given variable(s) from the logistic regression model.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_logistic_simple_terms("AGE", mod1)
#'
#' @export
h_logistic_simple_terms <- function(x, fit_glm, conf_level = 0.95) {
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(fit_glm, c("glm", "clogit"))
  if (inherits(fit_glm, "glm")) {
    checkmate::assert_set_equal(fit_glm$family$family, "binomial")
  }
  terms_name <- attr(stats::terms(fit_glm), "term.labels")
  xs_class <- attr(fit_glm$terms, "dataClasses")
  interaction <- terms_name[which(!terms_name %in% names(xs_class))]
  checkmate::assert_subset(x, terms_name)
  if (length(interaction) != 0) {
    # Make sure any item in x is not part of interaction term
    checkmate::assert_disjunct(x, unlist(strsplit(interaction, ":")))
  }
  x_stats <- lapply(x, h_glm_simple_term_extract, fit_glm)
  x_stats <- do.call(rbind, x_stats)
  q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
  x_stats$odds_ratio <- lapply(x_stats$estimate, exp)
  x_stats$lcl <- Map(function(or, se) exp(log(or) - q_norm * se), x_stats$odds_ratio, x_stats$std_error)
  x_stats$ucl <- Map(function(or, se) exp(log(or) + q_norm * se), x_stats$odds_ratio, x_stats$std_error)
  x_stats$ci <- Map(function(lcl, ucl) c(lcl, ucl), lcl = x_stats$lcl, ucl = x_stats$ucl)
  x_stats
}

#' @describeIn h_logistic_regression Helper function to tabulate the results including
#'   odds ratios and confidence intervals of interaction terms.
#'
#' @return Tabulated statistics for the given variable(s) from the logistic regression model.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_logistic_inter_terms(c("RACE", "AGE", "ARMCD", "AGE:ARMCD"), mod2)
#'
#' @export
h_logistic_inter_terms <- function(x,
                                   fit_glm,
                                   conf_level = 0.95,
                                   at = NULL) {
  # Find out the interaction variables and interaction term.
  inter_vars <- h_get_interaction_vars(fit_glm)
  checkmate::assert_vector(inter_vars, len = 2)


  inter_term_index <- intersect(grep(inter_vars[1], x), grep(inter_vars[2], x))
  inter_term <- x[inter_term_index]

  # For the non-interaction vars we need the standard stuff.
  normal_terms <- setdiff(x, union(inter_vars, inter_term))

  x_stats <- lapply(normal_terms, h_glm_simple_term_extract, fit_glm)
  x_stats <- do.call(rbind, x_stats)
  q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
  x_stats$odds_ratio <- lapply(x_stats$estimate, exp)
  x_stats$lcl <- Map(function(or, se) exp(log(or) - q_norm * se), x_stats$odds_ratio, x_stats$std_error)
  x_stats$ucl <- Map(function(or, se) exp(log(or) + q_norm * se), x_stats$odds_ratio, x_stats$std_error)
  normal_stats <- x_stats
  normal_stats$is_reference_summary <- FALSE

  # Now the interaction term itself.
  inter_term_stats <- h_glm_interaction_extract(inter_term, fit_glm)
  inter_term_stats$odds_ratio <- NA
  inter_term_stats$lcl <- NA
  inter_term_stats$ucl <- NA
  inter_term_stats$is_reference_summary <- FALSE

  is_intervar1_numeric <- attr(fit_glm$terms, "dataClasses")[inter_vars[1]] == "numeric"

  # Interaction stuff.
  inter_stats_one <- h_glm_inter_term_extract(
    inter_vars[1],
    inter_vars[2],
    fit_glm,
    conf_level = conf_level,
    at = `if`(is_intervar1_numeric, NULL, at)
  )
  inter_stats_two <- h_glm_inter_term_extract(
    inter_vars[2],
    inter_vars[1],
    fit_glm,
    conf_level = conf_level,
    at = `if`(is_intervar1_numeric, at, NULL)
  )

  # Now just combine everything in one data frame.
  col_names <- c(
    "variable",
    "variable_label",
    "term",
    "term_label",
    "interaction",
    "interaction_label",
    "reference",
    "reference_label",
    "estimate",
    "std_error",
    "df",
    "pvalue",
    "odds_ratio",
    "lcl",
    "ucl",
    "is_variable_summary",
    "is_term_summary",
    "is_reference_summary"
  )
  df <- rbind(
    inter_stats_one[, col_names],
    inter_stats_two[, col_names],
    inter_term_stats[, col_names]
  )
  if (length(normal_terms) > 0) {
    df <- rbind(
      normal_stats[, col_names],
      df
    )
  }
  df$ci <- combine_vectors(df$lcl, df$ucl)
  df
}

#' Pairwise `CoxPH` model
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Summarize p-value, HR and CIs from stratified or unstratified `CoxPH` model.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams s_surv_time
#' @param strat (`character` or `NULL`)\cr variable names indicating stratification factors.
#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for comparison details, specified by using the helper function
#'   [control_coxph()]. Some possible parameter options are:
#'   * `pval_method` (`string`)\cr p-value method for testing hazard ratio = 1. Default method is `"log-rank"` which
#'     comes from [survival::survdiff()], can also be set to `"wald"` or `"likelihood"` (from [survival::coxph()]).
#'   * `ties` (`string`)\cr specifying the method for tie handling. Default is `"efron"`,
#'     can also be set to `"breslow"` or `"exact"`. See more in [survival::coxph()]
#'   * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level of the interval for HR.
#'
#' @name survival_coxph_pairwise
NULL

#' @describeIn survival_coxph_pairwise Statistics function which analyzes HR, CIs of HR and p-value of a `coxph` model.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_coxph_pairwise()` returns the statistics:
#'   * `pvalue`: p-value to test HR = 1.
#'   * `hr`: Hazard ratio.
#'   * `hr_ci`: Confidence interval for hazard ratio.
#'   * `n_tot`: Total number of observations.
#'   * `n_tot_events`: Total number of events.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adtte_f <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(is_event = CNSR == 0)
#' df <- adtte_f %>%
#'   filter(ARMCD == "ARM A")
#' df_ref_group <- adtte_f %>%
#'   filter(ARMCD == "ARM B")
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_coxph_pairwise <- function(df,
                             .ref_group,
                             .in_ref_col,
                             .var,
                             is_event,
                             strat = NULL,
                             control = control_coxph()) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]])
  checkmate::assert_logical(df[[is_event]])
  assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = .var, is_event = is_event))
  pval_method <- control$pval_method
  ties <- control$ties
  conf_level <- control$conf_level

  if (.in_ref_col) {
    return(
      list(
        pvalue = formatters::with_label("", paste0("p-value (", pval_method, ")")),
        hr = formatters::with_label("", "Hazard Ratio"),
        hr_ci = formatters::with_label("", f_conf_level(conf_level)),
        n_tot = formatters::with_label("", "Total n"),
        n_tot_events = formatters::with_label("", "Total events")
      )
    )
  }
  data <- rbind(.ref_group, df)
  group <- factor(rep(c("ref", "x"), c(nrow(.ref_group), nrow(df))), levels = c("ref", "x"))

  df_cox <- data.frame(
    tte = data[[.var]],
    is_event = data[[is_event]],
    arm = group
  )
  if (is.null(strat)) {
    formula_cox <- survival::Surv(tte, is_event) ~ arm
  } else {
    formula_cox <- stats::as.formula(
      paste0(
        "survival::Surv(tte, is_event) ~ arm + strata(",
        paste(strat, collapse = ","),
        ")"
      )
    )
    df_cox <- cbind(df_cox, data[strat])
  }
  cox_fit <- survival::coxph(
    formula = formula_cox,
    data = df_cox,
    ties = ties
  )
  sum_cox <- summary(cox_fit, conf.int = conf_level, extend = TRUE)
  orginal_survdiff <- survival::survdiff(
    formula_cox,
    data = df_cox
  )
  log_rank_pvalue <- 1 - pchisq(orginal_survdiff$chisq, length(orginal_survdiff$n) - 1)

  pval <- switch(pval_method,
    "wald" = sum_cox$waldtest["pvalue"],
    "log-rank" = log_rank_pvalue, # pvalue from original log-rank test survival::survdiff()
    "likelihood" = sum_cox$logtest["pvalue"]
  )
  list(
    pvalue = formatters::with_label(unname(pval), paste0("p-value (", pval_method, ")")),
    hr = formatters::with_label(sum_cox$conf.int[1, 1], "Hazard Ratio"),
    hr_ci = formatters::with_label(unname(sum_cox$conf.int[1, 3:4]), f_conf_level(conf_level)),
    n_tot = formatters::with_label(sum_cox$n, "Total n"),
    n_tot_events = formatters::with_label(sum_cox$nevent, "Total events")
  )
}

#' @describeIn survival_coxph_pairwise Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `coxph_pairwise()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_coxph_pairwise()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_coxph_pairwise <- make_afun(
  s_coxph_pairwise,
  .indent_mods = c(pvalue = 0L, hr = 0L, hr_ci = 1L, n_tot = 0L, n_tot_events = 0L),
  .formats = c(
    pvalue = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)",
    hr = "xx.xx",
    hr_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
    n_tot = "xx.xx",
    n_tot_events = "xx.xx"
  )
)

#' @describeIn survival_coxph_pairwise Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `coxph_pairwise()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_coxph_pairwise()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM A") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   coxph_pairwise(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     var_labels = "Unstratified Analysis"
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = adtte_f)
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM A") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   coxph_pairwise(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     var_labels = "Stratified Analysis",
#'     strat = "SEX",
#'     control = control_coxph(pval_method = "wald")
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = adtte_f)
#'
#' @export
coxph_pairwise <- function(lyt,
                           vars,
                           nested = TRUE,
                           ...,
                           var_labels = "CoxPH",
                           show_labels = "visible",
                           table_names = vars,
                           .stats = c("pvalue", "hr", "hr_ci"),
                           .formats = NULL,
                           .labels = NULL,
                           .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_coxph_pairwise,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )
  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Compare Variables Between Groups
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Comparison with a reference group for different `x` objects.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @note
#' * For factor variables, `denom` for factor proportions can only be `n` since the purpose is to compare proportions
#'   between columns, therefore a row-based proportion would not make sense. Proportion based on `N_col` would
#'   be difficult since we use counts for the chi-squared test statistic, therefore missing values should be accounted
#'   for as explicit factor levels.
#' * If factor variables contain `NA`, these `NA` values are excluded by default. To include `NA` values
#'   set `na.rm = FALSE` and missing values will be displayed as an `NA` level. Alternatively, an explicit
#'   factor level can be defined for `NA` values during pre-processing via [df_explicit_na()] - the
#'   default `na_level` (`"<Missing>"`) will also be excluded when `na.rm` is set to `TRUE`.
#' * For character variables, automatic conversion to factor does not guarantee that the table
#'   will be generated correctly. In particular for sparse tables this very likely can fail.
#'   Therefore it is always better to manually convert character variables to factors during pre-processing.
#' * For `compare_vars()`, the column split must define a reference group via `ref_group` so that the comparison
#'   is well defined.
#'
#' @seealso Relevant constructor function [create_afun_compare()], [s_summary()] which is used internally
#'   to compute a summary within `s_compare()`, and [a_compare()] which is used (with `compare = TRUE`) as the analysis
#'   function for `compare_vars()`.
#'
#' @name compare_variables
#' @include analyze_variables.R
NULL

#' @describeIn compare_variables S3 generic function to produce a comparison summary.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_compare()` returns output of [s_summary()] and comparisons versus the reference group in the form of p-values.
#'
#' @export
s_compare <- function(x,
                      .ref_group,
                      .in_ref_col,
                      ...) {
  UseMethod("s_compare", x)
}

#' @describeIn compare_variables Method for `numeric` class. This uses the standard t-test
#'   to calculate the p-value.
#'
#' @method s_compare numeric
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_compare.numeric`
#'
#' ## Usual case where both this and the reference group vector have more than 1 value.
#' s_compare(rnorm(10, 5, 1), .ref_group = rnorm(5, -5, 1), .in_ref_col = FALSE)
#'
#' ## If one group has not more than 1 value, then p-value is not calculated.
#' s_compare(rnorm(10, 5, 1), .ref_group = 1, .in_ref_col = FALSE)
#'
#' ## Empty numeric does not fail, it returns NA-filled items and no p-value.
#' s_compare(numeric(), .ref_group = numeric(), .in_ref_col = FALSE)
#'
#' @export
s_compare.numeric <- function(x,
                              .ref_group,
                              .in_ref_col,
                              ...) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(.ref_group)
  checkmate::assert_flag(.in_ref_col)

  y <- s_summary.numeric(x = x, ...)

  y$pval <- if (!.in_ref_col && n_available(x) > 1 && n_available(.ref_group) > 1) {
    stats::t.test(x, .ref_group)$p.value
  } else {
    character()
  }

  y
}

#' @describeIn compare_variables Method for `factor` class. This uses the chi-squared test
#'   to calculate the p-value.
#'
#' @param denom (`string`)\cr choice of denominator for factor proportions,
#'   can only be `n` (number of values in this row and column intersection).
#'
#' @method s_compare factor
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_compare.factor`
#'
#' ## Basic usage:
#' x <- factor(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a"))
#' y <- factor(c("a", "b", "c"))
#' s_compare(x = x, .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE)
#'
#' ## Management of NA values.
#' x <- explicit_na(factor(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a", NA, NA)))
#' y <- explicit_na(factor(c("a", "b", "c", NA)))
#' s_compare(x = x, .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE, na.rm = TRUE)
#' s_compare(x = x, .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE, na.rm = FALSE)
#'
#' @export
s_compare.factor <- function(x,
                             .ref_group,
                             .in_ref_col,
                             denom = "n",
                             na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                             ...) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(.in_ref_col)
  assert_valid_factor(x)
  assert_valid_factor(.ref_group)
  denom <- match.arg(denom)

  y <- s_summary.factor(
    x = x,
    denom = denom,
    na.rm = na.rm,
    ...
  )

  if (na.rm) {
    x <- x[!is.na(x)] %>% fct_discard("<Missing>")
    .ref_group <- .ref_group[!is.na(.ref_group)] %>% fct_discard("<Missing>")
  } else {
    x <- x %>% explicit_na(label = "NA")
    .ref_group <- .ref_group %>% explicit_na(label = "NA")
  }

  if ("NA" %in% levels(x)) levels(.ref_group) <- c(levels(.ref_group), "NA")
  checkmate::assert_factor(x, levels = levels(.ref_group), min.levels = 2)

  y$pval_counts <- if (!.in_ref_col && length(x) > 0 && length(.ref_group) > 0) {
    tab <- rbind(table(x), table(.ref_group))
    res <- suppressWarnings(stats::chisq.test(tab))
    res$p.value
  } else {
    character()
  }

  y
}

#' @describeIn compare_variables Method for `character` class. This makes an automatic
#'   conversion to `factor` (with a warning) and then forwards to the method for factors.
#'
#' @param verbose (`logical`)\cr Whether warnings and messages should be printed. Mainly used
#'   to print out information about factor casting. Defaults to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @method s_compare character
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_compare.character`
#'
#' ## Basic usage:
#' x <- c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a")
#' y <- c("a", "b", "c")
#' s_compare(x, .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE, .var = "x", verbose = FALSE)
#'
#' ## Note that missing values handling can make a large difference:
#' x <- c("a", "a", "b", "c", "a", NA)
#' y <- c("a", "b", "c", rep(NA, 20))
#' s_compare(x,
#'   .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE,
#'   .var = "x", verbose = FALSE
#' )
#' s_compare(x,
#'   .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE, .var = "x",
#'   na.rm = FALSE, verbose = FALSE
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_compare.character <- function(x,
                                .ref_group,
                                .in_ref_col,
                                denom = "n",
                                na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                                .var,
                                verbose = TRUE,
                                ...) {
  x <- as_factor_keep_attributes(x, verbose = verbose)
  .ref_group <- as_factor_keep_attributes(.ref_group, verbose = verbose)
  s_compare(
    x = x,
    .ref_group = .ref_group,
    .in_ref_col = .in_ref_col,
    denom = denom,
    na.rm = na.rm,
    ...
  )
}

#' @describeIn compare_variables Method for `logical` class. A chi-squared test
#'   is used. If missing values are not removed, then they are counted as `FALSE`.
#'
#' @method s_compare logical
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_compare.logical`
#'
#' ## Basic usage:
#' x <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE)
#' y <- c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE)
#' s_compare(x, .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE)
#'
#' ## Management of NA values.
#' x <- c(NA, TRUE, FALSE)
#' y <- c(NA, NA, NA, NA, FALSE)
#' s_compare(x, .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE, na.rm = TRUE)
#' s_compare(x, .ref_group = y, .in_ref_col = FALSE, na.rm = FALSE)
#'
#' @export
s_compare.logical <- function(x,
                              .ref_group,
                              .in_ref_col,
                              na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                              denom = "n",
                              ...) {
  denom <- match.arg(denom)

  y <- s_summary.logical(
    x = x,
    na.rm = na.rm,
    denom = denom,
    ...
  )

  if (na.rm) {
    x <- stats::na.omit(x)
    .ref_group <- stats::na.omit(.ref_group)
  } else {
    x[is.na(x)] <- FALSE
    .ref_group[is.na(.ref_group)] <- FALSE
  }

  y$pval_counts <- if (!.in_ref_col && length(x) > 0 && length(.ref_group) > 0) {
    x <- factor(x, levels = c(TRUE, FALSE))
    .ref_group <- factor(.ref_group, levels = c(TRUE, FALSE))
    tbl <- rbind(table(x), table(.ref_group))
    suppressWarnings(prop_chisq(tbl))
  } else {
    character()
  }

  y
}

#' @describeIn compare_variables Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `compare_vars()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_compare()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @note `a_compare()` has been deprecated in favor of `a_summary()` with argument `compare` set to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `a_compare` deprecated - use `a_summary()` instead
#' a_compare(rnorm(10, 5, 1), .ref_group = rnorm(20, -5, 1), .stats = c("n", "pval"))
#'
#' @export
a_compare <- function(x,
                      .N_col, # nolint
                      .N_row, # nolint
                      .var = NULL,
                      .df_row = NULL,
                      .ref_group = NULL,
                      .in_ref_col = FALSE,
                      ...) {
  lifecycle::deprecate_warn(
    "0.8.3",
    "a_compare()",
    details = "Please use a_summary() with argument `compare` set to TRUE instead."
  )
  a_summary(
    x = x,
    .N_col = .N_col,
    .N_row = .N_row,
    .var = .var,
    .df_row = .df_row,
    .ref_group = .ref_group,
    .in_ref_col = .in_ref_col,
    compare = TRUE,
    ...
  )
}

#' Constructor Function for [compare_vars()]
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("deprecated")`
#'
#' Constructor function which creates a combined formatted analysis function.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param .indent_mods (named `vector` of `integer`)\cr indent modifiers for the labels. Each element of the vector
#'   should be a name-value pair with name corresponding to a statistic specified in `.stats` and value the indentation
#'   for that statistic's row label.
#'
#' @return Combined formatted analysis function for use in [compare_vars()].
#'
#' @note This function has been deprecated in favor of direct implementation of `a_summary()` with argument `compare`
#'   set to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @seealso [compare_vars()]
#'
#' @export
create_afun_compare <- function(.stats = NULL,
                                .formats = NULL,
                                .labels = NULL,
                                .indent_mods = NULL) {
  lifecycle::deprecate_warn(
    "0.8.5.9010",
    "create_afun_compare()",
    details = "Please use a_summary(compare = TRUE) directly instead."
  )
  function(x,
           .ref_group,
           .in_ref_col,
           ...,
           .var) {
    a_summary(x,
      compare = TRUE,
      .stats = .stats,
      .formats = .formats,
      .labels = .labels,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
      .ref_group = .ref_group,
      .in_ref_col = .in_ref_col,
      .var = .var, ...
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn compare_variables Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param ... arguments passed to `s_compare()`.
#' @param .indent_mods (named `vector` of `integer`)\cr indent modifiers for the labels. Each element of the vector
#'   should be a name-value pair with name corresponding to a statistic specified in `.stats` and value the indentation
#'   for that statistic's row label.
#'
#' @return
#' * `compare_vars()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_compare()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `compare_vars()` in `rtables` pipelines
#'
#' ## Default output within a `rtables` pipeline.
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM B") %>%
#'   compare_vars(c("AGE", "SEX"))
#' build_table(lyt, tern_ex_adsl)
#'
#' ## Select and format statistics output.
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM C") %>%
#'   compare_vars(
#'     vars = "AGE",
#'     .stats = c("mean_sd", "pval"),
#'     .formats = c(mean_sd = "xx.x, xx.x"),
#'     .labels = c(mean_sd = "Mean, SD")
#'   )
#' build_table(lyt, df = tern_ex_adsl)
#'
#' @export
compare_vars <- function(lyt,
                         vars,
                         var_labels = vars,
                         nested = TRUE,
                         ...,
                         na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                         na_level = NA_character_,
                         show_labels = "default",
                         table_names = vars,
                         section_div = NA_character_,
                         .stats = c("n", "mean_sd", "count_fraction", "pval"),
                         .formats = NULL,
                         .labels = NULL,
                         .indent_mods = NULL) {
  extra_args <- list(.stats = .stats, na.rm = na.rm, na_level = na_level, compare = TRUE, ...)
  if (!is.null(.formats)) extra_args[[".formats"]] <- .formats
  if (!is.null(.labels)) extra_args[[".labels"]] <- .labels
  if (!is.null(.indent_mods)) extra_args[[".indent_mods"]] <- .indent_mods

  analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = vars,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    afun = a_summary,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = extra_args,
    inclNAs = TRUE,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    section_div = section_div
  )
}

#' Missing Data
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Substitute missing data with a string or factor level.
#'
#' @param x (`factor` or `character` vector)\cr values for which any missing values should be substituted.
#' @param label (`character`)\cr string that missing data should be replaced with.
#'
#' @return `x` with any `NA` values substituted by `label`.
#'
#' @examples
#' explicit_na(c(NA, "a", "b"))
#' is.na(explicit_na(c(NA, "a", "b")))
#'
#' explicit_na(factor(c(NA, "a", "b")))
#' is.na(explicit_na(factor(c(NA, "a", "b"))))
#'
#' explicit_na(sas_na(c("a", "")))
#'
#' @export
explicit_na <- function(x, label = "<Missing>") {
  checkmate::assert_string(label)

  if (is.factor(x)) {
    x <- forcats::fct_na_value_to_level(x, label)
    forcats::fct_drop(x, only = label)
  } else if (is.character(x)) {
    x[is.na(x)] <- label
    x
  } else {
    stop("only factors and character vectors allowed")
  }
}

#' Convert Strings to `NA`
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' SAS imports missing data as empty strings or strings with whitespaces only. This helper function can be used to
#' convert these values to `NA`s.
#'
#' @inheritParams explicit_na
#' @param empty (`logical`)\cr if `TRUE` empty strings get replaced by `NA`.
#' @param whitespaces (`logical`)\cr if `TRUE` then strings made from whitespaces only get replaced with `NA`.
#'
#' @return `x` with `""` and/or whitespace-only values substituted by `NA`, depending on the values of
#'   `empty` and `whitespaces`.
#'
#' @examples
#' sas_na(c("1", "", " ", "   ", "b"))
#' sas_na(factor(c("", " ", "b")))
#'
#' is.na(sas_na(c("1", "", " ", "   ", "b")))
#'
#' @export
sas_na <- function(x, empty = TRUE, whitespaces = TRUE) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(empty)
  checkmate::assert_flag(whitespaces)

  if (is.factor(x)) {
    empty_levels <- levels(x) == ""
    if (empty && any(empty_levels)) levels(x)[empty_levels] <- NA

    ws_levels <- grepl("^\\s+$", levels(x))
    if (whitespaces && any(ws_levels)) levels(x)[ws_levels] <- NA

    x
  } else if (is.character(x)) {
    if (empty) x[x == ""] <- NA_character_

    if (whitespaces) x[grepl("^\\s+$", x)] <- NA_character_

    x
  } else {
    stop("only factors and character vectors allowed")
  }
}

#' Helper Functions for Tabulating Binary Response by Subgroup
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper functions that tabulate in a data frame statistics such as response rate
#' and odds ratio for population subgroups.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams response_subgroups
#' @param arm (`factor`)\cr the treatment group variable.
#'
#' @details Main functionality is to prepare data for use in a layout-creating function.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs)
#'
#' adrs_f <- adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   filter(ARM %in% c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")) %>%
#'   droplevels() %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of factor to make the placebo group the reference arm.
#'     ARM = fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo"),
#'     rsp = AVALC == "CR"
#'   )
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(adrs_labels, "Response")
#'
#' @name h_response_subgroups
NULL

#' @describeIn h_response_subgroups helper to prepare a data frame of binary responses by arm.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_proportion_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n`, `n_rsp`, and `prop`.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_proportion_df(
#'   c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE),
#'   arm = factor(c("A", "A", "B"), levels = c("A", "B"))
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_proportion_df <- function(rsp, arm) {
  checkmate::assert_logical(rsp)
  assert_valid_factor(arm, len = length(rsp))
  non_missing_rsp <- !is.na(rsp)
  rsp <- rsp[non_missing_rsp]
  arm <- arm[non_missing_rsp]

  lst_rsp <- split(rsp, arm)
  lst_results <- Map(function(x, arm) {
    if (length(x) > 0) {
      s_prop <- s_proportion(df = x)
      data.frame(
        arm = arm,
        n = length(x),
        n_rsp = unname(s_prop$n_prop[1]),
        prop = unname(s_prop$n_prop[2]),
        stringsAsFactors = FALSE
      )
    } else {
      data.frame(
        arm = arm,
        n = 0L,
        n_rsp = NA,
        prop = NA,
        stringsAsFactors = FALSE
      )
    }
  }, lst_rsp, names(lst_rsp))

  df <- do.call(rbind, args = c(lst_results, make.row.names = FALSE))
  df$arm <- factor(df$arm, levels = levels(arm))
  df
}

#' @describeIn h_response_subgroups summarizes proportion of binary responses by arm and across subgroups
#'    in a data frame. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`, passed as a named list and
#'    requires elements `rsp`, `arm` and optionally `subgroups`. `groups_lists` optionally specifies
#'    groupings for `subgroups` variables.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_proportion_subgroups_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n`, `n_rsp`, `prop`, `subgroup`,
#'   `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_proportion_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#'
#' # Define groupings for BMRKR2 levels.
#' h_proportion_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     BMRKR2 = list(
#'       "low" = "LOW",
#'       "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
#'       "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_proportion_subgroups_df <- function(variables,
                                      data,
                                      groups_lists = list(),
                                      label_all = "All Patients") {
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$rsp)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$arm)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$subgroups, null.ok = TRUE)
  assert_df_with_factors(data, list(val = variables$arm), min.levels = 2, max.levels = 2)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_string(label_all)

  # Add All Patients.
  result_all <- h_proportion_df(data[[variables$rsp]], data[[variables$arm]])
  result_all$subgroup <- label_all
  result_all$var <- "ALL"
  result_all$var_label <- label_all
  result_all$row_type <- "content"

  # Add Subgroups.
  if (is.null(variables$subgroups)) {
    result_all
  } else {
    l_data <- h_split_by_subgroups(data, variables$subgroups, groups_lists = groups_lists)

    l_result <- lapply(l_data, function(grp) {
      result <- h_proportion_df(grp$df[[variables$rsp]], grp$df[[variables$arm]])
      result_labels <- grp$df_labels[rep(1, times = nrow(result)), ]
      cbind(result, result_labels)
    })
    result_subgroups <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
    result_subgroups$row_type <- "analysis"

    rbind(
      result_all,
      result_subgroups
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn h_response_subgroups helper to prepare a data frame with estimates of
#'   the odds ratio between a treatment and a control arm.
#'
#' @inheritParams response_subgroups
#' @param strata_data (`factor`, `data.frame` or `NULL`)\cr required if stratified analysis is performed.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_odds_ratio_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `or`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `conf_level`, and
#'   optionally `pval` and `pval_label`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Unstratatified analysis.
#' h_odds_ratio_df(
#'   c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
#'   arm = factor(c("A", "A", "B", "B"), levels = c("A", "B"))
#' )
#'
#' # Include p-value.
#' h_odds_ratio_df(adrs_f$rsp, adrs_f$ARM, method = "chisq")
#'
#' # Stratatified analysis.
#' h_odds_ratio_df(
#'   rsp = adrs_f$rsp,
#'   arm = adrs_f$ARM,
#'   strata_data = adrs_f[, c("STRATA1", "STRATA2")],
#'   method = "cmh"
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_odds_ratio_df <- function(rsp, arm, strata_data = NULL, conf_level = 0.95, method = NULL) {
  assert_valid_factor(arm, n.levels = 2, len = length(rsp))

  df_rsp <- data.frame(
    rsp = rsp,
    arm = arm
  )

  if (!is.null(strata_data)) {
    strata_var <- interaction(strata_data, drop = TRUE)
    strata_name <- "strata"

    assert_valid_factor(strata_var, len = nrow(df_rsp))

    df_rsp[[strata_name]] <- strata_var
  } else {
    strata_name <- NULL
  }

  l_df <- split(df_rsp, arm)

  if (nrow(l_df[[1]]) > 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) > 0) {
    # Odds ratio and CI.
    result_odds_ratio <- s_odds_ratio(
      df = l_df[[2]],
      .var = "rsp",
      .ref_group = l_df[[1]],
      .in_ref_col = FALSE,
      .df_row = df_rsp,
      variables = list(arm = "arm", strata = strata_name),
      conf_level = conf_level
    )

    df <- data.frame(
      # Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
      arm = " ",
      n_tot = unname(result_odds_ratio$n_tot["n_tot"]),
      or = unname(result_odds_ratio$or_ci["est"]),
      lcl = unname(result_odds_ratio$or_ci["lcl"]),
      ucl = unname(result_odds_ratio$or_ci["ucl"]),
      conf_level = conf_level,
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )

    if (!is.null(method)) {
      # Test for difference.
      result_test <- s_test_proportion_diff(
        df = l_df[[2]],
        .var = "rsp",
        .ref_group = l_df[[1]],
        .in_ref_col = FALSE,
        variables = list(strata = strata_name),
        method = method
      )

      df$pval <- as.numeric(result_test$pval)
      df$pval_label <- obj_label(result_test$pval)
    }

    # In those cases cannot go through the model so will obtain n_tot from data.
  } else if (
    (nrow(l_df[[1]]) == 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) > 0) ||
      (nrow(l_df[[1]]) > 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) == 0)
  ) {
    df <- data.frame(
      # Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
      arm = " ",
      n_tot = sum(stats::complete.cases(df_rsp)),
      or = NA,
      lcl = NA,
      ucl = NA,
      conf_level = conf_level,
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
    if (!is.null(method)) {
      df$pval <- NA
      df$pval_label <- NA
    }
  } else {
    df <- data.frame(
      # Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
      arm = " ",
      n_tot = 0L,
      or = NA,
      lcl = NA,
      ucl = NA,
      conf_level = conf_level,
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )

    if (!is.null(method)) {
      df$pval <- NA
      df$pval_label <- NA
    }
  }

  df
}

#' @describeIn h_response_subgroups summarizes estimates of the odds ratio between a treatment and a control
#'   arm across subgroups in a data frame. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in
#'   `data`, passed as a named list and requires elements `rsp`, `arm` and optionally `subgroups`
#'   and `strat`. `groups_lists` optionally specifies groupings for `subgroups` variables.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `or`, `lcl`, `ucl`,
#'   `conf_level`, `subgroup`, `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Unstratified analysis.
#' h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#'
#' # Stratified analysis.
#' h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     rsp = "rsp",
#'     arm = "ARM",
#'     subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2"),
#'     strat = c("STRATA1", "STRATA2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#'
#' # Define groupings of BMRKR2 levels.
#' h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     rsp = "rsp",
#'     arm = "ARM",
#'     subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     BMRKR2 = list(
#'       "low" = "LOW",
#'       "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
#'       "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df <- function(variables,
                                      data,
                                      groups_lists = list(),
                                      conf_level = 0.95,
                                      method = NULL,
                                      label_all = "All Patients") {
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$rsp)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$arm)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$subgroups, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$strat, null.ok = TRUE)
  assert_df_with_factors(data, list(val = variables$arm), min.levels = 2, max.levels = 2)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_string(label_all)

  strata_data <- if (is.null(variables$strat)) {
    NULL
  } else {
    data[, variables$strat, drop = FALSE]
  }

  # Add All Patients.
  result_all <- h_odds_ratio_df(
    rsp = data[[variables$rsp]],
    arm = data[[variables$arm]],
    strata_data = strata_data,
    conf_level = conf_level,
    method = method
  )
  result_all$subgroup <- label_all
  result_all$var <- "ALL"
  result_all$var_label <- label_all
  result_all$row_type <- "content"

  if (is.null(variables$subgroups)) {
    result_all
  } else {
    l_data <- h_split_by_subgroups(data, variables$subgroups, groups_lists = groups_lists)

    l_result <- lapply(l_data, function(grp) {
      grp_strata_data <- if (is.null(variables$strat)) {
        NULL
      } else {
        grp$df[, variables$strat, drop = FALSE]
      }

      result <- h_odds_ratio_df(
        rsp = grp$df[[variables$rsp]],
        arm = grp$df[[variables$arm]],
        strata_data = grp_strata_data,
        conf_level = conf_level,
        method = method
      )
      result_labels <- grp$df_labels[rep(1, times = nrow(result)), ]
      cbind(result, result_labels)
    })

    result_subgroups <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
    result_subgroups$row_type <- "analysis"

    rbind(
      result_all,
      result_subgroups
    )
  }
}

#' Tabulate Biomarker Effects on Survival by Subgroup
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Tabulate the estimated effects of multiple continuous biomarker variables
#' across population subgroups.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams fit_coxreg_multivar
#' @inheritParams survival_duration_subgroups
#'
#' @details These functions create a layout starting from a data frame which contains
#'   the required statistics. The tables are then typically used as input for forest plots.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
#'
#' # Save variable labels before data processing steps.
#' adtte_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adtte)
#'
#' adtte_f <- adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     AVALU = as.character(AVALU),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' labels <- c("AVALU" = adtte_labels[["AVALU"]], "is_event" = "Event Flag")
#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- labels
#'
#' df <- extract_survival_biomarkers(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     strata = "STRATA1",
#'     covariates = "SEX",
#'     subgroups = "BMRKR2"
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' @name survival_biomarkers_subgroups
NULL

#' Prepares Survival Data Estimates for Multiple Biomarkers in a Single Data Frame
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Prepares estimates for number of events, patients and median survival times, as well as hazard ratio estimates,
#' confidence intervals and p-values, for multiple biomarkers across population subgroups in a single data frame.
#' `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`, passed as a named `list` and requires elements
#' `tte`, `is_event`, `biomarkers` (vector of continuous biomarker variables), and optionally `subgroups` and `strat`.
#' `groups_lists` optionally specifies groupings for `subgroups` variables.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams fit_coxreg_multivar
#' @inheritParams survival_duration_subgroups
#'
#' @return A `data.frame` with columns `biomarker`, `biomarker_label`, `n_tot`, `n_tot_events`,
#'   `median`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `conf_level`, `pval`, `pval_label`, `subgroup`, `var`,
#'   `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'
#' @seealso [h_coxreg_mult_cont_df()] which is used internally, [tabulate_survival_biomarkers()].
#'
#' @examples
#' # Typical analysis of two continuous biomarkers `BMRKR1` and `AGE`,
#' # in multiple regression models containing one covariate `RACE`,
#' # as well as one stratification variable `STRATA1`. The subgroups
#' # are defined by the levels of `BMRKR2`.
#'
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
#' adtte_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adtte)
#'
#' adtte_f <- adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     AVALU = as.character(AVALU),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' labels <- c("AVALU" = adtte_labels[["AVALU"]], "is_event" = "Event Flag")
#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- labels
#'
#' df <- extract_survival_biomarkers(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     strata = "STRATA1",
#'     covariates = "SEX",
#'     subgroups = "BMRKR2"
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' # Here we group the levels of `BMRKR2` manually.
#' df_grouped <- extract_survival_biomarkers(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     strata = "STRATA1",
#'     covariates = "SEX",
#'     subgroups = "BMRKR2"
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f,
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     BMRKR2 = list(
#'       "low" = "LOW",
#'       "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
#'       "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#' df_grouped
#'
#' @export
extract_survival_biomarkers <- function(variables,
                                        data,
                                        groups_lists = list(),
                                        control = control_coxreg(),
                                        label_all = "All Patients") {
  checkmate::assert_list(variables)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$subgroups, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_string(label_all)

  # Start with all patients.
  result_all <- h_coxreg_mult_cont_df(
    variables = variables,
    data = data,
    control = control
  )
  result_all$subgroup <- label_all
  result_all$var <- "ALL"
  result_all$var_label <- label_all
  result_all$row_type <- "content"
  if (is.null(variables$subgroups)) {
    # Only return result for all patients.
    result_all
  } else {
    # Add subgroups results.
    l_data <- h_split_by_subgroups(
      data,
      variables$subgroups,
      groups_lists = groups_lists
    )
    l_result <- lapply(l_data, function(grp) {
      result <- h_coxreg_mult_cont_df(
        variables = variables,
        data = grp$df,
        control = control
      )
      result_labels <- grp$df_labels[rep(1, times = nrow(result)), ]
      cbind(result, result_labels)
    })
    result_subgroups <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
    result_subgroups$row_type <- "analysis"
    rbind(
      result_all,
      result_subgroups
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn survival_biomarkers_subgroups Table-creating function which creates a table
#'   summarizing biomarker effects on survival by subgroup.
#'
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr containing all analysis variables, as returned by
#'   [extract_survival_biomarkers()].
#' @param vars (`character`)\cr the names of statistics to be reported among:
#'   * `n_tot_events`: Total number of events per group.
#'   * `n_tot`: Total number of observations per group.
#'   * `median`: Median survival time.
#'   * `hr`: Hazard ratio.
#'   * `ci`: Confidence interval of hazard ratio.
#'   * `pval`: p-value of the effect.
#'   Note, one of the statistics `n_tot` and `n_tot_events`, as well as both `hr` and `ci` are required.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` table summarizing biomarker effects on survival by subgroup.
#'
#' @note In contrast to [tabulate_survival_subgroups()] this tabulation function does
#'   not start from an input layout `lyt`. This is because internally the table is
#'   created by combining multiple subtables.
#'
#' @seealso [h_tab_surv_one_biomarker()] which is used internally, [extract_survival_biomarkers()].
#'
#' @examples
#' ## Table with default columns.
#' tabulate_survival_biomarkers(df)
#'
#' ## Table with a manually chosen set of columns: leave out "pval", reorder.
#' tab <- tabulate_survival_biomarkers(
#'   df = df,
#'   vars = c("n_tot_events", "ci", "n_tot", "median", "hr"),
#'   time_unit = as.character(adtte_f$AVALU[1])
#' )
#'
#' ## Finally produce the forest plot.
#' \donttest{
#' g_forest(tab, xlim = c(0.8, 1.2))
#' }
#'
#' @export
tabulate_survival_biomarkers <- function(df,
                                         vars = c("n_tot", "n_tot_events", "median", "hr", "ci", "pval"),
                                         time_unit = NULL,
                                         .indent_mods = 0L) {
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  checkmate::assert_character(df$biomarker)
  checkmate::assert_character(df$biomarker_label)
  checkmate::assert_subset(vars, c("n_tot", "n_tot_events", "median", "hr", "ci", "pval"))

  df_subs <- split(df, f = df$biomarker)
  tabs <- lapply(df_subs, FUN = function(df_sub) {
    tab_sub <- h_tab_surv_one_biomarker(
      df = df_sub,
      vars = vars,
      time_unit = time_unit,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods
    )
    # Insert label row as first row in table.
    label_at_path(tab_sub, path = row_paths(tab_sub)[[1]][1]) <- df_sub$biomarker_label[1]
    tab_sub
  })
  result <- do.call(rbind, tabs)

  n_tot_ids <- grep("^n_tot", vars)
  hr_id <- match("hr", vars)
  ci_id <- match("ci", vars)
  structure(
    result,
    forest_header = paste0(c("Higher", "Lower"), "\nBetter"),
    col_x = hr_id,
    col_ci = ci_id,
    col_symbol_size = n_tot_ids[1]
  )
}

#' Defaults for statistical method names and their associated formats & labels
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
#'
#' Utility functions to get valid statistic methods for different method groups
#' (`.stats`) and their associated formats (`.formats`) and labels (`.labels`). This utility
#' is used across `tern`, but some of its working principles can be seen in [analyze_vars()].
#' See notes to understand why this is experimental.
#'
#' @param stats (`character`)\cr statistical methods to get defaults formats or labels for.
#'
#' @details
#' Current choices for `type` are `counts` and `numeric` for [analyze_vars()] and affect `get_stats()`.
#'
#' @note
#' These defaults are experimental because we use the names of functions to retrieve the default
#' statistics. This should be generalized in groups of methods according to more reasonable groupings.
#'
#' @name default_stats_formats_labels
NULL

#' @describeIn default_stats_formats_labels Get defaults statistical methods for different
#'   groups of methods.
#'
#' @param method_groups (`character`)\cr indicates the group of statistical methods that
#'   we need the defaults from. A character vector can be used to collect more than one group of statistical
#'   methods.
#' @param stats_in (`character`)\cr desired stats to be picked out from the selected method group.
#' @param add_pval (`flag`)\cr should `"pval"` or `"pval_counts"` (if `method_groups` contains
#'   `"analyze_vars_counts"`) be added to the statistical methods?
#'
#' @return
#' * `get_stats()` returns a character vector with all default statistical methods.
#'
#' @examples
#' # analyze_vars is numeric
#' num_stats <- get_stats("analyze_vars_numeric") # also the default
#'
#' # Other type
#' cnt_stats <- get_stats("analyze_vars_counts")
#'
#' # Weirdly taking the pval from count_occurrences
#' only_pval <- get_stats("count_occurrences", add_pval = TRUE, stats_in = "pval")
#'
#' # All count_occurrences
#' all_cnt_occ <- get_stats("count_occurrences")
#'
#' # Multiple
#' get_stats(c("count_occurrences", "analyze_vars_counts"))
#'
#' @export
get_stats <- function(method_groups = "analyze_vars_numeric", stats_in = NULL, add_pval = FALSE) {
  checkmate::assert_character(method_groups)
  checkmate::assert_character(stats_in, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_flag(add_pval)

  # Default is still numeric
  if (any(method_groups == "analyze_vars")) {
    method_groups[method_groups == "analyze_vars"] <- "analyze_vars_numeric"
  }

  type_tmp <- ifelse(any(grepl("counts", method_groups)), "counts", "numeric") # for pval checks

  # Defaults for loop
  out <- NULL

  # Loop for multiple method groups
  for (mgi in method_groups) {
    # Main switcher
    out_tmp <- switch(mgi,
      "count_occurrences" = c("count", "count_fraction_fixed_dp", "fraction"),
      "summarize_num_patients" = c("unique", "nonunique", "unique_count"),
      "analyze_vars_counts" = c("n", "count", "count_fraction", "n_blq"),
      "analyze_vars_numeric" = c(
        "n", "sum", "mean", "sd", "se", "mean_sd", "mean_se", "mean_ci", "mean_sei",
        "mean_sdi", "mean_pval", "median", "mad", "median_ci", "quantiles", "iqr",
        "range", "min", "max", "median_range", "cv", "geom_mean", "geom_mean_ci",
        "geom_cv"
      ),
      stop(
        "The selected method group (", mgi, ") has no default statistical method."
      )
    )
    out <- unique(c(out, out_tmp))
  }

  # If you added pval to the stats_in you certainly want it
  if (!is.null(stats_in) && any(grepl("^pval", stats_in))) {
    stats_in_pval_value <- stats_in[grepl("^pval", stats_in)]

    # Must be only one value between choices
    checkmate::assert_choice(stats_in_pval_value, c("pval", "pval_counts"))

    # Mismatch with counts and numeric
    if (any(grepl("counts", method_groups)) && stats_in_pval_value != "pval_counts" ||
      any(grepl("numeric", method_groups)) && stats_in_pval_value != "pval") {
      stop(
        "Inserted p-value (", stats_in_pval_value, ") is not valid for type ",
        type_tmp, ". Use ", paste(ifelse(stats_in_pval_value == "pval", "pval_counts", "pval")),
        " instead."
      )
    }

    # Lets add it even if present (thanks to unique)
    add_pval <- TRUE
  }

  # Mainly used in "analyze_vars" but it could be necessary elsewhere
  if (isTRUE(add_pval)) {
    if (any(grepl("counts", method_groups))) {
      out <- unique(c(out, "pval_counts"))
    } else {
      out <- unique(c(out, "pval"))
    }
  }

  # Filtering for stats_in (character vector)
  if (!is.null(stats_in)) {
    out <- intersect(stats_in, out) # It orders them too
  }

  # If intersect did not find matches (and no pval?) -> error
  if (length(out) == 0) {
    stop(
      "The selected method group(s) (", paste0(method_groups, collapse = ", "), ")",
      " do not have the required default statistical methods:\n",
      paste0(stats_in, collapse = " ")
    )
  }

  out
}

#' @describeIn default_stats_formats_labels Get formats from vector of statistical methods. If not
#'   present `NULL` is returned.
#'
#' @param formats_in (named `vector`) \cr inserted formats to replace defaults. It can be a
#'   character vector from [formatters::list_valid_format_labels()] or a custom format function.
#'
#' @return
#' * `get_formats_from_stats()` returns a named list of formats, they being a value from
#'   [formatters::list_valid_format_labels()] or a custom function (e.g. [formatting_functions]).
#'
#' @note Formats in `tern` and `rtables` can be functions that take in the table cell value and
#'   return a string. This is well documented in `vignette("custom_appearance", package = "rtables")`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Defaults formats
#' get_formats_from_stats(num_stats)
#' get_formats_from_stats(cnt_stats)
#' get_formats_from_stats(only_pval)
#' get_formats_from_stats(all_cnt_occ)
#'
#' # Addition of customs
#' get_formats_from_stats(all_cnt_occ, formats_in = c("fraction" = c("xx")))
#' get_formats_from_stats(all_cnt_occ, formats_in = list("fraction" = c("xx.xx", "xx")))
#'
#' @seealso [formatting_functions]
#'
#' @export
get_formats_from_stats <- function(stats, formats_in = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_character(stats, min.len = 1)
  # It may be a list if there is a function in the formats
  if (checkmate::test_list(formats_in, null.ok = TRUE)) {
    checkmate::assert_list(formats_in, null.ok = TRUE)
    # Or it may be a vector of characters
  } else {
    checkmate::assert_character(formats_in, null.ok = TRUE)
  }

  # Extract global defaults
  which_fmt <- match(stats, names(tern_default_formats))

  # Select only needed formats from stats
  ret <- vector("list", length = length(stats)) # Returning a list is simpler
  ret[!is.na(which_fmt)] <- tern_default_formats[which_fmt[!is.na(which_fmt)]]

  out <- setNames(ret, stats)

  # Modify some with custom formats
  if (!is.null(formats_in)) {
    # Stats is the main
    common_names <- intersect(names(out), names(formats_in))
    out[common_names] <- formats_in[common_names]
  }

  out
}

#' @describeIn default_stats_formats_labels Get labels from vector of statistical methods.
#'
#' @param labels_in (named `vector`) \cr inserted labels to replace defaults.
#'
#' @return
#' * `get_labels_from_stats()` returns a named character vector of default labels (if present
#'   otherwise `NULL`).
#'
#' @examples
#' # Defaults labels
#' get_labels_from_stats(num_stats)
#' get_labels_from_stats(cnt_stats)
#' get_labels_from_stats(only_pval)
#' get_labels_from_stats(all_cnt_occ)
#'
#' # Addition of customs
#' get_labels_from_stats(all_cnt_occ, labels_in = c("fraction" = "Fraction"))
#' get_labels_from_stats(all_cnt_occ, labels_in = list("fraction" = c("Some more fractions")))
#'
#' @export
get_labels_from_stats <- function(stats, labels_in = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_character(stats, min.len = 1)
  # It may be a list
  if (checkmate::test_list(labels_in, null.ok = TRUE)) {
    checkmate::assert_list(labels_in, null.ok = TRUE)
    # Or it may be a vector of characters
  } else {
    checkmate::assert_character(labels_in, null.ok = TRUE)
  }

  which_lbl <- match(stats, names(tern_default_labels))

  ret <- vector("character", length = length(stats)) # it needs to be a character vector
  ret[!is.na(which_lbl)] <- tern_default_labels[which_lbl[!is.na(which_lbl)]]

  out <- setNames(ret, stats)

  # Modify some with custom labels
  if (!is.null(labels_in)) {
    # Stats is the main
    common_names <- intersect(names(out), names(labels_in))
    out[common_names] <- labels_in[common_names]
  }

  out
}

#' @describeIn default_stats_formats_labels Named list of default formats for `tern`.
#' @format
#' * `tern_default_formats` is a list of available formats, named after their relevant
#'   statistic.
#' @export
tern_default_formats <- c(
  fraction = format_fraction_fixed_dp,
  unique = format_count_fraction_fixed_dp,
  nonunique = "xx",
  unique_count = "xx",
  n = "xx.",
  count = "xx.",
  count_fraction = format_count_fraction,
  count_fraction_fixed_dp = format_count_fraction_fixed_dp,
  n_blq = "xx.",
  sum = "xx.x",
  mean = "xx.x",
  sd = "xx.x",
  se = "xx.x",
  mean_sd = "xx.x (xx.x)",
  mean_se = "xx.x (xx.x)",
  mean_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
  mean_sei = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
  mean_sdi = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
  mean_pval = "xx.xx",
  median = "xx.x",
  mad = "xx.x",
  median_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
  quantiles = "xx.x - xx.x",
  iqr = "xx.x",
  range = "xx.x - xx.x",
  min = "xx.x",
  max = "xx.x",
  median_range = "xx.x (xx.x - xx.x)",
  cv = "xx.x",
  geom_mean = "xx.x",
  geom_mean_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
  geom_cv = "xx.x",
  pval = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)",
  pval_counts = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)"
)

#' @describeIn default_stats_formats_labels `character` vector that contains default labels
#'   for `tern`.
#' @format
#' * `tern_default_labels` is a character vector of available labels, named after their relevant
#'   statistic.
#' @export
tern_default_labels <- c(
  # list of labels -> sorted? xxx it should be not relevant due to match
  unique = "Number of patients with at least one event",
  nonunique = "Number of events",
  n = "n",
  count = "count",
  count_fraction = "count_fraction",
  n_blq = "n_blq",
  sum = "Sum",
  mean = "Mean",
  sd = "SD",
  se = "SE",
  mean_sd = "Mean (SD)",
  mean_se = "Mean (SE)",
  mean_ci = "Mean 95% CI",
  mean_sei = "Mean -/+ 1xSE",
  mean_sdi = "Mean -/+ 1xSD",
  mean_pval = "Mean p-value (H0: mean = 0)",
  median = "Median",
  mad = "Median Absolute Deviation",
  median_ci = "Median 95% CI",
  quantiles = "25% and 75%-ile",
  iqr = "IQR",
  range = "Min - Max",
  min = "Minimum",
  max = "Maximum",
  median_range = "Median (Min - Max)",
  cv = "CV (%)",
  geom_mean = "Geometric Mean",
  geom_mean_ci = "Geometric Mean 95% CI",
  geom_cv = "CV % Geometric Mean",
  pval = "p-value (t-test)", # Default for numeric
  pval_counts = "p-value (chi-squared test)" # Default for counts
)

# To deprecate ---------

#' @describeIn default_stats_formats_labels Quick function to retrieve default formats for summary statistics:
#'   [analyze_vars()] and [analyze_vars_in_cols()] principally.
#'
#' @param type (`flag`)\cr is it going to be `"numeric"` or `"counts"`?
#'
#' @return
#' * `summary_formats()` returns a named `vector` of default statistic formats for the given data type.
#'
#' @examples
#' summary_formats()
#' summary_formats(type = "counts", include_pval = TRUE)
#'
#' @export
summary_formats <- function(type = "numeric", include_pval = FALSE) {
  met_grp <- paste0(c("analyze_vars", type), collapse = "_")
  get_formats_from_stats(get_stats(met_grp, add_pval = include_pval))
}

#' @describeIn default_stats_formats_labels Quick function to retrieve default labels for summary statistics.
#'   Returns labels of descriptive statistics which are understood by `rtables`. Similar to `summary_formats`
#'
#' @param include_pval (`flag`)\cr deprecated parameter. Same as `add_pval`.
#' @return
#' * `summary_labels` returns a named `vector` of default statistic labels for the given data type.
#'
#' @examples
#' summary_labels()
#' summary_labels(type = "counts", include_pval = TRUE)
#'
#' @export
summary_labels <- function(type = "numeric", include_pval = FALSE) {
  met_grp <- paste0(c("analyze_vars", type), collapse = "_")
  get_labels_from_stats(get_stats(met_grp, add_pval = include_pval))
}

#' @describeIn default_stats_formats_labels `r lifecycle::badge("deprecated")` Function to
#'   configure settings for default or custom summary statistics for a given data type. In
#'   addition to selecting a custom subset of statistics, the user can also set custom
#'   formats, labels, and indent modifiers for any of these statistics.
#'
#' @param stats_custom (`named vector` of `character`)\cr vector of statistics to include if
#'   not the defaults. This argument overrides `include_pval` and other custom value arguments
#'   such that only settings for these statistics will be returned.
#' @param formats_custom (`named vector` of `character`)\cr vector of custom statistics formats
#'   to use in place of the defaults defined in [`summary_formats()`]. Names should be a subset
#'   of the statistics defined in `stats_custom` (or default statistics if this is `NULL`).
#' @param labels_custom (`named vector` of `character`)\cr vector of custom statistics labels
#'   to use in place of the defaults defined in [`summary_labels()`]. Names should be a subset
#'   of the statistics defined in `stats_custom` (or default statistics if this is `NULL`).
#' @param indent_mods_custom (`integer` or `named vector` of `integer`)\cr vector of custom
#'   indentation modifiers for statistics to use instead of the default of `0L` for all statistics.
#'   Names should be a subset of the statistics defined in `stats_custom` (or default statistics
#'   if this is `NULL`). Alternatively, the same indentation modifier can be applied to all
#'   statistics by setting `indent_mods_custom` to a single integer value.
#'
#' @return
#' * `summary_custom` returns a `list` of 4 named elements: `stats`, `formats`, `labels`,
#'   and `indent_mods`.
#'
#' @examples
#' summary_custom()
#' summary_custom(type = "counts", include_pval = TRUE)
#' summary_custom(
#'   include_pval = TRUE, stats_custom = c("n", "mean", "sd", "pval"),
#'   labels_custom = c(sd = "Std. Dev."), indent_mods_custom = 3L
#' )
#'
#' @export
summary_custom <- function(type = "numeric",
                           include_pval = FALSE,
                           stats_custom = NULL,
                           formats_custom = NULL,
                           labels_custom = NULL,
                           indent_mods_custom = NULL) {
  lifecycle::deprecate_warn(
    "0.9.0.9001",
    "summary_custom()",
    details = "Please use `get_stats`, `get_formats_from_stats`, and `get_labels_from_stats` directly instead."
  )
  met_grp <- paste0(c("analyze_vars", type), collapse = "_")
  .stats <- get_stats(met_grp, stats_custom, add_pval = include_pval)
  .formats <- get_formats_from_stats(.stats, formats_custom)
  .labels <- get_labels_from_stats(.stats, labels_custom)
  .indent_mods <- stats::setNames(rep(0L, length(.stats)), .stats)

  if (!is.null(indent_mods_custom)) {
    if (is.null(names(indent_mods_custom)) && length(indent_mods_custom) == 1) {
      .indent_mods[names(.indent_mods)] <- indent_mods_custom
    } else {
      .indent_mods[names(indent_mods_custom)] <- indent_mods_custom
    }
  }

  list(
    stats = .stats,
    formats = .formats,
    labels = .labels,
    indent_mods = .indent_mods[.stats]
  )
}

#' Patient Counts with Abnormal Range Values by Baseline Status
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Primary analysis variable `.var` indicates the abnormal range result (`character` or `factor`), and additional
#' analysis variables are `id` (`character` or `factor`) and `baseline` (`character` or `factor`). For each
#' direction specified in `abnormal` (e.g. high or low) we condition on baseline range result and count
#' patients in the numerator and denominator as follows:
#'   * `Not <Abnormal>`
#'     * `denom`: the number of patients without abnormality at baseline (excluding those with missing baseline)
#'     * `num`:  the number of patients in `denom` who also have at least one abnormality post-baseline
#'   * `<Abnormal>`
#'     * `denom`: the number of patients with abnormality at baseline
#'     * `num`: the number of patients in `denom` who also have at least one abnormality post-baseline
#'   * `Total`
#'     * `denom`: the number of patients with at least one valid measurement post-baseline
#'     * `num`: the number of patients in `denom` who also have at least one abnormality post-baseline
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param abnormal (`character`)\cr identifying the abnormal range level(s) in `.var`.
#'
#' @note
#' * `df` should be filtered to include only post-baseline records.
#' * If the baseline variable or analysis variable contains `NA`, it is expected that `NA` has been
#'   conveyed to `na_level` appropriately beforehand with [df_explicit_na()] or [explicit_na()].
#'
#' @seealso Relevant description function [d_count_abnormal_by_baseline()].
#'
#' @name abnormal_by_baseline
NULL

#' Description Function for [s_count_abnormal_by_baseline()]
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Description function that produces the labels for [s_count_abnormal_by_baseline()].
#'
#' @inheritParams abnormal_by_baseline
#'
#' @return Abnormal category labels for [s_count_abnormal_by_baseline()].
#'
#' @examples
#' d_count_abnormal_by_baseline("LOW")
#'
#' @export
d_count_abnormal_by_baseline <- function(abnormal) {
  not_abn_name <- paste("Not", tolower(abnormal))
  abn_name <- paste0(toupper(substr(abnormal, 1, 1)), tolower(substring(abnormal, 2)))
  total_name <- "Total"

  list(
    not_abnormal = not_abn_name,
    abnormal = abn_name,
    total = total_name
  )
}

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_baseline Statistics function for a single `abnormal` level.
#'
#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr the explicit `na_level` argument you used in the pre-processing steps (maybe with
#'   [df_explicit_na()]). The default is `"<Missing>"`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_abnormal_by_baseline()` returns statistic `fraction` which is a named list with 3 labeled elements:
#'   `not_abnormal`, `abnormal`, and `total`. Each element contains a vector with `num` and `denom` patient counts.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_abnormal_by_baseline <- function(df,
                                         .var,
                                         abnormal,
                                         na_level = "<Missing>",
                                         variables = list(id = "USUBJID", baseline = "BNRIND")) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  checkmate::assert_string(abnormal)
  checkmate::assert_string(na_level)
  assert_df_with_variables(df, c(range = .var, variables))
  checkmate::assert_subset(names(variables), c("id", "baseline"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[variables$id]], classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[variables$baseline]], classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[.var]], classes = c("factor", "character"))

  # If input is passed as character, changed to factor
  df[[.var]] <- as_factor_keep_attributes(df[[.var]], na_level = na_level)
  df[[variables$baseline]] <- as_factor_keep_attributes(df[[variables$baseline]], na_level = na_level)

  assert_valid_factor(df[[.var]], any.missing = FALSE)
  assert_valid_factor(df[[variables$baseline]], any.missing = FALSE)

  # Keep only records with valid analysis value.
  df <- df[df[[.var]] != na_level, ]

  anl <- data.frame(
    id = df[[variables$id]],
    var = df[[.var]],
    baseline = df[[variables$baseline]],
    stringsAsFactors = FALSE
  )

  # Total:
  #  - Patients in denominator: have at least one valid measurement post-baseline.
  #  - Patients in numerator: have at least one abnormality.
  total_denom <- length(unique(anl$id))
  total_num <- length(unique(anl$id[anl$var == abnormal]))

  # Baseline NA records are counted only in total rows.
  anl <- anl[anl$baseline != na_level, ]

  # Abnormal:
  #   - Patients in denominator: have abnormality at baseline.
  #   - Patients in numerator: have abnormality at baseline AND
  #     have at least one abnormality post-baseline.
  abn_denom <- length(unique(anl$id[anl$baseline == abnormal]))
  abn_num <- length(unique(anl$id[anl$baseline == abnormal & anl$var == abnormal]))

  # Not abnormal:
  #   - Patients in denominator: do not have abnormality at baseline.
  #   - Patients in numerator: do not have abnormality at baseline AND
  #     have at least one abnormality post-baseline.
  not_abn_denom <- length(unique(anl$id[anl$baseline != abnormal]))
  not_abn_num <- length(unique(anl$id[anl$baseline != abnormal & anl$var == abnormal]))

  labels <- d_count_abnormal_by_baseline(abnormal)
  list(fraction = list(
    not_abnormal = formatters::with_label(c(num = not_abn_num, denom = not_abn_denom), labels$not_abnormal),
    abnormal = formatters::with_label(c(num = abn_num, denom = abn_denom), labels$abnormal),
    total = formatters::with_label(c(num = total_num, denom = total_denom), labels$total)
  ))
}

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_baseline Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_abnormal_by_baseline()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_abnormal_by_baseline()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_count_abnormal_by_baseline <- make_afun(
  s_count_abnormal_by_baseline,
  .formats = c(fraction = format_fraction)
)

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_baseline Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_abnormal_by_baseline()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_abnormal_by_baseline()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(1:6)),
#'   ANRIND = factor(c(rep("LOW", 4), "NORMAL", "HIGH")),
#'   BNRIND = factor(c("LOW", "NORMAL", "HIGH", NA, "LOW", "NORMAL"))
#' )
#' df <- df_explicit_na(df)
#'
#' # Layout creating function.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   count_abnormal_by_baseline(var = "ANRIND", abnormal = c(High = "HIGH")) %>%
#'   build_table(df)
#'
#' # Passing of statistics function and formatting arguments.
#' df2 <- data.frame(
#'   ID = as.character(c(1, 2, 3, 4)),
#'   RANGE = factor(c("NORMAL", "LOW", "HIGH", "HIGH")),
#'   BLRANGE = factor(c("LOW", "HIGH", "HIGH", "NORMAL"))
#' )
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   count_abnormal_by_baseline(
#'     var = "RANGE",
#'     abnormal = c(Low = "LOW"),
#'     variables = list(id = "ID", baseline = "BLRANGE"),
#'     .formats = c(fraction = "xx / xx"),
#'     .indent_mods = c(fraction = 2L)
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df2)
#'
#' @export
count_abnormal_by_baseline <- function(lyt,
                                       var,
                                       abnormal,
                                       nested = TRUE,
                                       ...,
                                       table_names = abnormal,
                                       .stats = NULL,
                                       .formats = NULL,
                                       .labels = NULL,
                                       .indent_mods = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_character(abnormal, len = length(table_names), names = "named")
  checkmate::assert_string(var)
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_abnormal_by_baseline,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = "fraction"
  )
  for (i in seq_along(abnormal)) {
    abn <- abnormal[i]
    lyt <- analyze(
      lyt = lyt,
      vars = var,
      var_labels = names(abn),
      afun = afun,
      nested = nested,
      table_names = table_names[i],
      extra_args = c(list(abnormal = abn), list(...)),
      show_labels = "visible"
    )
  }
  lyt
}

#' Occurrence Counts
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Functions for analyzing frequencies and fractions of occurrences for patients with occurrence
#' data. Primary analysis variables are the dictionary terms. All occurrences are counted for total
#' counts. Multiple occurrences within patient at the lowest term level displayed in the table are
#' counted only once.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @note By default, occurrences which don't appear in a given row split are dropped from the table and
#'   the occurrences in the table are sorted alphabetically per row split. Therefore, the corresponding layout
#'   needs to use `split_fun = drop_split_levels` in the `split_rows_by` calls. Use `drop = FALSE` if you would
#'   like to show all occurrences.
#'
#' @name count_occurrences
NULL

#' @describeIn count_occurrences Statistics function which counts number of patients that report an
#' occurrence.
#'
#' @param denom (`string`)\cr choice of denominator for patient proportions. Can be:
#'   - `N_col`: total number of patients in this column across rows
#'   - `n`: number of patients with any occurrences
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_occurrences()` returns a list with:
#'   * `count`: list of counts with one element per occurrence.
#'   * `count_fraction`: list of counts and fractions with one element per occurrence.
#'   * `fraction`: list of numerators and denominators with one element per occurrence.
#'
#' @examples
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 4)),
#'   MHDECOD = c("MH1", "MH2", "MH1", "MH1", "MH1", "MH3")
#' )
#'
#' N_per_col <- 4L
#'
#' # Count unique occurrences per subject.
#' s_count_occurrences(
#'   df,
#'   .N_col = N_per_col,
#'   .df_row = df,
#'   .var = "MHDECOD",
#'   id = "USUBJID"
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_count_occurrences <- function(df,
                                denom = c("N_col", "n"),
                                .N_col, # nolint
                                .df_row,
                                drop = TRUE,
                                .var = "MHDECOD",
                                id = "USUBJID") {
  checkmate::assert_flag(drop)
  assert_df_with_variables(df, list(range = .var, id = id))
  checkmate::assert_count(.N_col)
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[.var]], classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[id]], classes = c("factor", "character"))
  denom <- match.arg(denom)

  occurrences <- if (drop) {
    # Note that we don't try to preserve original level order here since a) that would required
    # more time to look up in large original levels and b) that would fail for character input variable.
    occurrence_levels <- sort(unique(.df_row[[.var]]))
    if (length(occurrence_levels) == 0) {
      stop(
        "no empty `.df_row` input allowed when `drop = TRUE`,",
        " please use `split_fun = drop_split_levels` in the `rtables` `split_rows_by` calls"
      )
    }
    factor(df[[.var]], levels = occurrence_levels)
  } else {
    df[[.var]]
  }
  ids <- factor(df[[id]])
  dn <- switch(denom,
    n = nlevels(ids),
    N_col = .N_col
  )
  has_occurrence_per_id <- table(occurrences, ids) > 0
  n_ids_per_occurrence <- as.list(rowSums(has_occurrence_per_id))
  list(
    count = n_ids_per_occurrence,
    count_fraction = lapply(
      n_ids_per_occurrence,
      function(i, denom) {
        if (i == 0 && denom == 0) {
          c(0, 0)
        } else {
          c(i, i / denom)
        }
      },
      denom = dn
    ),
    fraction = lapply(
      n_ids_per_occurrence,
      function(i, denom) c("num" = i, "denom" = denom),
      denom = dn
    )
  )
}

#' @describeIn count_occurrences Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_occurrences()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_occurrences()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' #  We need to ungroup `count_fraction` first so that the `rtables` formatting
#' # function `format_count_fraction()` can be applied correctly.
#' afun <- make_afun(a_count_occurrences, .ungroup_stats = c("count", "count_fraction", "fraction"))
#' afun(
#'   df,
#'   .N_col = N_per_col,
#'   .df_row = df,
#'   .var = "MHDECOD",
#'   id = "USUBJID"
#' )
#'
#' @export
a_count_occurrences <- make_afun(
  s_count_occurrences,
  .formats = c(count = "xx", count_fraction = format_count_fraction_fixed_dp, fraction = format_fraction_fixed_dp)
)

#' @describeIn count_occurrences Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_occurrences()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_occurrences()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(
#'     1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 4,
#'     6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8
#'   )),
#'   MHDECOD = c(
#'     "MH1", "MH2", "MH1", "MH1", "MH1", "MH3",
#'     "MH2", "MH2", "MH3", "MH1", "MH2", "MH4"
#'   ),
#'   ARM = rep(c("A", "B"), each = 6)
#' )
#' df_adsl <- df %>%
#'   select(USUBJID, ARM) %>%
#'   unique()
#'
#' # Create table layout
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   count_occurrences(vars = "MHDECOD", .stats = c("count_fraction"))
#'
#' # Apply table layout to data and produce `rtable` object
#' lyt %>%
#'   build_table(df, alt_counts_df = df_adsl) %>%
#'   prune_table()
#'
#' @export
count_occurrences <- function(lyt,
                              vars,
                              var_labels = vars,
                              show_labels = "hidden",
                              riskdiff = FALSE,
                              nested = TRUE,
                              ...,
                              table_names = vars,
                              .stats = "count_fraction",
                              .formats = NULL,
                              .labels = NULL,
                              .indent_mods = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(riskdiff)

  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_occurrences,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = .stats
  )

  extra_args <- if (isFALSE(riskdiff)) {
    list(...)
  } else {
    list(
      afun = list("s_count_occurrences" = afun),
      .stats = .stats,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
      s_args = list(...)
    )
  }

  analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = vars,
    afun = ifelse(isFALSE(riskdiff), afun, afun_riskdiff),
    var_labels = var_labels,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = extra_args
  )
}

#' Summarize Variables in Columns
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This analyze function uses the S3 generic function [s_summary()] to summarize different variables
#' that are arranged in columns. Additional standard formatting arguments are available. It is a
#' minimal wrapper for [rtables::analyze_colvars()]. The latter function is meant to add different
#' analysis methods for each column variables as different rows. To have the analysis methods as
#' column labels, please refer to [analyze_vars_in_cols()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param ... arguments passed to `s_summary()`.
#' @param .indent_mods (named `vector` of `integer`)\cr indent modifiers for the labels. Each element of the vector
#'   should be a name-value pair with name corresponding to a statistic specified in `.stats` and value the indentation
#'   for that statistic's row label.
#'
#' @return
#' A layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions, or to [rtables::build_table()].
#' Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will summarize the given variables, arrange the output
#' in columns, and add it to the table layout.
#'
#' @seealso [rtables::split_cols_by_multivar()] and [`analyze_colvars_functions`].
#'
#' @examples
#' dta_test <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = rep(1:6, each = 3),
#'   PARAMCD = rep("lab", 6 * 3),
#'   AVISIT = rep(paste0("V", 1:3), 6),
#'   ARM = rep(LETTERS[1:3], rep(6, 3)),
#'   AVAL = c(9:1, rep(NA, 9)),
#'   CHG = c(1:9, rep(NA, 9))
#' )
#'
#' ## Default output within a `rtables` pipeline.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("AVISIT") %>%
#'   split_cols_by_multivar(vars = c("AVAL", "CHG")) %>%
#'   summarize_colvars() %>%
#'   build_table(dta_test)
#'
#' ## Selection of statistics, formats and labels also work.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("AVISIT") %>%
#'   split_cols_by_multivar(vars = c("AVAL", "CHG")) %>%
#'   summarize_colvars(
#'     .stats = c("n", "mean_sd"),
#'     .formats = c("mean_sd" = "xx.x, xx.x"),
#'     .labels = c(n = "n", mean_sd = "Mean, SD")
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(dta_test)
#'
#' ## Use arguments interpreted by `s_summary`.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("AVISIT") %>%
#'   split_cols_by_multivar(vars = c("AVAL", "CHG")) %>%
#'   summarize_colvars(na.rm = FALSE) %>%
#'   build_table(dta_test)
#'
#' @export
summarize_colvars <- function(lyt,
                              ...,
                              na_level = NA_character_,
                              .stats = c("n", "mean_sd", "median", "range", "count_fraction"),
                              .formats = NULL,
                              .labels = NULL,
                              .indent_mods = NULL) {
  extra_args <- list(.stats = .stats, na_level = na_level, ...)
  if (!is.null(.formats)) extra_args[[".formats"]] <- .formats
  if (!is.null(.labels)) extra_args[[".labels"]] <- .labels
  if (!is.null(.indent_mods)) extra_args[[".indent_mods"]] <- .indent_mods

  analyze_colvars(
    lyt,
    afun = a_summary,
    extra_args = extra_args
  )
}

#' Multivariate Logistic Regression Table
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Layout-creating function which summarizes a logistic variable regression for binary outcome with
#' categorical/continuous covariates in model statement. For each covariate category (if categorical)
#' or specified values (if continuous), present degrees of freedom, regression parameter estimate and
#' standard error (SE) relative to reference group or category. Report odds ratios for each covariate
#' category or specified values and corresponding Wald confidence intervals as default but allow user
#' to specify other confidence levels. Report p-value for Wald chi-square test of the null hypothesis
#' that covariate has no effect on response in model containing all specified covariates.
#' Allow option to include one two-way interaction and present similar output for
#' each interaction degree of freedom.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param drop_and_remove_str (`character`)\cr string to be dropped and removed.
#'
#' @return A layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions, or to [rtables::build_table()].
#'   Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add a logistic regression variable summary to the table layout.
#'
#' @note For the formula, the variable names need to be standard `data.frame` column names without
#'   special characters.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(broom)
#'
#' adrs_f <- tern_ex_adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   filter(RACE %in% c("ASIAN", "WHITE", "BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN")) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     Response = case_when(AVALC %in% c("PR", "CR") ~ 1, TRUE ~ 0),
#'     RACE = factor(RACE),
#'     SEX = factor(SEX)
#'   )
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(formatters::var_labels(tern_ex_adrs), Response = "Response")
#' mod1 <- fit_logistic(
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   variables = list(
#'     response = "Response",
#'     arm = "ARMCD",
#'     covariates = c("AGE", "RACE")
#'   )
#' )
#' mod2 <- fit_logistic(
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   variables = list(
#'     response = "Response",
#'     arm = "ARMCD",
#'     covariates = c("AGE", "RACE"),
#'     interaction = "AGE"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' df <- tidy(mod1, conf_level = 0.99)
#' df2 <- tidy(mod2, conf_level = 0.99)
#'
#' # flagging empty strings with "_"
#' df <- df_explicit_na(df, na_level = "_")
#' df2 <- df_explicit_na(df2, na_level = "_")
#'
#' result1 <- basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_logistic(
#'     conf_level = 0.95,
#'     drop_and_remove_str = "_"
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = df)
#' result1
#'
#' result2 <- basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_logistic(
#'     conf_level = 0.95,
#'     drop_and_remove_str = "_"
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = df2)
#' result2
#'
#' @export
summarize_logistic <- function(lyt,
                               conf_level,
                               drop_and_remove_str = "",
                               .indent_mods = NULL) {
  # checks
  checkmate::assert_string(drop_and_remove_str)

  sum_logistic_variable_test <- logistic_summary_by_flag("is_variable_summary")
  sum_logistic_term_estimates <- logistic_summary_by_flag("is_term_summary", .indent_mods = .indent_mods)
  sum_logistic_odds_ratios <- logistic_summary_by_flag("is_reference_summary", .indent_mods = .indent_mods)
  split_fun <- drop_and_remove_levels(drop_and_remove_str)

  lyt <- logistic_regression_cols(lyt, conf_level = conf_level)
  lyt <- split_rows_by(lyt, var = "variable", labels_var = "variable_label", split_fun = split_fun)
  lyt <- sum_logistic_variable_test(lyt)
  lyt <- split_rows_by(lyt, var = "term", labels_var = "term_label", split_fun = split_fun)
  lyt <- sum_logistic_term_estimates(lyt)
  lyt <- split_rows_by(lyt, var = "interaction", labels_var = "interaction_label", split_fun = split_fun)
  lyt <- split_rows_by(lyt, var = "reference", labels_var = "reference_label", split_fun = split_fun)
  lyt <- sum_logistic_odds_ratios(lyt)
  lyt
}

#' Fit for Logistic Regression
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Fit a (conditional) logistic regression model.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr the data frame on which the model was fit.
#' @param response_definition (`string`)\cr the definition of what an event is in terms of `response`.
#'   This will be used when fitting the (conditional) logistic regression model on the left hand
#'   side of the formula.
#'
#' @return A fitted logistic regression model.
#'
#' @section Model Specification:
#'
#' The `variables` list needs to include the following elements:
#'   * `arm`: Treatment arm variable name.
#'   * `response`: The response arm variable name. Usually this is a 0/1 variable.
#'   * `covariates`: This is either `NULL` (no covariates) or a character vector of covariate variable names.
#'   * `interaction`: This is either `NULL` (no interaction) or a string of a single covariate variable name already
#'     included in `covariates`. Then the interaction with the treatment arm is included in the model.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adrs_f <- tern_ex_adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   filter(RACE %in% c("ASIAN", "WHITE", "BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN")) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     Response = case_when(AVALC %in% c("PR", "CR") ~ 1, TRUE ~ 0),
#'     RACE = factor(RACE),
#'     SEX = factor(SEX)
#'   )
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(formatters::var_labels(tern_ex_adrs), Response = "Response")
#' mod1 <- fit_logistic(
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   variables = list(
#'     response = "Response",
#'     arm = "ARMCD",
#'     covariates = c("AGE", "RACE")
#'   )
#' )
#' mod2 <- fit_logistic(
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   variables = list(
#'     response = "Response",
#'     arm = "ARMCD",
#'     covariates = c("AGE", "RACE"),
#'     interaction = "AGE"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @export
fit_logistic <- function(data,
                         variables = list(
                           response = "Response",
                           arm = "ARMCD",
                           covariates = NULL,
                           interaction = NULL,
                           strata = NULL
                         ),
                         response_definition = "response") {
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_subset(names(variables), c("response", "arm", "covariates", "interaction", "strata"))
  checkmate::assert_string(response_definition)
  checkmate::assert_true(grepl("response", response_definition))

  response_definition <- sub(
    pattern = "response",
    replacement = variables$response,
    x = response_definition,
    fixed = TRUE
  )
  form <- paste0(response_definition, " ~ ", variables$arm)
  if (!is.null(variables$covariates)) {
    form <- paste0(form, " + ", paste(variables$covariates, collapse = " + "))
  }
  if (!is.null(variables$interaction)) {
    checkmate::assert_string(variables$interaction)
    checkmate::assert_subset(variables$interaction, variables$covariates)
    form <- paste0(form, " + ", variables$arm, ":", variables$interaction)
  }
  if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
    strata_arg <- if (length(variables$strata) > 1) {
      paste0("I(interaction(", paste0(variables$strata, collapse = ", "), "))")
    } else {
      variables$strata
    }
    form <- paste0(form, "+ strata(", strata_arg, ")")
  }
  formula <- stats::as.formula(form)
  if (is.null(variables$strata)) {
    stats::glm(
      formula = formula,
      data = data,
      family = stats::binomial("logit")
    )
  } else {
    clogit_with_tryCatch(
      formula = formula,
      data = data,
      x = TRUE
    )
  }
}

#' Custom Tidy Method for Binomial GLM Results
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper method (for [broom::tidy()]) to prepare a data frame from a `glm` object
#' with `binomial` family.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param at (`NULL` or `numeric`)\cr optional values for the interaction variable. Otherwise the median is used.
#' @param x logistic regression model fitted by [stats::glm()] with "binomial" family.
#'
#' @return A `data.frame` containing the tidied model.
#'
#' @method tidy glm
#'
#' @seealso [h_logistic_regression] for relevant helper functions.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(broom)
#'
#' adrs_f <- tern_ex_adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   filter(RACE %in% c("ASIAN", "WHITE", "BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN")) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     Response = case_when(AVALC %in% c("PR", "CR") ~ 1, TRUE ~ 0),
#'     RACE = factor(RACE),
#'     SEX = factor(SEX)
#'   )
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(formatters::var_labels(tern_ex_adrs), Response = "Response")
#' mod1 <- fit_logistic(
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   variables = list(
#'     response = "Response",
#'     arm = "ARMCD",
#'     covariates = c("AGE", "RACE")
#'   )
#' )
#' mod2 <- fit_logistic(
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   variables = list(
#'     response = "Response",
#'     arm = "ARMCD",
#'     covariates = c("AGE", "RACE"),
#'     interaction = "AGE"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' df <- tidy(mod1, conf_level = 0.99)
#' df2 <- tidy(mod2, conf_level = 0.99)
#'
#' @export
tidy.glm <- function(x, # nolint
                     conf_level = 0.95,
                     at = NULL,
                     ...) {
  checkmate::assert_class(x, "glm")
  checkmate::assert_set_equal(x$family$family, "binomial")

  terms_name <- attr(stats::terms(x), "term.labels")
  xs_class <- attr(x$terms, "dataClasses")
  interaction <- terms_name[which(!terms_name %in% names(xs_class))]
  df <- if (length(interaction) == 0) {
    h_logistic_simple_terms(
      x = terms_name,
      fit_glm = x,
      conf_level = conf_level
    )
  } else {
    h_logistic_inter_terms(
      x = terms_name,
      fit_glm = x,
      conf_level = conf_level,
      at = at
    )
  }
  for (var in c("variable", "term", "interaction", "reference")) {
    df[[var]] <- factor(df[[var]], levels = unique(df[[var]]))
  }
  df
}

#' Logistic Regression Multivariate Column Layout Function
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Layout-creating function which creates a multivariate column layout summarizing logistic
#' regression results. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::split_cols_by_multivar()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @return A layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions. Adding this
#'   function to an `rtable` layout will split the table into columns corresponding to
#'   statistics `df`, `estimate`, `std_error`, `odds_ratio`, `ci`, and `pvalue`.
#'
#' @export
logistic_regression_cols <- function(lyt,
                                     conf_level = 0.95) {
  vars <- c("df", "estimate", "std_error", "odds_ratio", "ci", "pvalue")
  var_labels <- c(
    df = "Degrees of Freedom",
    estimate = "Parameter Estimate",
    std_error = "Standard Error",
    odds_ratio = "Odds Ratio",
    ci = paste("Wald", f_conf_level(conf_level)),
    pvalue = "p-value"
  )
  split_cols_by_multivar(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = vars,
    varlabels = var_labels
  )
}

#' Logistic Regression Summary Table Constructor Function
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Constructor for content functions to be used in [`summarize_logistic()`] to summarize
#' logistic regression results. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param flag_var (`string`)\cr variable name identifying which row should be used in this
#'   content function.
#'
#' @return A content function.
#'
#' @export
logistic_summary_by_flag <- function(flag_var, .indent_mods = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_string(flag_var)
  function(lyt) {
    cfun_list <- list(
      df = cfun_by_flag("df", flag_var, format = "xx.", .indent_mods = .indent_mods),
      estimate = cfun_by_flag("estimate", flag_var, format = "xx.xxx", .indent_mods = .indent_mods),
      std_error = cfun_by_flag("std_error", flag_var, format = "xx.xxx", .indent_mods = .indent_mods),
      odds_ratio = cfun_by_flag("odds_ratio", flag_var, format = ">999.99", .indent_mods = .indent_mods),
      ci = cfun_by_flag("ci", flag_var, format = format_extreme_values_ci(2L), .indent_mods = .indent_mods),
      pvalue = cfun_by_flag("pvalue", flag_var, format = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)", .indent_mods = .indent_mods)
    )
    summarize_row_groups(
      lyt = lyt,
      cfun = cfun_list
    )
  }
}

#' Helper Functions for Cox Proportional Hazards Regression
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper functions used in [fit_coxreg_univar()] and [fit_coxreg_multivar()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams h_coxreg_univar_extract
#' @inheritParams cox_regression_inter
#' @inheritParams control_coxreg
#'
#' @seealso [cox_regression]
#'
#' @name h_cox_regression
NULL

#' @describeIn h_cox_regression Helper for Cox regression formula. Creates a list of formulas. It is used
#'   internally by [fit_coxreg_univar()] for the comparison of univariate Cox regression models.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxreg_univar_formulas()` returns a `character` vector coercible into formulas (e.g [stats::as.formula()]).
#'
#' @examples
#' # `h_coxreg_univar_formulas`
#'
#' ## Simple formulas.
#' h_coxreg_univar_formulas(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd", covariates = c("X", "y")
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' ## Addition of an optional strata.
#' h_coxreg_univar_formulas(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd", covariates = c("X", "y"),
#'     strata = "SITE"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' ## Inclusion of the interaction term.
#' h_coxreg_univar_formulas(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd", covariates = c("X", "y"),
#'     strata = "SITE"
#'   ),
#'   interaction = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' ## Only covariates fitted in separate models.
#' h_coxreg_univar_formulas(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "time", event = "status", covariates = c("X", "y")
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_univar_formulas <- function(variables,
                                     interaction = FALSE) {
  checkmate::assert_list(variables, names = "named")
  has_arm <- "arm" %in% names(variables)
  arm_name <- if (has_arm) "arm" else NULL

  checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates, null.ok = TRUE)

  checkmate::assert_flag(interaction)

  if (!has_arm || is.null(variables$covariates)) {
    checkmate::assert_false(interaction)
  }

  assert_list_of_variables(variables[c(arm_name, "event", "time")])

  if (!is.null(variables$covariates)) {
    forms <- paste0(
      "survival::Surv(", variables$time, ", ", variables$event, ") ~ ",
      ifelse(has_arm, variables$arm, "1"),
      ifelse(interaction, " * ", " + "),
      variables$covariates,
      ifelse(
        !is.null(variables$strata),
        paste0(" + strata(", paste0(variables$strata, collapse = ", "), ")"),
        ""
      )
    )
  } else {
    forms <- NULL
  }
  nams <- variables$covariates
  if (has_arm) {
    ref <- paste0(
      "survival::Surv(", variables$time, ", ", variables$event, ") ~ ",
      variables$arm,
      ifelse(
        !is.null(variables$strata),
        paste0(
          " + strata(", paste0(variables$strata, collapse = ", "), ")"
        ),
        ""
      )
    )
    forms <- c(ref, forms)
    nams <- c("ref", nams)
  }
  stats::setNames(forms, nams)
}

#' @describeIn h_cox_regression Helper for multivariate Cox regression formula. Creates a formulas
#'   string. It is used internally by [fit_coxreg_multivar()] for the comparison of multivariate Cox
#'   regression models. Interactions will not be included in multivariate Cox regression model.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxreg_multivar_formula()` returns a `string` coercible into a formula (e.g [stats::as.formula()]).
#'
#' @examples
#' # `h_coxreg_multivar_formula`
#'
#' h_coxreg_multivar_formula(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "AVAL", event = "event", arm = "ARMCD", covariates = c("RACE", "AGE")
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' # Addition of an optional strata.
#' h_coxreg_multivar_formula(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "AVAL", event = "event", arm = "ARMCD", covariates = c("RACE", "AGE"),
#'     strata = "SITE"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' # Example without treatment arm.
#' h_coxreg_multivar_formula(
#'   variables = list(
#'     time = "AVAL", event = "event", covariates = c("RACE", "AGE"),
#'     strata = "SITE"
#'   )
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_multivar_formula <- function(variables) {
  checkmate::assert_list(variables, names = "named")
  has_arm <- "arm" %in% names(variables)
  arm_name <- if (has_arm) "arm" else NULL

  checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates, null.ok = TRUE)

  assert_list_of_variables(variables[c(arm_name, "event", "time")])

  y <- paste0(
    "survival::Surv(", variables$time, ", ", variables$event, ") ~ ",
    ifelse(has_arm, variables$arm, "1")
  )
  if (length(variables$covariates) > 0) {
    y <- paste(y, paste(variables$covariates, collapse = " + "), sep = " + ")
  }
  if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
    y <- paste0(y, " + strata(", paste0(variables$strata, collapse = ", "), ")")
  }
  y
}

#' @describeIn h_cox_regression Utility function to help tabulate the result of
#'   a univariate Cox regression model.
#'
#' @param effect (`string`)\cr the treatment variable.
#' @param mod (`coxph`)\cr Cox regression model fitted by [survival::coxph()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxreg_univar_extract()` returns a `data.frame` with variables `effect`, `term`, `term_label`, `level`,
#'   `n`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`, and `pval`.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(survival)
#'
#' dta_simple <- data.frame(
#'   time = c(5, 5, 10, 10, 5, 5, 10, 10),
#'   status = c(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1),
#'   armcd = factor(LETTERS[c(1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2)], levels = c("A", "B")),
#'   var1 = c(45, 55, 65, 75, 55, 65, 85, 75),
#'   var2 = c("F", "M", "F", "M", "F", "M", "F", "U")
#' )
#' mod <- coxph(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd + var1, data = dta_simple)
#' result <- h_coxreg_univar_extract(
#'   effect = "armcd", covar = "armcd", mod = mod, data = dta_simple
#' )
#' result
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_univar_extract <- function(effect,
                                    covar,
                                    data,
                                    mod,
                                    control = control_coxreg()) {
  checkmate::assert_string(covar)
  checkmate::assert_string(effect)
  checkmate::assert_class(mod, "coxph")
  test_statistic <- c(wald = "Wald", likelihood = "LR")[control$pval_method]

  mod_aov <- muffled_car_anova(mod, test_statistic)
  msum <- summary(mod, conf.int = control$conf_level)
  sum_cox <- broom::tidy(msum)

  # Combine results together.
  effect_aov <- mod_aov[effect, , drop = TRUE]
  pval <- effect_aov[[grep(pattern = "Pr", x = names(effect_aov)), drop = TRUE]]
  sum_main <- sum_cox[grepl(effect, sum_cox$level), ]

  term_label <- if (effect == covar) {
    paste0(
      levels(data[[covar]])[2],
      " vs control (",
      levels(data[[covar]])[1],
      ")"
    )
  } else {
    unname(labels_or_names(data[covar]))
  }
  data.frame(
    effect = ifelse(covar == effect, "Treatment:", "Covariate:"),
    term = covar,
    term_label = term_label,
    level = levels(data[[effect]])[2],
    n = mod[["n"]],
    hr = unname(sum_main["exp(coef)"]),
    lcl = unname(sum_main[grep("lower", names(sum_main))]),
    ucl = unname(sum_main[grep("upper", names(sum_main))]),
    pval = pval,
    stringsAsFactors = FALSE
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_cox_regression Tabulation of multivariate Cox regressions. Utility function to help
#'   tabulate the result of a multivariate Cox regression model for a treatment/covariate variable.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxreg_multivar_extract()` returns a `data.frame` with variables `pval`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `level`,
#'   `n`, `term`, and `term_label`.
#'
#' @examples
#' mod <- coxph(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd + var1, data = dta_simple)
#' result <- h_coxreg_multivar_extract(
#'   var = "var1", mod = mod, data = dta_simple
#' )
#' result
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_multivar_extract <- function(var,
                                      data,
                                      mod,
                                      control = control_coxreg()) {
  test_statistic <- c(wald = "Wald", likelihood = "LR")[control$pval_method]
  mod_aov <- muffled_car_anova(mod, test_statistic)

  msum <- summary(mod, conf.int = control$conf_level)
  sum_anova <- broom::tidy(mod_aov)
  sum_cox <- broom::tidy(msum)

  ret_anova <- sum_anova[sum_anova$term == var, c("term", "p.value")]
  names(ret_anova)[2] <- "pval"
  if (is.factor(data[[var]])) {
    ret_cox <- sum_cox[startsWith(prefix = var, x = sum_cox$level), !(names(sum_cox) %in% "exp(-coef)")]
  } else {
    ret_cox <- sum_cox[(var == sum_cox$level), !(names(sum_cox) %in% "exp(-coef)")]
  }
  names(ret_cox)[1:4] <- c("pval", "hr", "lcl", "ucl")
  varlab <- unname(labels_or_names(data[var]))
  ret_cox$term <- varlab

  if (is.numeric(data[[var]])) {
    ret <- ret_cox
    ret$term_label <- ret$term
  } else if (length(levels(data[[var]])) <= 2) {
    ret_anova$pval <- NA
    ret_anova$term_label <- paste0(varlab, " (reference = ", levels(data[[var]])[1], ")")
    ret_cox$level <- gsub(var, "", ret_cox$level)
    ret_cox$term_label <- ret_cox$level
    ret <- dplyr::bind_rows(ret_anova, ret_cox)
  } else {
    ret_anova$term_label <- paste0(varlab, " (reference = ", levels(data[[var]])[1], ")")
    ret_cox$level <- gsub(var, "", ret_cox$level)
    ret_cox$term_label <- ret_cox$level
    ret <- dplyr::bind_rows(ret_anova, ret_cox)
  }

  as.data.frame(ret)
}

#' Estimation of Proportions
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Estimate the proportion of responders within a studied population.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso [h_proportions]
#'
#' @name estimate_proportions
NULL

#' @describeIn estimate_proportions Statistics function estimating a
#'   proportion along with its confidence interval.
#'
#' @inheritParams prop_strat_wilson
#' @param df (`logical` or `data.frame`)\cr if only a logical vector is used,
#'   it indicates whether each subject is a responder or not. `TRUE` represents
#'   a successful outcome. If a `data.frame` is provided, also the `strata` variable
#'   names must be provided in `variables` as a list element with the strata strings.
#'   In the case of `data.frame`, the logical vector of responses must be indicated as a
#'   variable name in `.var`.
#' @param method (`string`)\cr the method used to construct the confidence interval
#'   for proportion of successful outcomes; one of `waldcc`, `wald`, `clopper-pearson`,
#'   `wilson`, `wilsonc`, `strat_wilson`, `strat_wilsonc`, `agresti-coull` or `jeffreys`.
#' @param long (`flag`)\cr a long description is required.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_proportion()` returns statistics `n_prop` (`n` and proportion) and `prop_ci` (proportion CI) for a
#'   given variable.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Case with only logical vector.
#' rsp_v <- c(1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0)
#' s_proportion(rsp_v)
#'
#' # Example for Stratified Wilson CI
#' nex <- 100 # Number of example rows
#' dta <- data.frame(
#'   "rsp" = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), nex, TRUE),
#'   "grp" = sample(c("A", "B"), nex, TRUE),
#'   "f1" = sample(c("a1", "a2"), nex, TRUE),
#'   "f2" = sample(c("x", "y", "z"), nex, TRUE),
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' s_proportion(
#'   df = dta,
#'   .var = "rsp",
#'   variables = list(strata = c("f1", "f2")),
#'   conf_level = 0.90,
#'   method = "strat_wilson"
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_proportion <- function(df,
                         .var,
                         conf_level = 0.95,
                         method = c(
                           "waldcc", "wald", "clopper-pearson",
                           "wilson", "wilsonc", "strat_wilson", "strat_wilsonc",
                           "agresti-coull", "jeffreys"
                         ),
                         weights = NULL,
                         max_iterations = 50,
                         variables = list(strata = NULL),
                         long = FALSE) {
  method <- match.arg(method)
  checkmate::assert_flag(long)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)

  if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
    # Checks for strata
    if (missing(df)) stop("When doing stratified analysis a data.frame with specific columns is needed.")
    strata_colnames <- variables$strata
    checkmate::assert_character(strata_colnames, null.ok = FALSE)
    strata_vars <- stats::setNames(as.list(strata_colnames), strata_colnames)
    assert_df_with_variables(df, strata_vars)

    strata <- interaction(df[strata_colnames])
    strata <- as.factor(strata)

    # Pushing down checks to prop_strat_wilson
  } else if (checkmate::test_subset(method, c("strat_wilson", "strat_wilsonc"))) {
    stop("To use stratified methods you need to specify the strata variables.")
  }
  if (checkmate::test_atomic_vector(df)) {
    rsp <- as.logical(df)
  } else {
    rsp <- as.logical(df[[.var]])
  }
  n <- sum(rsp)
  p_hat <- mean(rsp)

  prop_ci <- switch(method,
    "clopper-pearson" = prop_clopper_pearson(rsp, conf_level),
    "wilson" = prop_wilson(rsp, conf_level),
    "wilsonc" = prop_wilson(rsp, conf_level, correct = TRUE),
    "strat_wilson" = prop_strat_wilson(rsp,
      strata,
      weights,
      conf_level,
      max_iterations,
      correct = FALSE
    )$conf_int,
    "strat_wilsonc" = prop_strat_wilson(rsp,
      strata,
      weights,
      conf_level,
      max_iterations,
      correct = TRUE
    )$conf_int,
    "wald" = prop_wald(rsp, conf_level),
    "waldcc" = prop_wald(rsp, conf_level, correct = TRUE),
    "agresti-coull" = prop_agresti_coull(rsp, conf_level),
    "jeffreys" = prop_jeffreys(rsp, conf_level)
  )

  list(
    "n_prop" = formatters::with_label(c(n, p_hat), "Responders"),
    "prop_ci" = formatters::with_label(
      x = 100 * prop_ci, label = d_proportion(conf_level, method, long = long)
    )
  )
}

#' @describeIn estimate_proportions Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `estimate_proportion()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_proportion()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @export
a_proportion <- make_afun(
  s_proportion,
  .formats = c(n_prop = "xx (xx.x%)", prop_ci = "(xx.x, xx.x)")
)

#' @describeIn estimate_proportions Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param ... other arguments are ultimately conveyed to [s_proportion()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `estimate_proportion()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_proportion()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' dta_test <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = paste0("S", 1:12),
#'   ARM     = rep(LETTERS[1:3], each = 4),
#'   AVAL    = c(A = c(1, 1, 1, 1), B = c(0, 0, 1, 1), C = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
#' )
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   estimate_proportion(vars = "AVAL") %>%
#'   build_table(df = dta_test)
#'
#' @export
estimate_proportion <- function(lyt,
                                vars,
                                nested = TRUE,
                                ...,
                                show_labels = "hidden",
                                table_names = vars,
                                .stats = NULL,
                                .formats = NULL,
                                .labels = NULL,
                                .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_proportion,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )
  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...),
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names
  )
}

#' Helper Functions for Calculating Proportion Confidence Intervals
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Functions to calculate different proportion confidence intervals for use in [estimate_proportion()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams estimate_proportions
#'
#' @return Confidence interval of a proportion.
#'
#' @seealso [estimate_proportions], descriptive function [d_proportion()],
#'  and helper functions [strata_normal_quantile()] and [update_weights_strat_wilson()].
#'
#' @name h_proportions
NULL

#' @describeIn h_proportions Calculates the Wilson interval by calling [stats::prop.test()].
#'  Also referred to as Wilson score interval.
#'
#' @examples
#' rsp <- c(
#'   TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE,
#'   FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE
#' )
#' prop_wilson(rsp, conf_level = 0.9)
#'
#' @export
prop_wilson <- function(rsp, conf_level, correct = FALSE) {
  y <- stats::prop.test(
    sum(rsp),
    length(rsp),
    correct = correct,
    conf.level = conf_level
  )

  as.numeric(y$conf.int)
}

#' @describeIn h_proportions Calculates the stratified Wilson confidence
#'   interval for unequal proportions as described in \insertCite{Yan2010-jt;textual}{tern}
#'
#' @param strata (`factor`)\cr variable with one level per stratum and same length as `rsp`.
#' @param weights (`numeric` or `NULL`)\cr weights for each level of the strata. If `NULL`, they are
#'   estimated using the iterative algorithm proposed in \insertCite{Yan2010-jt;textual}{tern} that
#'   minimizes the weighted squared length of the confidence interval.
#' @param max_iterations (`count`)\cr maximum number of iterations for the iterative procedure used
#'   to find estimates of optimal weights.
#' @param correct (`flag`)\cr include the continuity correction. For further information, see for example
#'   [stats::prop.test()].
#'
#' @references
#' \insertRef{Yan2010-jt}{tern}
#'
#' @examples
#' # Stratified Wilson confidence interval with unequal probabilities
#'
#' set.seed(1)
#' rsp <- sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE)
#' strata_data <- data.frame(
#'   "f1" = sample(c("a", "b"), 100, TRUE),
#'   "f2" = sample(c("x", "y", "z"), 100, TRUE),
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#' strata <- interaction(strata_data)
#' n_strata <- ncol(table(rsp, strata)) # Number of strata
#'
#' prop_strat_wilson(
#'   rsp = rsp, strata = strata,
#'   conf_level = 0.90
#' )
#'
#' # Not automatic setting of weights
#' prop_strat_wilson(
#'   rsp = rsp, strata = strata,
#'   weights = rep(1 / n_strata, n_strata),
#'   conf_level = 0.90
#' )
#'
#' @export
prop_strat_wilson <- function(rsp,
                              strata,
                              weights = NULL,
                              conf_level = 0.95,
                              max_iterations = NULL,
                              correct = FALSE) {
  checkmate::assert_logical(rsp, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_factor(strata, len = length(rsp))
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)

  tbl <- table(rsp, strata)
  n_strata <- length(unique(strata))

  # Checking the weights and maximum number of iterations.
  do_iter <- FALSE
  if (is.null(weights)) {
    weights <- rep(1 / n_strata, n_strata) # Initialization for iterative procedure
    do_iter <- TRUE

    # Iteration parameters
    if (is.null(max_iterations)) max_iterations <- 10
    checkmate::assert_int(max_iterations, na.ok = FALSE, null.ok = FALSE, lower = 1)
  }
  checkmate::assert_numeric(weights, lower = 0, upper = 1, any.missing = FALSE, len = n_strata)
  sum_weights <- checkmate::assert_int(sum(weights))
  if (as.integer(sum_weights + 0.5) != 1L) stop("Sum of weights must be 1L.")


  xs <- tbl["TRUE", ]
  ns <- colSums(tbl)
  use_stratum <- (ns > 0)
  ns <- ns[use_stratum]
  xs <- xs[use_stratum]
  ests <- xs / ns
  vars <- ests * (1 - ests) / ns

  strata_qnorm <- strata_normal_quantile(vars, weights, conf_level)

  # Iterative setting of weights if they were not set externally
  weights_new <- if (do_iter) {
    update_weights_strat_wilson(vars, strata_qnorm, weights, ns, max_iterations, conf_level)$weights
  } else {
    weights
  }

  strata_conf_level <- 2 * stats::pnorm(strata_qnorm) - 1

  ci_by_strata <- Map(
    function(x, n) {
      # Classic Wilson's confidence interval
      suppressWarnings(stats::prop.test(x, n, correct = correct, conf.level = strata_conf_level)$conf.int)
    },
    x = xs,
    n = ns
  )
  lower_by_strata <- sapply(ci_by_strata, "[", 1L)
  upper_by_strata <- sapply(ci_by_strata, "[", 2L)

  lower <- sum(weights_new * lower_by_strata)
  upper <- sum(weights_new * upper_by_strata)

  # Return values
  if (do_iter) {
    list(
      conf_int = c(
        lower = lower,
        upper = upper
      ),
      weights = weights_new
    )
  } else {
    list(
      conf_int = c(
        lower = lower,
        upper = upper
      )
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn h_proportions Calculates the Clopper-Pearson interval by calling [stats::binom.test()].
#'   Also referred to as the `exact` method.
#'
#' @examples
#' prop_clopper_pearson(rsp, conf_level = .95)
#'
#' @export
prop_clopper_pearson <- function(rsp,
                                 conf_level) {
  y <- stats::binom.test(
    x = sum(rsp),
    n = length(rsp),
    conf.level = conf_level
  )
  as.numeric(y$conf.int)
}

#' @describeIn h_proportions Calculates the Wald interval by following the usual textbook definition
#'   for a single proportion confidence interval using the normal approximation.
#'
#' @param correct (`flag`)\cr apply continuity correction.
#'
#' @examples
#' prop_wald(rsp, conf_level = 0.95)
#' prop_wald(rsp, conf_level = 0.95, correct = TRUE)
#'
#' @export
prop_wald <- function(rsp, conf_level, correct = FALSE) {
  n <- length(rsp)
  p_hat <- mean(rsp)
  z <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
  q_hat <- 1 - p_hat
  correct <- if (correct) 1 / (2 * n) else 0

  err <- z * sqrt(p_hat * q_hat) / sqrt(n) + correct
  l_ci <- max(0, p_hat - err)
  u_ci <- min(1, p_hat + err)

  c(l_ci, u_ci)
}

#' @describeIn h_proportions Calculates the `Agresti-Coull` interval (created by `Alan Agresti` and `Brent Coull`) by
#'   (for 95% CI) adding two successes and two failures to the data and then using the Wald formula to construct a CI.
#'
#' @examples
#' prop_agresti_coull(rsp, conf_level = 0.95)
#'
#' @export
prop_agresti_coull <- function(rsp, conf_level) {
  n <- length(rsp)
  x_sum <- sum(rsp)
  z <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)

  # Add here both z^2 / 2 successes and failures.
  x_sum_tilde <- x_sum + z^2 / 2
  n_tilde <- n + z^2

  # Then proceed as with the Wald interval.
  p_tilde <- x_sum_tilde / n_tilde
  q_tilde <- 1 - p_tilde
  err <- z * sqrt(p_tilde * q_tilde) / sqrt(n_tilde)
  l_ci <- max(0, p_tilde - err)
  u_ci <- min(1, p_tilde + err)

  c(l_ci, u_ci)
}

#' @describeIn h_proportions Calculates the Jeffreys interval, an equal-tailed interval based on the
#'   non-informative Jeffreys prior for a binomial proportion.
#'
#' @examples
#' prop_jeffreys(rsp, conf_level = 0.95)
#'
#' @export
prop_jeffreys <- function(rsp,
                          conf_level) {
  n <- length(rsp)
  x_sum <- sum(rsp)

  alpha <- 1 - conf_level
  l_ci <- ifelse(
    x_sum == 0,
    0,
    stats::qbeta(alpha / 2, x_sum + 0.5, n - x_sum + 0.5)
  )

  u_ci <- ifelse(
    x_sum == n,
    1,
    stats::qbeta(1 - alpha / 2, x_sum + 0.5, n - x_sum + 0.5)
  )

  c(l_ci, u_ci)
}

#' Description of the Proportion Summary
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is a helper function that describes the analysis in [s_proportion()].
#'
#' @inheritParams s_proportion
#' @param long (`flag`)\cr whether a long or a short (default) description is required.
#'
#' @return String describing the analysis.
#'
#' @export
d_proportion <- function(conf_level,
                         method,
                         long = FALSE) {
  label <- paste0(conf_level * 100, "% CI")

  if (long) label <- paste(label, "for Response Rates")

  method_part <- switch(method,
    "clopper-pearson" = "Clopper-Pearson",
    "waldcc" = "Wald, with correction",
    "wald" = "Wald, without correction",
    "wilson" = "Wilson, without correction",
    "strat_wilson" = "Stratified Wilson, without correction",
    "wilsonc" = "Wilson, with correction",
    "strat_wilsonc" = "Stratified Wilson, with correction",
    "agresti-coull" = "Agresti-Coull",
    "jeffreys" = "Jeffreys",
    stop(paste(method, "does not have a description"))
  )

  paste0(label, " (", method_part, ")")
}

#' Helper Function for the Estimation of Stratified Quantiles
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This function wraps the estimation of stratified percentiles when we assume
#' the approximation for large numbers. This is necessary only in the case
#' proportions for each strata are unequal.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams prop_strat_wilson
#'
#' @return Stratified quantile.
#'
#' @seealso [prop_strat_wilson()]
#'
#' @examples
#' strata_data <- table(data.frame(
#'   "f1" = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE),
#'   "f2" = sample(c("x", "y", "z"), 100, TRUE),
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' ))
#' ns <- colSums(strata_data)
#' ests <- strata_data["TRUE", ] / ns
#' vars <- ests * (1 - ests) / ns
#' weights <- rep(1 / length(ns), length(ns))
#' strata_normal_quantile(vars, weights, 0.95)
#'
#' @export
strata_normal_quantile <- function(vars, weights, conf_level) {
  summands <- weights^2 * vars
  # Stratified quantile
  sqrt(sum(summands)) / sum(sqrt(summands)) * stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
}

#' Helper Function for the Estimation of Weights for `prop_strat_wilson`
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This function wraps the iteration procedure that allows you to estimate
#' the weights for each proportional strata. This assumes to minimize the
#' weighted squared length of the confidence interval.
#'
#' @inheritParams prop_strat_wilson
#' @param vars (`numeric`)\cr normalized proportions for each strata.
#' @param strata_qnorm (`numeric`)\cr initial estimation with identical weights of the quantiles.
#' @param initial_weights (`numeric`)\cr initial weights used to calculate `strata_qnorm`. This can
#'   be optimized in the future if we need to estimate better initial weights.
#' @param n_per_strata (`numeric`)\cr number of elements in each strata.
#' @param max_iterations (`count`)\cr maximum number of iterations to be tried. Convergence is always checked.
#' @param tol (`number`)\cr tolerance threshold for convergence.
#'
#' @return A `list` of 3 elements: `n_it`, `weights`, and `diff_v`.
#'
#' @seealso For references and details see [prop_strat_wilson()].
#'
#' @examples
#' vs <- c(0.011, 0.013, 0.012, 0.014, 0.017, 0.018)
#' sq <- 0.674
#' ws <- rep(1 / length(vs), length(vs))
#' ns <- c(22, 18, 17, 17, 14, 12)
#'
#' update_weights_strat_wilson(vs, sq, ws, ns, 100, 0.95, 0.001)
#'
#' @export
update_weights_strat_wilson <- function(vars,
                                        strata_qnorm,
                                        initial_weights,
                                        n_per_strata,
                                        max_iterations = 50,
                                        conf_level = 0.95,
                                        tol = 0.001) {
  it <- 0
  diff_v <- NULL

  while (it < max_iterations) {
    it <- it + 1
    weights_new_t <- (1 + strata_qnorm^2 / n_per_strata)^2
    weights_new_b <- (vars + strata_qnorm^2 / (4 * n_per_strata^2))
    weights_new <- weights_new_t / weights_new_b
    weights_new <- weights_new / sum(weights_new)
    strata_qnorm <- strata_normal_quantile(vars, weights_new, conf_level)
    diff_v <- c(diff_v, sum(abs(weights_new - initial_weights)))
    if (diff_v[length(diff_v)] < tol) break
    initial_weights <- weights_new
  }

  if (it == max_iterations) {
    warning("The heuristic to find weights did not converge with max_iterations = ", max_iterations)
  }

  list(
    "n_it" = it,
    "weights" = weights_new,
    "diff_v" = diff_v
  )
}

#' Helper Functions for Tabulating Biomarker Effects on Binary Response by Subgroup
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper functions which are documented here separately to not confuse the user
#' when reading about the user-facing functions.
#'
#' @inheritParams response_biomarkers_subgroups
#' @inheritParams extract_rsp_biomarkers
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs)
#'
#' adrs_f <- adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   mutate(rsp = AVALC == "CR")
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(adrs_labels, "Response")
#'
#' @name h_response_biomarkers_subgroups
NULL

#' @describeIn h_response_biomarkers_subgroups helps with converting the "response" function variable list
#'   to the "logistic regression" variable list. The reason is that currently there is an
#'   inconsistency between the variable names accepted by `extract_rsp_subgroups()` and `fit_logistic()`.
#'
#' @param biomarker (`string`)\cr the name of the biomarker variable.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_rsp_to_logistic_variables()` returns a named `list` of elements `response`, `arm`, `covariates`, and `strata`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # This is how the variable list is converted internally.
#' h_rsp_to_logistic_variables(
#'   variables = list(
#'     rsp = "RSP",
#'     covariates = c("A", "B"),
#'     strat = "D"
#'   ),
#'   biomarker = "AGE"
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_rsp_to_logistic_variables <- function(variables, biomarker) {
  checkmate::assert_list(variables)
  checkmate::assert_string(variables$rsp)
  checkmate::assert_string(biomarker)
  list(
    response = variables$rsp,
    arm = biomarker,
    covariates = variables$covariates,
    strata = variables$strat
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_response_biomarkers_subgroups prepares estimates for number of responses, patients and
#'   overall response rate, as well as odds ratio estimates, confidence intervals and p-values, for multiple
#'   biomarkers in a given single data set.
#'   `variables` corresponds to names of variables found in `data`, passed as a named list and requires elements
#'   `rsp` and `biomarkers` (vector of continuous biomarker variables) and optionally `covariates`
#'   and `strat`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_logistic_mult_cont_df()` returns a `data.frame` containing estimates and statistics for the selected biomarkers.
#'
#' @examples
#' # For a single population, estimate separately the effects
#' # of two biomarkers.
#' df <- h_logistic_mult_cont_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     rsp = "rsp",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     covariates = "SEX"
#'   ),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' # If the data set is empty, still the corresponding rows with missings are returned.
#' h_coxreg_mult_cont_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     rsp = "rsp",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     covariates = "SEX",
#'     strat = "STRATA1"
#'   ),
#'   data = adrs_f[NULL, ]
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_logistic_mult_cont_df <- function(variables,
                                    data,
                                    control = control_logistic()) {
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)

  checkmate::assert_character(variables$biomarkers, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")

  conf_level <- control[["conf_level"]]
  pval_label <- "p-value (Wald)"

  # If there is any data, run model, otherwise return empty results.
  if (nrow(data) > 0) {
    bm_cols <- match(variables$biomarkers, names(data))
    l_result <- lapply(variables$biomarkers, function(bm) {
      model_fit <- fit_logistic(
        variables = h_rsp_to_logistic_variables(variables, bm),
        data = data,
        response_definition = control$response_definition
      )
      result <- h_logistic_simple_terms(
        x = bm,
        fit_glm = model_fit,
        conf_level = control$conf_level
      )
      resp_vector <- if (inherits(model_fit, "glm")) {
        model_fit$model[[variables$rsp]]
      } else {
        as.logical(as.matrix(model_fit$y)[, "status"])
      }
      data.frame(
        # Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
        biomarker = bm,
        biomarker_label = formatters::var_labels(data[bm], fill = TRUE),
        n_tot = length(resp_vector),
        n_rsp = sum(resp_vector),
        prop = mean(resp_vector),
        or = as.numeric(result[1L, "odds_ratio"]),
        lcl = as.numeric(result[1L, "lcl"]),
        ucl = as.numeric(result[1L, "ucl"]),
        conf_level = conf_level,
        pval = as.numeric(result[1L, "pvalue"]),
        pval_label = pval_label,
        stringsAsFactors = FALSE
      )
    })
    do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
  } else {
    data.frame(
      biomarker = variables$biomarkers,
      biomarker_label = formatters::var_labels(data[variables$biomarkers], fill = TRUE),
      n_tot = 0L,
      n_rsp = 0L,
      prop = NA,
      or = NA,
      lcl = NA,
      ucl = NA,
      conf_level = conf_level,
      pval = NA,
      pval_label = pval_label,
      row.names = seq_along(variables$biomarkers),
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn h_response_biomarkers_subgroups prepares a single sub-table given a `df_sub` containing
#'   the results for a single biomarker.
#'
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr results for a single biomarker, as part of what is
#'   returned by [extract_rsp_biomarkers()] (it needs a couple of columns which are
#'   added by that high-level function relative to what is returned by [h_logistic_mult_cont_df()],
#'   see the example).
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_tab_rsp_one_biomarker()` returns an `rtables` table object with the given statistics arranged in columns.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Starting from above `df`, zoom in on one biomarker and add required columns.
#' df1 <- df[1, ]
#' df1$subgroup <- "All patients"
#' df1$row_type <- "content"
#' df1$var <- "ALL"
#' df1$var_label <- "All patients"
#'
#' h_tab_rsp_one_biomarker(
#'   df1,
#'   vars = c("n_tot", "n_rsp", "prop", "or", "ci", "pval")
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_tab_rsp_one_biomarker <- function(df,
                                    vars,
                                    .indent_mods = 0L) {
  afuns <- a_response_subgroups()[vars]
  colvars <- d_rsp_subgroups_colvars(
    vars,
    conf_level = df$conf_level[1],
    method = df$pval_label[1]
  )
  h_tab_one_biomarker(
    df = df,
    afuns = afuns,
    colvars = colvars,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )
}

#' Counting Patients Summing Exposure Across All Patients in Columns
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Counting the number of patients and summing analysis value (i.e exposure values) across all patients
#' when a column table layout is required.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @name summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols
NULL

#' @describeIn summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols Statistics function which counts numbers
#'   of patients and the sum of exposure across all patients.
#'
#' @param ex_var (`character`)\cr name of the variable within `df` containing exposure values.
#' @param custom_label (`string` or `NULL`)\cr if provided and `labelstr` is empty then this will be used as label.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_patients_sum_exposure()` returns a named `list` with the statistics:
#'   * `n_patients`: Number of unique patients in `df`.
#'   * `sum_exposure`: Sum of `ex_var` across all patients in `df`.
#'
#' @examples
#' set.seed(1)
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = c(paste("id", seq(1, 12), sep = "")),
#'   ARMCD = c(rep("ARM A", 6), rep("ARM B", 6)),
#'   SEX = c(rep("Female", 6), rep("Male", 6)),
#'   AVAL = as.numeric(sample(seq(1, 20), 12)),
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#' adsl <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = c(paste("id", seq(1, 12), sep = "")),
#'   ARMCD = c(rep("ARM A", 2), rep("ARM B", 2)),
#'   SEX = c(rep("Female", 2), rep("Male", 2)),
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_patients_sum_exposure <- function(df,
                                          ex_var = "AVAL",
                                          id = "USUBJID",
                                          labelstr = "",
                                          .stats = c("n_patients", "sum_exposure"),
                                          .N_col, # nolint
                                          custom_label = NULL) {
  assert_df_with_variables(df, list(ex_var = ex_var, id = id))
  checkmate::assert_string(id)
  checkmate::assert_string(labelstr)
  checkmate::assert_string(custom_label, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[ex_var]])
  checkmate::assert_true(all(.stats %in% c("n_patients", "sum_exposure")))

  row_label <- if (labelstr != "") {
    labelstr
  } else if (!is.null(custom_label)) {
    custom_label
  } else {
    "Total patients numbers/person time"
  }

  y <- list()

  if ("n_patients" %in% .stats) {
    y$n_patients <-
      formatters::with_label(
        s_num_patients_content(
          df = df,
          .N_col = .N_col, # nolint
          .var = id,
          labelstr = ""
        )$unique,
        row_label
      )
  }
  if ("sum_exposure" %in% .stats) {
    y$sum_exposure <- formatters::with_label(sum(df[[ex_var]]), row_label)
  }
  y
}

#' @describeIn summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols Analysis function which is used as `afun` in
#'   [rtables::analyze_colvars()] within `analyze_patients_exposure_in_cols()` and as `cfun` in
#'   [rtables::summarize_row_groups()] within `summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_patients_sum_exposure()` returns formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' a_count_patients_sum_exposure(
#'   df = df,
#'   var = "SEX",
#'   .N_col = nrow(df),
#'   .stats = "n_patients"
#' )
#'
#' @export
a_count_patients_sum_exposure <- function(df,
                                          var = NULL,
                                          ex_var = "AVAL",
                                          id = "USUBJID",
                                          labelstr = "",
                                          add_total_level = FALSE,
                                          .N_col, # nolint
                                          .stats,
                                          .formats = list(n_patients = "xx (xx.x%)", sum_exposure = "xx"),
                                          custom_label = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(add_total_level)

  if (!is.null(var)) {
    assert_df_with_variables(df, list(var = var))
    df[[var]] <- as.factor(df[[var]])
  }

  y <- list()
  if (is.null(var)) {
    y[[.stats]] <- list(Total = s_count_patients_sum_exposure(
      df = df,
      ex_var = ex_var,
      id = id,
      labelstr = labelstr,
      .N_col = .N_col,
      .stats = .stats,
      custom_label = custom_label
    )[[.stats]])
  } else {
    for (lvl in levels(df[[var]])) {
      y[[.stats]][[lvl]] <- s_count_patients_sum_exposure(
        df = subset(df, get(var) == lvl),
        ex_var = ex_var,
        id = id,
        labelstr = labelstr,
        .N_col = .N_col,
        .stats = .stats,
        custom_label = lvl
      )[[.stats]]
    }
    if (add_total_level) {
      y[[.stats]][["Total"]] <- s_count_patients_sum_exposure(
        df = df,
        ex_var = ex_var,
        id = id,
        labelstr = labelstr,
        .N_col = .N_col,
        .stats = .stats,
        custom_label = custom_label
      )[[.stats]]
    }
  }

  in_rows(.list = y[[.stats]], .formats = .formats[[.stats]])
}

#' @describeIn summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols Layout-creating function which can take statistics
#'   function arguments and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for
#'   [rtables::split_cols_by_multivar()] and [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further
#'   layouting functions, or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will
#'   add formatted content rows, with the statistics from `s_count_patients_sum_exposure()` arranged in
#'   columns, to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols(var = "AVAL", col_split = TRUE)
#' result <- build_table(lyt, df = df, alt_counts_df = adsl)
#' result
#'
#' lyt2 <- basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols(var = "AVAL", col_split = TRUE, .stats = "sum_exposure")
#' result2 <- build_table(lyt2, df = df, alt_counts_df = adsl)
#' result2
#'
#' @export
summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols <- function(lyt, # nolint
                                                var,
                                                ...,
                                                .stats = c("n_patients", "sum_exposure"),
                                                .labels = c(n_patients = "Patients", sum_exposure = "Person time"),
                                                .indent_mods = NULL,
                                                col_split = TRUE) {
  if (col_split) {
    lyt <- split_cols_by_multivar(
      lyt = lyt,
      vars = rep(var, length(.stats)),
      varlabels = .labels[.stats],
      extra_args = list(.stats = .stats)
    )
  }
  summarize_row_groups(
    lyt = lyt,
    var = var,
    cfun = a_count_patients_sum_exposure,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' @describeIn summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols Layout-creating function which can take statistics
#'   function arguments and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for
#'   [rtables::split_cols_by_multivar()] and [rtables::analyze_colvars()].
#'
#' @param col_split (`flag`)\cr whether the columns should be split. Set to `FALSE` when the required
#'   column split has been done already earlier in the layout pipe.
#'
#' @return
#' * `analyze_patients_exposure_in_cols()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further
#'   layouting functions, or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will
#'   add formatted data rows, with the statistics from `s_count_patients_sum_exposure()` arranged in
#'   columns, to the table layout.
#'
#' @note As opposed to [summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols()] which generates content rows,
#'   `analyze_patients_exposure_in_cols()` generates data rows which will _not_ be repeated on multiple
#'   pages when pagination is used.
#'
#' @examples
#' lyt3 <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD", split_fun = add_overall_level("Total", first = FALSE)) %>%
#'   summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols(var = "AVAL", col_split = TRUE) %>%
#'   analyze_patients_exposure_in_cols(var = "SEX", col_split = FALSE)
#' result3 <- build_table(lyt3, df = df, alt_counts_df = adsl)
#' result3
#'
#' lyt4 <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD", split_fun = add_overall_level("Total", first = FALSE)) %>%
#'   summarize_patients_exposure_in_cols(
#'     var = "AVAL", col_split = TRUE,
#'     .stats = "n_patients", custom_label = "some custom label"
#'   ) %>%
#'   analyze_patients_exposure_in_cols(var = "SEX", col_split = FALSE, ex_var = "AVAL")
#' result4 <- build_table(lyt4, df = df, alt_counts_df = adsl)
#' result4
#'
#' lyt5 <- basic_table() %>%
#'   analyze_patients_exposure_in_cols(var = "SEX", col_split = TRUE, ex_var = "AVAL")
#' result5 <- build_table(lyt5, df = df, alt_counts_df = adsl)
#' result5
#'
#' # Adding total levels and custom label
#' lyt <- basic_table(
#'   show_colcounts = TRUE
#' ) %>%
#'   analyze_patients_exposure_in_cols(
#'     var = "ARMCD",
#'     col_split = TRUE,
#'     add_total_level = TRUE,
#'     custom_label = "TOTAL"
#'   ) %>%
#'   append_topleft(c("", "Sex"))
#'
#' tbl <- build_table(lyt, df = df, alt_counts_df = adsl)
#' tbl
#'
#' @export
analyze_patients_exposure_in_cols <- function(lyt, # nolint
                                              var = NULL,
                                              ex_var = "AVAL",
                                              col_split = TRUE,
                                              add_total_level = FALSE,
                                              .stats = c("n_patients", "sum_exposure"),
                                              .labels = c(n_patients = "Patients", sum_exposure = "Person time"),
                                              .indent_mods = 0L,
                                              ...) {
  if (col_split) {
    lyt <- split_cols_by_multivar(
      lyt = lyt,
      vars = rep(ex_var, length(.stats)),
      varlabels = .labels[.stats],
      extra_args = list(.stats = .stats)
    )
  }
  lyt <- lyt %>% analyze_colvars(
    afun = a_count_patients_sum_exposure,
    indent_mod = .indent_mods,
    extra_args = c(
      list(
        var = var,
        ex_var = ex_var,
        add_total_level = add_total_level
      ),
      ...
    )
  )
  lyt
}

#' Difference Test for Two Proportions
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Various tests were implemented to test the difference between two proportions.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso [h_prop_diff_test]
#'
#' @name prop_diff_test
NULL

#' @describeIn prop_diff_test Statistics function which tests the difference between two proportions.
#'
#' @param method (`string`)\cr one of `chisq`, `cmh`, `fisher`, or `schouten`; specifies the test used
#'   to calculate the p-value.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_test_proportion_diff()` returns a named `list` with a single item `pval` with an attribute `label`
#'   describing the method used. The p-value tests the null hypothesis that proportions in two groups are the same.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_test_proportion_diff <- function(df,
                                   .var,
                                   .ref_group,
                                   .in_ref_col,
                                   variables = list(strata = NULL),
                                   method = c("chisq", "schouten", "fisher", "cmh")) {
  method <- match.arg(method)
  y <- list(pval = "")

  if (!.in_ref_col) {
    assert_df_with_variables(df, list(rsp = .var))
    assert_df_with_variables(.ref_group, list(rsp = .var))
    rsp <- factor(
      c(.ref_group[[.var]], df[[.var]]),
      levels = c("TRUE", "FALSE")
    )
    grp <- factor(
      rep(c("ref", "Not-ref"), c(nrow(.ref_group), nrow(df))),
      levels = c("ref", "Not-ref")
    )

    if (!is.null(variables$strata) || method == "cmh") {
      strata <- variables$strata
      checkmate::assert_false(is.null(strata))
      strata_vars <- stats::setNames(as.list(strata), strata)
      assert_df_with_variables(df, strata_vars)
      assert_df_with_variables(.ref_group, strata_vars)
      strata <- c(interaction(.ref_group[strata]), interaction(df[strata]))
    }

    tbl <- switch(method,
      cmh = table(grp, rsp, strata),
      table(grp, rsp)
    )

    y$pval <- switch(method,
      chisq = prop_chisq(tbl),
      cmh = prop_cmh(tbl),
      fisher = prop_fisher(tbl),
      schouten = prop_schouten(tbl)
    )
  }

  y$pval <- formatters::with_label(y$pval, d_test_proportion_diff(method))
  y
}

#' Description of the Difference Test Between Two Proportions
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is an auxiliary function that describes the analysis in `s_test_proportion_diff`.
#'
#' @inheritParams s_test_proportion_diff
#'
#' @return `string` describing the test from which the p-value is derived.
#'
#' @export
d_test_proportion_diff <- function(method) {
  checkmate::assert_string(method)
  meth_part <- switch(method,
    "schouten" = "Chi-Squared Test with Schouten Correction",
    "chisq" = "Chi-Squared Test",
    "cmh" = "Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test",
    "fisher" = "Fisher's Exact Test",
    stop(paste(method, "does not have a description"))
  )
  paste0("p-value (", meth_part, ")")
}

#' @describeIn prop_diff_test Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `test_proportion_diff()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_test_proportion_diff()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_test_proportion_diff <- make_afun(
  s_test_proportion_diff,
  .formats = c(pval = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)"),
  .indent_mods = c(pval = 1L)
)

#' @describeIn prop_diff_test Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param ... other arguments are passed to [s_test_proportion_diff()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `test_proportion_diff()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_test_proportion_diff()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' dta <- data.frame(
#'   rsp = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE),
#'   grp = factor(rep(c("A", "B"), each = 50)),
#'   strat = factor(rep(c("V", "W", "X", "Y", "Z"), each = 20))
#' )
#'
#' # With `rtables` pipelines.
#' l <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "grp", ref_group = "B") %>%
#'   test_proportion_diff(
#'     vars = "rsp",
#'     method = "cmh", variables = list(strata = "strat")
#'   )
#'
#' build_table(l, df = dta)
#'
#' @export
test_proportion_diff <- function(lyt,
                                 vars,
                                 nested = TRUE,
                                 ...,
                                 var_labels = vars,
                                 show_labels = "hidden",
                                 table_names = vars,
                                 .stats = NULL,
                                 .formats = NULL,
                                 .labels = NULL,
                                 .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_test_proportion_diff,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )
  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    afun = afun,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...),
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names
  )
}

#' Helper Functions to Test Proportion Differences
#'
#' Helper functions to implement various tests on the difference between two proportions.
#'
#' @param tbl (`matrix`)\cr matrix with two groups in rows and the binary response (`TRUE`/`FALSE`) in columns.
#'
#' @return A p-value.
#'
#' @seealso [prop_diff_test()] for implementation of these helper functions.
#'
#' @name h_prop_diff_test
NULL

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff_test performs Chi-Squared test. Internally calls [stats::prop.test()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
prop_chisq <- function(tbl) {
  checkmate::assert_integer(c(ncol(tbl), nrow(tbl)), lower = 2, upper = 2)
  tbl <- tbl[, c("TRUE", "FALSE")]
  if (any(colSums(tbl) == 0)) {
    return(1)
  }
  stats::prop.test(tbl, correct = FALSE)$p.value
}

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff_test performs stratified Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. Internally calls
#'   [stats::mantelhaen.test()]. Note that strata with less than two observations are automatically discarded.
#'
#' @param ary (`array`, 3 dimensions)\cr array with two groups in rows, the binary response
#'   (`TRUE`/`FALSE`) in columns, and the strata in the third dimension.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
prop_cmh <- function(ary) {
  checkmate::assert_array(ary)
  checkmate::assert_integer(c(ncol(ary), nrow(ary)), lower = 2, upper = 2)
  checkmate::assert_integer(length(dim(ary)), lower = 3, upper = 3)
  strata_sizes <- apply(ary, MARGIN = 3, sum)
  if (any(strata_sizes < 5)) {
    warning("<5 data points in some strata. CMH test may be incorrect.")
    ary <- ary[, , strata_sizes > 1]
  }

  stats::mantelhaen.test(ary, correct = FALSE)$p.value
}

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff_test performs the Chi-Squared test with Schouten correction.
#'
#' @seealso Schouten correction is based upon \insertCite{Schouten1980-kd;textual}{tern}.
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
prop_schouten <- function(tbl) {
  checkmate::assert_integer(c(ncol(tbl), nrow(tbl)), lower = 2, upper = 2)
  tbl <- tbl[, c("TRUE", "FALSE")]
  if (any(colSums(tbl) == 0)) {
    return(1)
  }

  n <- sum(tbl)
  n1 <- sum(tbl[1, ])
  n2 <- sum(tbl[2, ])

  ad <- diag(tbl)
  bc <- diag(apply(tbl, 2, rev))
  ac <- tbl[, 1]
  bd <- tbl[, 2]

  t_schouten <- (n - 1) *
    (abs(prod(ad) - prod(bc)) - 0.5 * min(n1, n2))^2 /
    (n1 * n2 * sum(ac) * sum(bd))

  1 - stats::pchisq(t_schouten, df = 1)
}

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff_test performs the Fisher's exact test. Internally calls [stats::fisher.test()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
prop_fisher <- function(tbl) {
  checkmate::assert_integer(c(ncol(tbl), nrow(tbl)), lower = 2, upper = 2)
  tbl <- tbl[, c("TRUE", "FALSE")]
  stats::fisher.test(tbl)$p.value
}

#' Proportion Difference
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso [d_proportion_diff()]
#'
#' @name prop_diff
NULL

#' @describeIn prop_diff Statistics function estimating the difference
#'   in terms of responder proportion.
#'
#' @inheritParams prop_diff_strat_nc
#' @param method (`string`)\cr the method used for the confidence interval estimation.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_proportion_diff()` returns a named list of elements `diff` and `diff_ci`.
#'
#' @note When performing an unstratified analysis, methods `"cmh"`, `"strat_newcombe"`, and `"strat_newcombecc"` are
#'   not permitted.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Summary
#'
#' ## "Mid" case: 4/4 respond in group A, 1/2 respond in group B.
#' nex <- 100 # Number of example rows
#' dta <- data.frame(
#'   "rsp" = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), nex, TRUE),
#'   "grp" = sample(c("A", "B"), nex, TRUE),
#'   "f1" = sample(c("a1", "a2"), nex, TRUE),
#'   "f2" = sample(c("x", "y", "z"), nex, TRUE),
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' s_proportion_diff(
#'   df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
#'   .var = "rsp",
#'   .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
#'   .in_ref_col = FALSE,
#'   conf_level = 0.90,
#'   method = "ha"
#' )
#'
#' # CMH example with strata
#' s_proportion_diff(
#'   df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
#'   .var = "rsp",
#'   .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
#'   .in_ref_col = FALSE,
#'   variables = list(strata = c("f1", "f2")),
#'   conf_level = 0.90,
#'   method = "cmh"
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_proportion_diff <- function(df,
                              .var,
                              .ref_group,
                              .in_ref_col,
                              variables = list(strata = NULL),
                              conf_level = 0.95,
                              method = c(
                                "waldcc", "wald", "cmh",
                                "ha", "newcombe", "newcombecc",
                                "strat_newcombe", "strat_newcombecc"
                              ),
                              weights_method = "cmh") {
  method <- match.arg(method)
  if (is.null(variables$strata) && checkmate::test_subset(method, c("cmh", "strat_newcombe", "strat_newcombecc"))) {
    stop(paste(
      "When performing an unstratified analysis, methods 'cmh', 'strat_newcombe', and 'strat_newcombecc' are not",
      "permitted. Please choose a different method."
    ))
  }
  y <- list(diff = "", diff_ci = "")

  if (!.in_ref_col) {
    rsp <- c(.ref_group[[.var]], df[[.var]])
    grp <- factor(
      rep(
        c("ref", "Not-ref"),
        c(nrow(.ref_group), nrow(df))
      ),
      levels = c("ref", "Not-ref")
    )

    if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
      strata_colnames <- variables$strata
      checkmate::assert_character(strata_colnames, null.ok = FALSE)
      strata_vars <- stats::setNames(as.list(strata_colnames), strata_colnames)

      assert_df_with_variables(df, strata_vars)
      assert_df_with_variables(.ref_group, strata_vars)

      # Merging interaction strata for reference group rows data and remaining
      strata <- c(
        interaction(.ref_group[strata_colnames]),
        interaction(df[strata_colnames])
      )
      strata <- as.factor(strata)
    }

    # Defining the std way to calculate weights for strat_newcombe
    if (!is.null(variables$weights_method)) {
      weights_method <- variables$weights_method
    } else {
      weights_method <- "cmh"
    }

    y <- switch(method,
      "wald" = prop_diff_wald(rsp, grp, conf_level, correct = FALSE),
      "waldcc" = prop_diff_wald(rsp, grp, conf_level, correct = TRUE),
      "ha" = prop_diff_ha(rsp, grp, conf_level),
      "newcombe" = prop_diff_nc(rsp, grp, conf_level, correct = FALSE),
      "newcombecc" = prop_diff_nc(rsp, grp, conf_level, correct = TRUE),
      "strat_newcombe" = prop_diff_strat_nc(rsp,
        grp,
        strata,
        weights_method,
        conf_level,
        correct = FALSE
      ),
      "strat_newcombecc" = prop_diff_strat_nc(rsp,
        grp,
        strata,
        weights_method,
        conf_level,
        correct = TRUE
      ),
      "cmh" = prop_diff_cmh(rsp, grp, strata, conf_level)[c("diff", "diff_ci")]
    )

    y$diff <- y$diff * 100
    y$diff_ci <- y$diff_ci * 100
  }

  attr(y$diff, "label") <- "Difference in Response rate (%)"
  attr(y$diff_ci, "label") <- d_proportion_diff(
    conf_level, method,
    long = FALSE
  )

  y
}

#' @describeIn prop_diff Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `estimate_proportion_diff()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_proportion_diff()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' a_proportion_diff(
#'   df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
#'   .var = "rsp",
#'   .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
#'   .in_ref_col = FALSE,
#'   conf_level = 0.90,
#'   method = "ha"
#' )
#'
#' @export
a_proportion_diff <- make_afun(
  s_proportion_diff,
  .formats = c(diff = "xx.x", diff_ci = "(xx.x, xx.x)"),
  .indent_mods = c(diff = 0L, diff_ci = 1L)
)

#' @describeIn prop_diff Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param ... arguments passed to `s_proportion_diff()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `estimate_proportion_diff()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_proportion_diff()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' l <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "grp", ref_group = "B") %>%
#'   estimate_proportion_diff(
#'     vars = "rsp",
#'     conf_level = 0.90,
#'     method = "ha"
#'   )
#'
#' build_table(l, df = dta)
#'
#' @export
estimate_proportion_diff <- function(lyt,
                                     vars,
                                     nested = TRUE,
                                     ...,
                                     var_labels = vars,
                                     show_labels = "hidden",
                                     table_names = vars,
                                     .stats = NULL,
                                     .formats = NULL,
                                     .labels = NULL,
                                     .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_proportion_diff,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )

  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    afun = afun,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...),
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names
  )
}

#' Check: Proportion Difference Arguments
#'
#' Verifies that and/or convert arguments into valid values to be used in the
#' estimation of difference in responder proportions.
#'
#' @inheritParams prop_diff
#' @inheritParams prop_diff_wald
#'
#' @keywords internal
check_diff_prop_ci <- function(rsp,
                               grp,
                               strata = NULL,
                               conf_level,
                               correct = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_logical(rsp, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_factor(grp, len = length(rsp), any.missing = FALSE, n.levels = 2)
  checkmate::assert_number(conf_level, lower = 0, upper = 1)
  checkmate::assert_flag(correct, null.ok = TRUE)

  if (!is.null(strata)) {
    checkmate::assert_factor(strata, len = length(rsp))
  }

  invisible()
}

#' Description of Method Used for Proportion Comparison
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is an auxiliary function that describes the analysis in
#' `s_proportion_diff`.
#'
#' @inheritParams s_proportion_diff
#' @param long (`logical`)\cr Whether a long or a short (default) description is required.
#'
#' @return A `string` describing the analysis.
#'
#' @seealso [prop_diff]
#'
#' @export
d_proportion_diff <- function(conf_level,
                              method,
                              long = FALSE) {
  label <- paste0(conf_level * 100, "% CI")
  if (long) {
    label <- paste(
      label,
      ifelse(
        method == "cmh",
        "for adjusted difference",
        "for difference"
      )
    )
  }

  method_part <- switch(method,
    "cmh" = "CMH, without correction",
    "waldcc" = "Wald, with correction",
    "wald" = "Wald, without correction",
    "ha" = "Anderson-Hauck",
    "newcombe" = "Newcombe, without correction",
    "newcombecc" = "Newcombe, with correction",
    "strat_newcombe" = "Stratified Newcombe, without correction",
    "strat_newcombecc" = "Stratified Newcombe, with correction",
    stop(paste(method, "does not have a description"))
  )
  paste0(label, " (", method_part, ")")
}

#' Helper Functions to Calculate Proportion Difference
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams prop_diff
#' @param grp (`factor`)\cr vector assigning observations to one out of two groups
#'   (e.g. reference and treatment group).
#'
#' @return A named `list` of elements `diff` (proportion difference) and `diff_ci`
#'   (proportion difference confidence interval).
#'
#' @seealso [prop_diff()] for implementation of these helper functions.
#'
#' @name h_prop_diff
NULL

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff The Wald interval follows the usual textbook
#'   definition for a single proportion confidence interval using the normal
#'   approximation. It is possible to include a continuity correction for Wald's
#'   interval.
#'
#' @param correct (`logical`)\cr whether to include the continuity correction. For further
#'   information, see [stats::prop.test()].
#'
#' @examples
#' # Wald confidence interval
#' set.seed(2)
#' rsp <- sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), replace = TRUE, size = 20)
#' grp <- factor(c(rep("A", 10), rep("B", 10)))
#' prop_diff_wald(rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = 0.95, correct = FALSE)
#'
#' @export
prop_diff_wald <- function(rsp,
                           grp,
                           conf_level = 0.95,
                           correct = FALSE) {
  if (isTRUE(correct)) {
    mthd <- "waldcc"
  } else {
    mthd <- "wald"
  }
  grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(grp)
  check_diff_prop_ci(
    rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = conf_level, correct = correct
  )

  # check if binary response is coded as logical
  checkmate::assert_logical(rsp, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_factor(grp, len = length(rsp), any.missing = FALSE, n.levels = 2)

  tbl <- table(grp, factor(rsp, levels = c(TRUE, FALSE)))
  # x1 and n1 are non-reference groups.
  diff_ci <- desctools_binom(
    x1 = tbl[2], n1 = sum(tbl[2], tbl[4]),
    x2 = tbl[1], n2 = sum(tbl[1], tbl[3]),
    conf.level = conf_level,
    method = mthd
  )

  list(
    "diff" = unname(diff_ci[, "est"]),
    "diff_ci" = unname(diff_ci[, c("lwr.ci", "upr.ci")])
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff Anderson-Hauck confidence interval.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Anderson-Hauck confidence interval
#' ## "Mid" case: 3/4 respond in group A, 1/2 respond in group B.
#' rsp <- c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE)
#' grp <- factor(c("A", "B", "A", "B", "A", "A"), levels = c("B", "A"))
#' prop_diff_ha(rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = 0.90)
#'
#' ## Edge case: Same proportion of response in A and B.
#' rsp <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)
#' grp <- factor(c("A", "A", "B", "B"), levels = c("A", "B"))
#' prop_diff_ha(rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = 0.6)
#'
#' @export
prop_diff_ha <- function(rsp,
                         grp,
                         conf_level) {
  grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(grp)
  check_diff_prop_ci(rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = conf_level)

  tbl <- table(grp, factor(rsp, levels = c(TRUE, FALSE)))
  # x1 and n1 are non-reference groups.
  ci <- desctools_binom(
    x1 = tbl[2], n1 = sum(tbl[2], tbl[4]),
    x2 = tbl[1], n2 = sum(tbl[1], tbl[3]),
    conf.level = conf_level,
    method = "ha"
  )
  list(
    "diff" = unname(ci[, "est"]),
    "diff_ci" = unname(ci[, c("lwr.ci", "upr.ci")])
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff `Newcombe` confidence interval. It is based on
#'   the Wilson score confidence interval for a single binomial proportion.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `Newcombe` confidence interval
#'
#' set.seed(1)
#' rsp <- c(
#'   sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), size = 40, prob = c(3 / 4, 1 / 4), replace = TRUE),
#'   sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), size = 40, prob = c(1 / 2, 1 / 2), replace = TRUE)
#' )
#' grp <- factor(rep(c("A", "B"), each = 40), levels = c("B", "A"))
#' table(rsp, grp)
#' prop_diff_nc(rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = 0.9)
#'
#' @export
prop_diff_nc <- function(rsp,
                         grp,
                         conf_level,
                         correct = FALSE) {
  if (isTRUE(correct)) {
    mthd <- "scorecc"
  } else {
    mthd <- "score"
  }
  grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(grp)
  check_diff_prop_ci(rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = conf_level)

  p_grp <- tapply(rsp, grp, mean)
  diff_p <- unname(diff(p_grp))
  tbl <- table(grp, factor(rsp, levels = c(TRUE, FALSE)))
  ci <- desctools_binom(
    # x1 and n1 are non-reference groups.
    x1 = tbl[2], n1 = sum(tbl[2], tbl[4]),
    x2 = tbl[1], n2 = sum(tbl[1], tbl[3]),
    conf.level = conf_level,
    method = mthd
  )
  list(
    "diff" = unname(ci[, "est"]),
    "diff_ci" = unname(ci[, c("lwr.ci", "upr.ci")])
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff Calculates the weighted difference. This is defined as the difference in
#'   response rates between the experimental treatment group and the control treatment group, adjusted
#'   for stratification factors by applying `Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel` (`CMH`) weights. For the `CMH` chi-squared
#'   test, use [stats::mantelhaen.test()].
#'
#' @param strata (`factor`)\cr variable with one level per stratum and same length as `rsp`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel confidence interval
#'
#' set.seed(2)
#' rsp <- sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE)
#' grp <- sample(c("Placebo", "Treatment"), 100, TRUE)
#' grp <- factor(grp, levels = c("Placebo", "Treatment"))
#' strata_data <- data.frame(
#'   "f1" = sample(c("a", "b"), 100, TRUE),
#'   "f2" = sample(c("x", "y", "z"), 100, TRUE),
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' prop_diff_cmh(
#'   rsp = rsp, grp = grp, strata = interaction(strata_data),
#'   conf_level = 0.90
#' )
#'
#' @export
prop_diff_cmh <- function(rsp,
                          grp,
                          strata,
                          conf_level = 0.95) {
  grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(grp)
  strata <- as_factor_keep_attributes(strata)
  check_diff_prop_ci(
    rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = conf_level, strata = strata
  )

  if (any(tapply(rsp, strata, length) < 5)) {
    warning("Less than 5 observations in some strata.")
  }

  # first dimension: FALSE, TRUE
  # 2nd dimension: CONTROL, TX
  # 3rd dimension: levels of strat
  # rsp as factor rsp to handle edge case of no FALSE (or TRUE) rsp records
  t_tbl <- table(
    factor(rsp, levels = c("FALSE", "TRUE")),
    grp,
    strata
  )
  n1 <- colSums(t_tbl[1:2, 1, ])
  n2 <- colSums(t_tbl[1:2, 2, ])
  p1 <- t_tbl[2, 1, ] / n1
  p2 <- t_tbl[2, 2, ] / n2
  # CMH weights
  use_stratum <- (n1 > 0) & (n2 > 0)
  n1 <- n1[use_stratum]
  n2 <- n2[use_stratum]
  p1 <- p1[use_stratum]
  p2 <- p2[use_stratum]
  wt <- (n1 * n2 / (n1 + n2))
  wt_normalized <- wt / sum(wt)
  est1 <- sum(wt_normalized * p1)
  est2 <- sum(wt_normalized * p2)
  estimate <- c(est1, est2)
  names(estimate) <- levels(grp)
  se1 <- sqrt(sum(wt_normalized^2 * p1 * (1 - p1) / n1))
  se2 <- sqrt(sum(wt_normalized^2 * p2 * (1 - p2) / n2))
  z <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
  err1 <- z * se1
  err2 <- z * se2
  ci1 <- c((est1 - err1), (est1 + err1))
  ci2 <- c((est2 - err2), (est2 + err2))
  estimate_ci <- list(ci1, ci2)
  names(estimate_ci) <- levels(grp)
  diff_est <- est2 - est1
  se_diff <- sqrt(sum(((p1 * (1 - p1) / n1) + (p2 * (1 - p2) / n2)) * wt_normalized^2))
  diff_ci <- c(diff_est - z * se_diff, diff_est + z * se_diff)

  list(
    prop = estimate,
    prop_ci = estimate_ci,
    diff = diff_est,
    diff_ci = diff_ci,
    weights = wt_normalized,
    n1 = n1,
    n2 = n2
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_prop_diff Calculates the stratified `Newcombe` confidence interval and difference in response
#'   rates between the experimental treatment group and the control treatment group, adjusted for stratification
#'   factors. This implementation follows closely the one proposed by \insertCite{Yan2010-jt;textual}{tern}.
#'   Weights can be estimated from the heuristic proposed in [prop_strat_wilson()] or from `CMH`-derived weights
#'   (see [prop_diff_cmh()]).
#'
#' @param strata (`factor`)\cr variable with one level per stratum and same length as `rsp`.
#' @param weights_method (`string`)\cr weights method. Can be either `"cmh"` or `"heuristic"`
#'   and directs the way weights are estimated.
#'
#' @references
#' \insertRef{Yan2010-jt}{tern}
#'
#' @examples
#' # Stratified `Newcombe` confidence interval
#'
#' set.seed(2)
#' data_set <- data.frame(
#'   "rsp" = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE),
#'   "f1" = sample(c("a", "b"), 100, TRUE),
#'   "f2" = sample(c("x", "y", "z"), 100, TRUE),
#'   "grp" = sample(c("Placebo", "Treatment"), 100, TRUE),
#'   stringsAsFactors = TRUE
#' )
#'
#' prop_diff_strat_nc(
#'   rsp = data_set$rsp, grp = data_set$grp, strata = interaction(data_set[2:3]),
#'   weights_method = "cmh",
#'   conf_level = 0.90
#' )
#'
#' prop_diff_strat_nc(
#'   rsp = data_set$rsp, grp = data_set$grp, strata = interaction(data_set[2:3]),
#'   weights_method = "wilson_h",
#'   conf_level = 0.90
#' )
#'
#' @export
prop_diff_strat_nc <- function(rsp,
                               grp,
                               strata,
                               weights_method = c("cmh", "wilson_h"),
                               conf_level = 0.95,
                               correct = FALSE) {
  weights_method <- match.arg(weights_method)
  grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(grp)
  strata <- as_factor_keep_attributes(strata)
  check_diff_prop_ci(
    rsp = rsp, grp = grp, conf_level = conf_level, strata = strata
  )
  checkmate::assert_number(conf_level, lower = 0, upper = 1)
  checkmate::assert_flag(correct)
  if (any(tapply(rsp, strata, length) < 5)) {
    warning("Less than 5 observations in some strata.")
  }

  rsp_by_grp <- split(rsp, f = grp)
  strata_by_grp <- split(strata, f = grp)

  # Finding the weights
  weights <- if (identical(weights_method, "cmh")) {
    prop_diff_cmh(rsp = rsp, grp = grp, strata = strata)$weights
  } else if (identical(weights_method, "wilson_h")) {
    prop_strat_wilson(rsp, strata, conf_level = conf_level, correct = correct)$weights
  }
  weights[levels(strata)[!levels(strata) %in% names(weights)]] <- 0

  # Calculating lower (`l`) and upper (`u`) confidence bounds per group.
  strat_wilson_by_grp <- Map(
    prop_strat_wilson,
    rsp = rsp_by_grp,
    strata = strata_by_grp,
    weights = list(weights, weights),
    conf_level = conf_level,
    correct = correct
  )

  ci_ref <- strat_wilson_by_grp[[1]]
  ci_trt <- strat_wilson_by_grp[[2]]
  l_ref <- as.numeric(ci_ref$conf_int[1])
  u_ref <- as.numeric(ci_ref$conf_int[2])
  l_trt <- as.numeric(ci_trt$conf_int[1])
  u_trt <- as.numeric(ci_trt$conf_int[2])

  # Estimating the diff and n_ref, n_trt (it allows different weights to be used)
  t_tbl <- table(
    factor(rsp, levels = c("FALSE", "TRUE")),
    grp,
    strata
  )
  n_ref <- colSums(t_tbl[1:2, 1, ])
  n_trt <- colSums(t_tbl[1:2, 2, ])
  use_stratum <- (n_ref > 0) & (n_trt > 0)
  n_ref <- n_ref[use_stratum]
  n_trt <- n_trt[use_stratum]
  p_ref <- t_tbl[2, 1, use_stratum] / n_ref
  p_trt <- t_tbl[2, 2, use_stratum] / n_trt
  est1 <- sum(weights * p_ref)
  est2 <- sum(weights * p_trt)
  diff_est <- est2 - est1

  lambda1 <- sum(weights^2 / n_ref)
  lambda2 <- sum(weights^2 / n_trt)
  z <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)

  lower <- diff_est - z * sqrt(lambda2 * l_trt * (1 - l_trt) + lambda1 * u_ref * (1 - u_ref))
  upper <- diff_est + z * sqrt(lambda1 * l_ref * (1 - l_ref) + lambda2 * u_trt * (1 - u_trt))

  list(
    "diff" = diff_est,
    "diff_ci" = c("lower" = lower, "upper" = upper)
  )
}

#' Tabulate Survival Duration by Subgroup
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Tabulate statistics such as median survival time and hazard ratio for population subgroups.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams survival_coxph_pairwise
#' @param time_unit (`string`)\cr label with unit of median survival time. Default `NULL` skips displaying unit.
#'
#' @details These functions create a layout starting from a data frame which contains
#'   the required statistics. Tables typically used as part of forest plot.
#'
#' @seealso [extract_survival_subgroups()]
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
#'
#' # Save variable labels before data processing steps.
#' adtte_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adtte)
#'
#' adtte_f <- adtte %>%
#'   filter(
#'     PARAMCD == "OS",
#'     ARM %in% c("B: Placebo", "A: Drug X"),
#'     SEX %in% c("M", "F")
#'   ) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of ARM to display reference arm before treatment arm.
#'     ARM = droplevels(fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo")),
#'     SEX = droplevels(SEX),
#'     AVALU = as.character(AVALU),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' labels <- c(
#'   "ARM" = adtte_labels[["ARM"]],
#'   "SEX" = adtte_labels[["SEX"]],
#'   "AVALU" = adtte_labels[["AVALU"]],
#'   "is_event" = "Event Flag"
#' )
#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- labels
#'
#' df <- extract_survival_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' @name survival_duration_subgroups
NULL

#' Prepares Survival Data for Population Subgroups in Data Frames
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Prepares estimates of median survival times and treatment hazard ratios for population subgroups in
#' data frames. Simple wrapper for [h_survtime_subgroups_df()] and [h_coxph_subgroups_df()]. Result is a `list`
#' of two `data.frame`s: `survtime` and `hr`. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`,
#' passed as a named `list` and requires elements `tte`, `is_event`, `arm` and optionally `subgroups` and `strat`.
#' `groups_lists` optionally specifies groupings for `subgroups` variables.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams survival_duration_subgroups
#' @inheritParams survival_coxph_pairwise
#'
#' @return A named `list` of two elements:
#'   * `survtime`: A `data.frame` containing columns `arm`, `n`, `n_events`, `median`, `subgroup`, `var`,
#'     `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'   * `hr`: A `data.frame` containing columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `n_tot_events`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `conf_level`,
#'     `pval`, `pval_label`, `subgroup`, `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'
#' @seealso [survival_duration_subgroups]
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
#' adtte_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adtte)
#'
#' adtte_f <- adtte %>%
#'   filter(
#'     PARAMCD == "OS",
#'     ARM %in% c("B: Placebo", "A: Drug X"),
#'     SEX %in% c("M", "F")
#'   ) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of ARM to display reference arm before treatment arm.
#'     ARM = droplevels(fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo")),
#'     SEX = droplevels(SEX),
#'     AVALU = as.character(AVALU),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' labels <- c(
#'   "ARM" = adtte_labels[["ARM"]],
#'   "SEX" = adtte_labels[["SEX"]],
#'   "AVALU" = adtte_labels[["AVALU"]],
#'   "is_event" = "Event Flag"
#' )
#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- labels
#'
#' df <- extract_survival_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' df_grouped <- extract_survival_subgroups(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f,
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     BMRKR2 = list(
#'       "low" = "LOW",
#'       "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
#'       "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
#'     )
#'   )
#' )
#' df_grouped
#'
#' @export
extract_survival_subgroups <- function(variables,
                                       data,
                                       groups_lists = list(),
                                       control = control_coxph(),
                                       label_all = "All Patients") {
  df_survtime <- h_survtime_subgroups_df(
    variables,
    data,
    groups_lists = groups_lists,
    label_all = label_all
  )
  df_hr <- h_coxph_subgroups_df(
    variables,
    data,
    groups_lists = groups_lists,
    control = control,
    label_all = label_all
  )

  list(survtime = df_survtime, hr = df_hr)
}

#' @describeIn survival_duration_subgroups  Formatted analysis function which is used as
#'   `afun` in `tabulate_survival_subgroups()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_survival_subgroups()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_survival_subgroups <- function(.formats = list(
                                   n = "xx",
                                   n_events = "xx",
                                   n_tot_events = "xx",
                                   median = "xx.x",
                                   n_tot = "xx",
                                   hr = list(format_extreme_values(2L)),
                                   ci = list(format_extreme_values_ci(2L)),
                                   pval = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)"
                                 )) {
  checkmate::assert_list(.formats)
  checkmate::assert_subset(
    names(.formats),
    c("n", "n_events", "median", "n_tot", "n_tot_events", "hr", "ci", "pval")
  )

  afun_lst <- Map(
    function(stat, fmt) {
      if (stat == "ci") {
        function(df, labelstr = "", ...) {
          in_rows(
            .list = combine_vectors(df$lcl, df$ucl),
            .labels = as.character(df$subgroup),
            .formats = fmt
          )
        }
      } else {
        function(df, labelstr = "", ...) {
          in_rows(
            .list = as.list(df[[stat]]),
            .labels = as.character(df$subgroup),
            .formats = fmt
          )
        }
      }
    },
    stat = names(.formats),
    fmt = .formats
  )

  afun_lst
}

#' @describeIn survival_duration_subgroups Table-creating function which creates a table
#'   summarizing survival by subgroup. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze_colvars()]
#'   and [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @param df (`list`)\cr of data frames containing all analysis variables. List should be
#'   created using [extract_survival_subgroups()].
#' @param vars (`character`)\cr the name of statistics to be reported among:
#'   * `n_tot_events`: Total number of events per group.
#'   * `n_events`: Number of events per group.
#'   * `n_tot`: Total number of observations per group.
#'   * `n`: Number of observations per group.
#'   * `median`: Median survival time.
#'   * `hr`: Hazard ratio.
#'   * `ci`: Confidence interval of hazard ratio.
#'   * `pval`: p-value of the effect.
#'   Note, one of the statistics `n_tot` and `n_tot_events`, as well as both `hr` and `ci`
#'   are required.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` table summarizing survival by subgroup.
#'
#' @examples
#' ## Table with default columns.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   tabulate_survival_subgroups(df, time_unit = adtte_f$AVALU[1])
#'
#' ## Table with a manually chosen set of columns: adding "pval".
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   tabulate_survival_subgroups(
#'     df = df,
#'     vars = c("n_tot_events", "n_events", "median", "hr", "ci", "pval"),
#'     time_unit = adtte_f$AVALU[1]
#'   )
#'
#' @export
tabulate_survival_subgroups <- function(lyt,
                                        df,
                                        vars = c("n_tot_events", "n_events", "median", "hr", "ci"),
                                        time_unit = NULL) {
  conf_level <- df$hr$conf_level[1]
  method <- df$hr$pval_label[1]

  afun_lst <- a_survival_subgroups()
  colvars <- d_survival_subgroups_colvars(
    vars,
    conf_level = conf_level,
    method = method,
    time_unit = time_unit
  )

  colvars_survtime <- list(
    vars = colvars$vars[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n", "n_events", "median")],
    labels = colvars$labels[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n", "n_events", "median")]
  )
  colvars_hr <- list(
    vars = colvars$vars[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n_tot", "n_tot_events", "hr", "ci", "pval")],
    labels = colvars$labels[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n_tot", "n_tot_events", "hr", "ci", "pval")]
  )

  # Columns from table_survtime are optional.
  if (length(colvars_survtime$vars) > 0) {
    lyt_survtime <- split_cols_by(lyt = lyt, var = "arm")
    lyt_survtime <- split_rows_by(
      lyt = lyt_survtime,
      var = "row_type",
      split_fun = keep_split_levels("content"),
      nested = FALSE
    )
    lyt_survtime <- summarize_row_groups(
      lyt = lyt_survtime,
      var = "var_label",
      cfun = afun_lst[names(colvars_survtime$labels)]
    )
    lyt_survtime <- split_cols_by_multivar(
      lyt = lyt_survtime,
      vars = colvars_survtime$vars,
      varlabels = colvars_survtime$labels
    )

    if ("analysis" %in% df$survtime$row_type) {
      lyt_survtime <- split_rows_by(
        lyt = lyt_survtime,
        var = "row_type",
        split_fun = keep_split_levels("analysis"),
        nested = FALSE,
        child_labels = "hidden"
      )
      lyt_survtime <- split_rows_by(lyt = lyt_survtime, var = "var_label", nested = TRUE)
      lyt_survtime <- analyze_colvars(
        lyt = lyt_survtime,
        afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_survtime$labels)],
        inclNAs = TRUE
      )
    }

    table_survtime <- build_table(lyt_survtime, df = df$survtime)
  } else {
    table_survtime <- NULL
  }

  # Columns "n_tot_events" or "n_tot", and "hr", "ci" in table_hr are required.
  lyt_hr <- split_cols_by(lyt = lyt, var = "arm")
  lyt_hr <- split_rows_by(
    lyt = lyt_hr,
    var = "row_type",
    split_fun = keep_split_levels("content"),
    nested = FALSE
  )
  lyt_hr <- summarize_row_groups(
    lyt = lyt_hr,
    var = "var_label",
    cfun = afun_lst[names(colvars_hr$labels)]
  )
  lyt_hr <- split_cols_by_multivar(
    lyt = lyt_hr,
    vars = colvars_hr$vars,
    varlabels = colvars_hr$labels
  ) %>%
    append_topleft("Baseline Risk Factors")

  if ("analysis" %in% df$survtime$row_type) {
    lyt_hr <- split_rows_by(
      lyt = lyt_hr,
      var = "row_type",
      split_fun = keep_split_levels("analysis"),
      nested = FALSE,
      child_labels = "hidden"
    )
    lyt_hr <- split_rows_by(lyt = lyt_hr, var = "var_label", nested = TRUE)
    lyt_hr <- analyze_colvars(
      lyt = lyt_hr,
      afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_hr$labels)],
      inclNAs = TRUE
    )
  }
  table_hr <- build_table(lyt_hr, df = df$hr)

  # There can be one or two vars starting with "n_tot".
  n_tot_ids <- grep("^n_tot", colvars_hr$vars)
  if (is.null(table_survtime)) {
    result <- table_hr
    hr_id <- match("hr", colvars_hr$vars)
    ci_id <- match("lcl", colvars_hr$vars)
  } else {
    # Reorder the table.
    result <- cbind_rtables(table_hr[, n_tot_ids], table_survtime, table_hr[, -n_tot_ids])
    # And then calculate column indices accordingly.
    hr_id <- length(n_tot_ids) + ncol(table_survtime) + match("hr", colvars_hr$vars[-n_tot_ids])
    ci_id <- length(n_tot_ids) + ncol(table_survtime) + match("lcl", colvars_hr$vars[-n_tot_ids])
    n_tot_ids <- seq_along(n_tot_ids)
  }

  structure(
    result,
    forest_header = paste0(rev(levels(df$survtime$arm)), "\nBetter"),
    col_x = hr_id,
    col_ci = ci_id,
    # Take the first one for scaling the symbol sizes in graph.
    col_symbol_size = n_tot_ids[1]
  )
}

#' Labels for Column Variables in Survival Duration by Subgroup Table
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Internal function to check variables included in [tabulate_survival_subgroups()] and create column labels.
#'
#' @inheritParams tabulate_survival_subgroups
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param method (`character`)\cr p-value method for testing hazard ratio = 1.
#'
#' @return A `list` of variables and their labels to tabulate.
#'
#' @note At least one of `n_tot` and `n_tot_events` must be provided in `vars`.
#'
#' @export
d_survival_subgroups_colvars <- function(vars,
                                         conf_level,
                                         method,
                                         time_unit = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_character(vars)
  checkmate::assert_string(time_unit, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_subset(c("hr", "ci"), vars)
  checkmate::assert_true(any(c("n_tot", "n_tot_events") %in% vars))
  checkmate::assert_subset(
    vars,
    c("n", "n_events", "median", "n_tot", "n_tot_events", "hr", "ci", "pval")
  )

  propcase_time_label <- if (!is.null(time_unit)) {
    paste0("Median (", time_unit, ")")
  } else {
    "Median"
  }

  varlabels <- c(
    n = "n",
    n_events = "Events",
    median = propcase_time_label,
    n_tot = "Total n",
    n_tot_events = "Total Events",
    hr = "Hazard Ratio",
    ci = paste0(100 * conf_level, "% Wald CI"),
    pval = method
  )

  colvars <- vars

  # The `lcl` variable is just a placeholder available in the analysis data,
  # it is not acutally used in the tabulation.
  # Variables used in the tabulation are lcl and ucl, see `a_survival_subgroups` for details.
  colvars[colvars == "ci"] <- "lcl"

  list(
    vars = colvars,
    labels = varlabels[vars]
  )
}

#' Count Patients with Marked Laboratory Abnormalities
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Primary analysis variable `.var` indicates whether single, replicated or last marked laboratory
#' abnormality was observed (`factor`). Additional analysis variables are `id` (`character` or `factor`)
#' and `direction` (`factor`) indicating the direction of the abnormality. Denominator is number of
#' patients with at least one valid measurement during the analysis.
#'   * For `Single, not last` and `Last or replicated`: Numerator is number of patients
#'     with `Single, not last` and `Last or replicated` levels, respectively.
#'   * For `Any`: Numerator is the number of patients with either single or
#'     replicated marked abnormalities.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param category (`list`)\cr with different marked category names for single
#'   and last or replicated.
#'
#' @note `Single, not last` and `Last or replicated` levels are mutually exclusive. If a patient has
#'   abnormalities that meet both the `Single, not last` and `Last or replicated` criteria, then the
#'   patient will be counted only under the `Last or replicated` category.
#'
#' @name abnormal_by_marked
NULL

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_marked Statistics function for patients with marked lab abnormalities.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_abnormal_by_marked()` returns statistic `count_fraction` with `Single, not last`,
#'   `Last or replicated`, and `Any` results.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(rep(1, 5), rep(2, 5), rep(1, 5), rep(2, 5))),
#'   ARMCD = factor(c(rep("ARM A", 5), rep("ARM B", 5), rep("ARM A", 5), rep("ARM B", 5))),
#'   ANRIND = factor(c(
#'     "NORMAL", "HIGH", "HIGH", "HIGH HIGH", "HIGH",
#'     "HIGH", "HIGH", "HIGH HIGH", "NORMAL", "HIGH HIGH", "NORMAL", "LOW", "LOW", "LOW LOW", "LOW",
#'     "LOW", "LOW", "LOW LOW", "NORMAL", "LOW LOW"
#'   )),
#'   ONTRTFL = rep(c("", "Y", "Y", "Y", "Y", "Y", "Y", "Y", "Y", "Y"), 2),
#'   PARAMCD = factor(c(rep("CRP", 10), rep("ALT", 10))),
#'   AVALCAT1 = factor(rep(c("", "", "", "SINGLE", "REPLICATED", "", "", "LAST", "", "SINGLE"), 2)),
#'   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
#' )
#'
#' df <- df %>%
#'   mutate(abn_dir = factor(
#'     case_when(
#'       ANRIND == "LOW LOW" ~ "Low",
#'       ANRIND == "HIGH HIGH" ~ "High",
#'       TRUE ~ ""
#'     ),
#'     levels = c("Low", "High")
#'   ))
#'
#' # Select only post-baseline records.
#' df <- df %>% filter(ONTRTFL == "Y")
#' df_crp <- df %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "CRP") %>%
#'   droplevels()
#' full_parent_df <- list(df_crp, "not_needed")
#' cur_col_subset <- list(rep(TRUE, nrow(df_crp)), "not_needed")
#' spl_context <- data.frame(
#'   split = c("PARAMCD", "GRADE_DIR"),
#'   full_parent_df = I(full_parent_df),
#'   cur_col_subset = I(cur_col_subset)
#' )
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_abnormal_by_marked <- function(df,
                                       .var = "AVALCAT1",
                                       .spl_context,
                                       category = list(single = "SINGLE", last_replicated = c("LAST", "REPLICATED")),
                                       variables = list(id = "USUBJID", param = "PARAM", direction = "abn_dir")) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  checkmate::assert_list(variables)
  checkmate::assert_list(category)
  checkmate::assert_subset(names(category), c("single", "last_replicated"))
  checkmate::assert_subset(names(variables), c("id", "param", "direction"))
  checkmate::assert_vector(unique(df[[variables$direction]]), max.len = 1)

  assert_df_with_variables(df, c(aval = .var, variables))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[.var]], classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[variables$id]], classes = c("factor", "character"))


  first_row <- .spl_context[.spl_context$split == variables[["param"]], ]
  # Patients in the denominator have at least one post-baseline visit.
  subj <- first_row$full_parent_df[[1]][[variables[["id"]]]]
  subj_cur_col <- subj[first_row$cur_col_subset[[1]]]
  # Some subjects may have a record for high and low directions but
  # should be counted only once.
  denom <- length(unique(subj_cur_col))

  if (denom != 0) {
    subjects_last_replicated <- unique(
      df[df[[.var]] %in% category[["last_replicated"]], variables$id, drop = TRUE]
    )
    subjects_single <- unique(
      df[df[[.var]] %in% category[["single"]], variables$id, drop = TRUE]
    )
    # Subjects who have both single and last/replicated abnormalities are counted in only the last/replicated group.
    subjects_single <- setdiff(subjects_single, subjects_last_replicated)
    n_single <- length(subjects_single)
    n_last_replicated <- length(subjects_last_replicated)
    n_any <- n_single + n_last_replicated
    result <- list(count_fraction = list(
      "Single, not last" = c(n_single, n_single / denom),
      "Last or replicated" = c(n_last_replicated, n_last_replicated / denom),
      "Any Abnormality" = c(n_any, n_any / denom)
    ))
  } else {
    result <- list(count_fraction = list(
      "Single, not last" = c(0, 0),
      "Last or replicated" = c(0, 0),
      "Any Abnormality" = c(0, 0)
    ))
  }

  result
}

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_marked Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_abnormal_by_marked()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_abnormal_by_marked()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_count_abnormal_by_marked <- make_afun(
  s_count_abnormal_by_marked,
  .formats = c(count_fraction = format_count_fraction)
)

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_marked Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_abnormal_by_marked()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_abnormal_by_marked()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' map <- unique(
#'   df[df$abn_dir %in% c("Low", "High") & df$AVALCAT1 != "", c("PARAMCD", "abn_dir")]
#' ) %>%
#'   lapply(as.character) %>%
#'   as.data.frame() %>%
#'   arrange(PARAMCD, abn_dir)
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("PARAMCD") %>%
#'   summarize_num_patients(
#'     var = "USUBJID",
#'     .stats = "unique_count"
#'   ) %>%
#'   split_rows_by(
#'     "abn_dir",
#'     split_fun = trim_levels_to_map(map)
#'   ) %>%
#'   count_abnormal_by_marked(
#'     var = "AVALCAT1",
#'     variables = list(
#'       id = "USUBJID",
#'       param = "PARAMCD",
#'       direction = "abn_dir"
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = df)
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("PARAMCD") %>%
#'   summarize_num_patients(
#'     var = "USUBJID",
#'     .stats = "unique_count"
#'   ) %>%
#'   split_rows_by(
#'     "abn_dir",
#'     split_fun = trim_levels_in_group("abn_dir")
#'   ) %>%
#'   count_abnormal_by_marked(
#'     var = "AVALCAT1",
#'     variables = list(
#'       id = "USUBJID",
#'       param = "PARAMCD",
#'       direction = "abn_dir"
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = df)
#'
#' @export
count_abnormal_by_marked <- function(lyt,
                                     var,
                                     nested = TRUE,
                                     ...,
                                     .stats = NULL,
                                     .formats = NULL,
                                     .labels = NULL,
                                     .indent_mods = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_string(var)

  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_abnormal_by_marked,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = "count_fraction"
  )

  lyt <- analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = var,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    show_labels = "hidden",
    extra_args = c(list(...))
  )
  lyt
}

#' Count the Number of Patients with Particular Flags
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' The primary analysis variable `.var` denotes the unique patient identifier.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso [count_patients_with_event]
#'
#' @name count_patients_with_flags
NULL

#' @describeIn count_patients_with_flags Statistics function which counts the number of patients for which
#'   a particular flag variable is `TRUE`.
#'
#' @inheritParams analyze_variables
#' @param .var (`character`)\cr name of the column that contains the unique identifier.
#' @param flag_variables (`character`)\cr a character vector specifying the names of `logical`
#'   variables from analysis dataset used for counting the number of unique identifiers.
#' @param flag_labels (`character`)\cr vector of labels to use for flag variables.
#'
#' @note If `flag_labels` is not specified, variables labels will be extracted from `df`. If variables are not
#'   labeled, variable names will be used instead. Alternatively, a named `vector` can be supplied to
#'   `flag_variables` such that within each name-value pair the name corresponds to the variable name and the value is
#'   the label to use for this variable.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_patients_with_flags()` returns the count and the fraction of unique identifiers with each particular
#'   flag as a list of statistics `n`, `count`, `count_fraction`, and `n_blq`, with one element per flag.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' # `s_count_patients_with_flags()`
#'
#' # Add labelled flag variables to analysis dataset.
#' adae <- tern_ex_adae %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     fl1 = TRUE,
#'     fl2 = TRTEMFL == "Y",
#'     fl3 = TRTEMFL == "Y" & AEOUT == "FATAL",
#'     fl4 = TRTEMFL == "Y" & AEOUT == "FATAL" & AEREL == "Y"
#'   )
#' labels <- c(
#'   "fl1" = "Total AEs",
#'   "fl2" = "Total number of patients with at least one adverse event",
#'   "fl3" = "Total number of patients with fatal AEs",
#'   "fl4" = "Total number of patients with related fatal AEs"
#' )
#' formatters::var_labels(adae)[names(labels)] <- labels
#'
#' s_count_patients_with_flags(
#'   adae,
#'   "SUBJID",
#'   flag_variables = c("fl1", "fl2", "fl3", "fl4"),
#'   denom = "N_col",
#'   .N_col = 1000
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_count_patients_with_flags <- function(df,
                                        .var,
                                        flag_variables,
                                        flag_labels = NULL,
                                        .N_col, # nolint
                                        .N_row, # nolint
                                        denom = c("n", "N_row", "N_col")) {
  checkmate::assert_character(flag_variables)
  if (!is.null(flag_labels)) {
    checkmate::assert_character(flag_labels, len = length(flag_variables), any.missing = FALSE)
    flag_names <- flag_labels
  } else {
    if (is.null(names(flag_variables))) {
      flag_names <- formatters::var_labels(df[flag_variables], fill = TRUE)
    } else {
      flag_names <- unname(flag_variables)
      flag_variables <- names(flag_variables)
    }
  }

  checkmate::assert_subset(flag_variables, colnames(df))
  temp <- sapply(flag_variables, function(x) {
    tmp <- Map(function(y) which(df[[y]]), x)
    position_satisfy_flags <- Reduce(intersect, tmp)
    id_satisfy_flags <- as.character(unique(df[position_satisfy_flags, ][[.var]]))
    s_count_values(
      as.character(unique(df[[.var]])),
      id_satisfy_flags,
      denom = denom,
      .N_col = .N_col,
      .N_row = .N_row
    )
  })
  colnames(temp) <- flag_names
  temp <- data.frame(t(temp))
  result <- temp %>% as.list()
  if (length(flag_variables) == 1) {
    for (i in 1:3) names(result[[i]]) <- flag_names[1]
  }
  result
}

#' @describeIn count_patients_with_flags Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_patients_with_flags()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_patients_with_flags()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' #  We need to ungroup `count_fraction` first so that the `rtables` formatting
#' # function `format_count_fraction()` can be applied correctly.
#'
#' # `a_count_patients_with_flags()`
#'
#' afun <- make_afun(a_count_patients_with_flags,
#'   .stats = "count_fraction",
#'   .ungroup_stats = "count_fraction"
#' )
#' afun(
#'   adae,
#'   .N_col = 10L,
#'   .N_row = 10L,
#'   .var = "USUBJID",
#'   flag_variables = c("fl1", "fl2", "fl3", "fl4")
#' )
#'
#' @export
a_count_patients_with_flags <- make_afun(
  s_count_patients_with_flags,
  .formats = c("count_fraction" = format_count_fraction_fixed_dp)
)

#' @describeIn count_patients_with_flags Layout-creating function which can take statistics function
#'   arguments and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_patients_with_flags()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_patients_with_flags()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `count_patients_with_flags()`
#'
#' lyt2 <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   count_patients_with_flags(
#'     "SUBJID",
#'     flag_variables = c("fl1", "fl2", "fl3", "fl4"),
#'     denom = "N_col"
#'   )
#' build_table(lyt2, adae, alt_counts_df = tern_ex_adsl)
#'
#' @export
count_patients_with_flags <- function(lyt,
                                      var,
                                      var_labels = var,
                                      show_labels = "hidden",
                                      riskdiff = FALSE,
                                      nested = TRUE,
                                      ...,
                                      table_names = paste0("tbl_flags_", var),
                                      .stats = "count_fraction",
                                      .formats = NULL,
                                      .indent_mods = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(riskdiff)

  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_patients_with_flags,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = .stats
  )

  extra_args <- if (isFALSE(riskdiff)) {
    list(...)
  } else {
    list(
      afun = list("s_count_patients_with_flags" = afun),
      .stats = .stats,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
      s_args = list(...)
    )
  }

  lyt <- analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = var,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    afun = ifelse(isFALSE(riskdiff), afun, afun_riskdiff),
    table_names = table_names,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = extra_args
  )

  lyt
}

#' Individual Patient Plots
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Line plot(s) displaying trend in patients' parameter values over time is rendered.
#' Patients' individual baseline values can be added to the plot(s) as reference.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param xvar (`string`)\cr time point variable to be plotted on x-axis.
#' @param yvar (`string`)\cr continuous analysis variable to be plotted on y-axis.
#' @param xlab (`string`)\cr plot label for x-axis.
#' @param ylab (`string`)\cr plot label for y-axis.
#' @param id_var (`string`)\cr variable used as patient identifier.
#' @param title (`string`)\cr title for plot.
#' @param subtitle (`string`)\cr subtitle for plot.
#' @param add_baseline_hline (`flag`)\cr adds horizontal line at baseline y-value on
#'   plot when TRUE.
#' @param yvar_baseline (`string`)\cr variable with baseline values only.
#'   Ignored when `add_baseline_hline` is FALSE.
#' @param ggtheme (`theme`)\cr optional graphical theme function as provided
#'   by `ggplot2` to control outlook of plot. Use `ggplot2::theme()` to tweak the display.
#' @param plotting_choices (`character`)\cr specifies options for displaying
#'   plots. Must be one of "all_in_one", "split_by_max_obs", "separate_by_obs".
#' @param max_obs_per_plot (`count`)\cr Number of observations to be plotted on one
#'   plot. Ignored when `plotting_choices` is not "separate_by_obs".
#' @param caption (`character` scalar)\cr optional caption below the plot.
#' @param col (`character`)\cr lines colors.
#'
#' @seealso Relevant helper function [h_g_ipp()].
#'
#' @name individual_patient_plot
NULL

#' Helper Function To Create Simple Line Plot over Time
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Function that generates a simple line plot displaying parameter trends over time.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams g_ipp
#'
#' @return A `ggplot` line plot.
#'
#' @seealso [g_ipp()] which uses this function.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(nestcolor)
#'
#' # Select a small sample of data to plot.
#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "ALT", !(AVISIT %in% c("SCREENING", "BASELINE"))) %>%
#'   slice(1:36)
#'
#' p <- h_g_ipp(
#'   df = adlb,
#'   xvar = "AVISIT",
#'   yvar = "AVAL",
#'   xlab = "Visit",
#'   id_var = "USUBJID",
#'   ylab = "SGOT/ALT (U/L)",
#'   add_baseline_hline = TRUE
#' )
#' p
#'
#' @export
h_g_ipp <- function(df,
                    xvar,
                    yvar,
                    xlab,
                    ylab,
                    id_var,
                    title = "Individual Patient Plots",
                    subtitle = "",
                    caption = NULL,
                    add_baseline_hline = FALSE,
                    yvar_baseline = "BASE",
                    ggtheme = nestcolor::theme_nest(),
                    col = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_string(xvar)
  checkmate::assert_string(yvar)
  checkmate::assert_string(yvar_baseline)
  checkmate::assert_string(id_var)
  checkmate::assert_string(xlab)
  checkmate::assert_string(ylab)
  checkmate::assert_string(title)
  checkmate::assert_string(subtitle)
  checkmate::assert_subset(c(xvar, yvar, yvar_baseline, id_var), colnames(df))
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  checkmate::assert_flag(add_baseline_hline)
  checkmate::assert_character(col, null.ok = TRUE)

  p <- ggplot2::ggplot(
    data = df,
    mapping = ggplot2::aes(
      x = .data[[xvar]],
      y = .data[[yvar]],
      group = .data[[id_var]],
      colour = .data[[id_var]]
    )
  ) +
    ggplot2::geom_line(linewidth = 0.4) +
    ggplot2::geom_point(size = 2) +
    ggplot2::labs(
      x = xlab,
      y = ylab,
      title = title,
      subtitle = subtitle,
      caption = caption
    ) +
    ggtheme

  if (add_baseline_hline) {
    baseline_df <- df[, c(id_var, yvar_baseline)]
    baseline_df <- unique(baseline_df)

    p <- p +
      ggplot2::geom_hline(
        data = baseline_df,
        mapping = ggplot2::aes(
          yintercept = .data[[yvar_baseline]],
          colour = .data[[id_var]]
        ),
        linetype = "dotdash",
        linewidth = 0.4
      ) +
      ggplot2::geom_text(
        data = baseline_df,
        mapping = ggplot2::aes(
          x = 1,
          y = .data[[yvar_baseline]],
          label = .data[[id_var]],
          colour = .data[[id_var]]
        ),
        nudge_y = 0.025 * (max(df[, yvar], na.rm = TRUE) - min(df[, yvar], na.rm = TRUE)),
        vjust = "right",
        size = 2
      )

    if (!is.null(col)) {
      p <- p +
        ggplot2::scale_color_manual(values = col)
    }
  }
  p
}

#' @describeIn individual_patient_plot Plotting function for individual patient plots which, depending on user
#'   preference, renders a single graphic or compiles a list of graphics that show trends in individual's parameter
#'   values over time.
#'
#' @return A `ggplot` object or a list of `ggplot` objects.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(nestcolor)
#'
#' # Select a small sample of data to plot.
#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "ALT", !(AVISIT %in% c("SCREENING", "BASELINE"))) %>%
#'   slice(1:36)
#'
#' plot_list <- g_ipp(
#'   df = adlb,
#'   xvar = "AVISIT",
#'   yvar = "AVAL",
#'   xlab = "Visit",
#'   ylab = "SGOT/ALT (U/L)",
#'   title = "Individual Patient Plots",
#'   add_baseline_hline = TRUE,
#'   plotting_choices = "split_by_max_obs",
#'   max_obs_per_plot = 5
#' )
#' plot_list
#'
#' @export
g_ipp <- function(df,
                  xvar,
                  yvar,
                  xlab,
                  ylab,
                  id_var = "USUBJID",
                  title = "Individual Patient Plots",
                  subtitle = "",
                  caption = NULL,
                  add_baseline_hline = FALSE,
                  yvar_baseline = "BASE",
                  ggtheme = nestcolor::theme_nest(),
                  plotting_choices = c("all_in_one", "split_by_max_obs", "separate_by_obs"),
                  max_obs_per_plot = 4,
                  col = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_count(max_obs_per_plot)
  checkmate::assert_subset(plotting_choices, c("all_in_one", "split_by_max_obs", "separate_by_obs"))
  checkmate::assert_character(col, null.ok = TRUE)

  plotting_choices <- match.arg(plotting_choices)

  if (plotting_choices == "all_in_one") {
    p <- h_g_ipp(
      df = df,
      xvar = xvar,
      yvar = yvar,
      xlab = xlab,
      ylab = ylab,
      id_var = id_var,
      title = title,
      subtitle = subtitle,
      caption = caption,
      add_baseline_hline = add_baseline_hline,
      yvar_baseline = yvar_baseline,
      ggtheme = ggtheme,
      col = col
    )

    return(p)
  } else if (plotting_choices == "split_by_max_obs") {
    id_vec <- unique(df[[id_var]])
    id_list <- split(
      id_vec,
      rep(1:ceiling(length(id_vec) / max_obs_per_plot),
        each = max_obs_per_plot,
        length.out = length(id_vec)
      )
    )

    df_list <- list()
    plot_list <- list()

    for (i in seq_along(id_list)) {
      df_list[[i]] <- df[df[[id_var]] %in% id_list[[i]], ]

      plots <- h_g_ipp(
        df = df_list[[i]],
        xvar = xvar,
        yvar = yvar,
        xlab = xlab,
        ylab = ylab,
        id_var = id_var,
        title = title,
        subtitle = subtitle,
        caption = caption,
        add_baseline_hline = add_baseline_hline,
        yvar_baseline = yvar_baseline,
        ggtheme = ggtheme,
        col = col
      )

      plot_list[[i]] <- plots
    }
    return(plot_list)
  } else {
    ind_df <- split(df, df[[id_var]])
    plot_list <- lapply(
      ind_df,
      function(x) {
        h_g_ipp(
          df = x,
          xvar = xvar,
          yvar = yvar,
          xlab = xlab,
          ylab = ylab,
          id_var = id_var,
          title = title,
          subtitle = subtitle,
          caption = caption,
          add_baseline_hline = add_baseline_hline,
          yvar_baseline = yvar_baseline,
          ggtheme = ggtheme,
          col = col
        )
      }
    )

    return(plot_list)
  }
}

#' Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern (STEP) Fit for Survival Outcome
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This fits the Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern models for a survival outcome. The treatment arm
#' variable must have exactly 2 levels, where the first one is taken as reference and the estimated
#' hazard ratios are for the comparison of the second level vs. the first one.
#'
#' The model which is fit is:
#'
#' `Surv(time, event) ~ arm * poly(biomarker, degree) + covariates + strata(strata)`
#'
#' where `degree` is specified by `control_step()`.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param variables (named `list` of `character`)\cr list of analysis variables: needs `time`, `event`,
#'   `arm`, `biomarker`, and optional `covariates` and `strata`.
#' @param control (named `list`)\cr combined control list from [control_step()] and [control_coxph()].
#'
#' @return A matrix of class `step`. The first part of the columns describe the subgroup intervals used
#'   for the biomarker variable, including where the center of the intervals are and their bounds. The
#'   second part of the columns contain the estimates for the treatment arm comparison.
#'
#' @note For the default degree 0 the `biomarker` variable is not included in the model.
#'
#' @seealso [control_step()] and [control_coxph()] for the available customization options.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Testing dataset with just two treatment arms.
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adtte_f <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(
#'     PARAMCD == "OS",
#'     ARM %in% c("B: Placebo", "A: Drug X")
#'   ) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     # Reorder levels of ARM to display reference arm before treatment arm.
#'     ARM = droplevels(forcats::fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo")),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' labels <- c("ARM" = "Treatment Arm", "is_event" = "Event Flag")
#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- labels
#'
#' variables <- list(
#'   arm = "ARM",
#'   biomarker = "BMRKR1",
#'   covariates = c("AGE", "BMRKR2"),
#'   event = "is_event",
#'   time = "AVAL"
#' )
#'
#' # Fit default STEP models: Here a constant treatment effect is estimated in each subgroup.
#' step_matrix <- fit_survival_step(
#'   variables = variables,
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#' dim(step_matrix)
#' head(step_matrix)
#'
#' # Specify different polynomial degree for the biomarker interaction to use more flexible local
#' # models. Or specify different Cox regression options.
#' step_matrix2 <- fit_survival_step(
#'   variables = variables,
#'   data = adtte_f,
#'   control = c(control_coxph(conf_level = 0.9), control_step(degree = 2))
#' )
#'
#' # Use a global model with cubic interaction and only 5 points.
#' step_matrix3 <- fit_survival_step(
#'   variables = variables,
#'   data = adtte_f,
#'   control = c(control_coxph(), control_step(bandwidth = NULL, degree = 3, num_points = 5L))
#' )
#'
#' @export
fit_survival_step <- function(variables,
                              data,
                              control = c(control_step(), control_coxph())) {
  checkmate::assert_list(control)
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  data <- data[!is.na(data[[variables$biomarker]]), ]
  window_sel <- h_step_window(x = data[[variables$biomarker]], control = control)
  interval_center <- window_sel$interval[, "Interval Center"]
  form <- h_step_survival_formula(variables = variables, control = control)
  estimates <- if (is.null(control$bandwidth)) {
    h_step_survival_est(
      formula = form,
      data = data,
      variables = variables,
      x = interval_center,
      control = control
    )
  } else {
    tmp <- mapply(
      FUN = h_step_survival_est,
      x = interval_center,
      subset = as.list(as.data.frame(window_sel$sel)),
      MoreArgs = list(
        formula = form,
        data = data,
        variables = variables,
        control = control
      )
    )
    # Maybe we find a more elegant solution than this.
    rownames(tmp) <- c("n", "events", "loghr", "se", "ci_lower", "ci_upper")
    t(tmp)
  }
  result <- cbind(window_sel$interval, estimates)
  structure(
    result,
    class = c("step", "matrix"),
    variables = variables,
    control = control
  )
}

#' Control Function for `CoxPH` Model
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is an auxiliary function for controlling arguments for `CoxPH` model, typically used internally to specify
#' details of `CoxPH` model for [s_coxph_pairwise()]. `conf_level` refers to Hazard Ratio estimation.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param pval_method (`string`)\cr p-value method for testing hazard ratio = 1.
#'   Default method is `"log-rank"`, can also be set to `"wald"` or `"likelihood"`.
#' @param ties (`string`)\cr specifying the method for tie handling. Default is `"efron"`,
#'   can also be set to `"breslow"` or `"exact"`. See more in [survival::coxph()].
#'
#' @return A list of components with the same names as the arguments
#'
#' @export
control_coxph <- function(pval_method = c("log-rank", "wald", "likelihood"),
                          ties = c("efron", "breslow", "exact"),
                          conf_level = 0.95) {
  pval_method <- match.arg(pval_method)
  ties <- match.arg(ties)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)

  list(pval_method = pval_method, ties = ties, conf_level = conf_level)
}

#' Control Function for `survfit` Model for Survival Time
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is an auxiliary function for controlling arguments for `survfit` model, typically used internally to specify
#' details of `survfit` model for [s_surv_time()]. `conf_level` refers to survival time estimation.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param conf_type (`string`)\cr confidence interval type. Options are "plain" (default), "log", "log-log",
#'   see more in [survival::survfit()]. Note option "none" is no longer supported.
#' @param quantiles (`numeric`)\cr of length two to specify the quantiles of survival time.
#'
#' @return A list of components with the same names as the arguments
#'
#' @export
control_surv_time <- function(conf_level = 0.95,
                              conf_type = c("plain", "log", "log-log"),
                              quantiles = c(0.25, 0.75)) {
  conf_type <- match.arg(conf_type)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(quantiles, lower = 0, upper = 1, len = 2, unique = TRUE, sorted = TRUE)
  nullo <- lapply(quantiles, assert_proportion_value)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
  list(conf_level = conf_level, conf_type = conf_type, quantiles = quantiles)
}

#' Control Function for `survfit` Model for Patient's Survival Rate at time point
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is an auxiliary function for controlling arguments for `survfit` model, typically used internally to specify
#' details of `survfit` model for [s_surv_timepoint()]. `conf_level` refers to patient risk estimation at a time point.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams control_surv_time
#'
#' @return A list of components with the same names as the arguments
#'
#' @export
control_surv_timepoint <- function(conf_level = 0.95,
                                   conf_type = c("plain", "log", "log-log")) {
  conf_type <- match.arg(conf_type)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
  list(
    conf_level = conf_level,
    conf_type = conf_type
  )
}

#' Patient Counts with Abnormal Range Values
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Primary analysis variable `.var` indicates the abnormal range result (`character` or `factor`)
#' and additional analysis variables are `id` (`character` or `factor`) and `baseline` (`character` or
#' `factor`). For each direction specified in `abnormal` (e.g. high or low) count patients in the
#' numerator and denominator as follows:
#'   * `num` : The number of patients with this abnormality recorded while on treatment.
#'   * `denom`: The number of patients with at least one post-baseline assessment.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param abnormal (named `list`)\cr list identifying the abnormal range level(s) in `var`. Defaults to
#'   `list(Low = "LOW", High = "HIGH")` but you can also group different levels into the named list,
#'   for example, `abnormal = list(Low = c("LOW", "LOW LOW"), High = c("HIGH", "HIGH HIGH"))`.
#'
#' @note
#' * `count_abnormal()` only works with a single variable containing multiple abnormal levels.
#' * `df` should be filtered to include only post-baseline records.
#' * the denominator includes patients that might have other abnormal levels at baseline,
#'   and patients with missing baseline. Patients with these abnormalities at
#'   baseline can be optionally excluded from numerator and denominator.
#'
#' @name abnormal
#' @include formatting_functions.R
NULL

#' @describeIn abnormal Statistics function which counts patients with abnormal range values
#'   for a single `abnormal` level.
#'
#' @param exclude_base_abn (`flag`)\cr whether to exclude subjects with baseline abnormality
#'   from numerator and denominator.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_abnormal()` returns the statistic `fraction` which is a vector with `num` and `denom` counts of patients.
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(1, 1, 2, 2)),
#'   ANRIND = factor(c("NORMAL", "LOW", "HIGH", "HIGH")),
#'   BNRIND = factor(c("NORMAL", "NORMAL", "HIGH", "HIGH")),
#'   ONTRTFL = c("", "Y", "", "Y"),
#'   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
#' )
#'
#' # Select only post-baseline records.
#' df <- df %>%
#'   filter(ONTRTFL == "Y")
#' @keywords internal
s_count_abnormal <- function(df,
                             .var,
                             abnormal = list(Low = "LOW", High = "HIGH"),
                             variables = list(id = "USUBJID", baseline = "BNRIND"),
                             exclude_base_abn = FALSE) {
  checkmate::assert_list(abnormal, types = "character", names = "named", len = 2, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_true(any(unlist(abnormal) %in% levels(df[[.var]])))
  checkmate::assert_factor(df[[.var]])
  checkmate::assert_flag(exclude_base_abn)
  assert_df_with_variables(df, c(range = .var, variables))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[variables$baseline]], classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[variables$id]], classes = c("factor", "character"))

  count_abnormal_single <- function(abn_name, abn) {
    # Patients in the denominator fulfill:
    # - have at least one post-baseline visit
    # - their baseline must not be abnormal if `exclude_base_abn`.
    if (exclude_base_abn) {
      denom_select <- !(df[[variables$baseline]] %in% abn)
    } else {
      denom_select <- TRUE
    }
    denom <- length(unique(df[denom_select, variables$id, drop = TRUE]))

    # Patients in the numerator fulfill:
    # - have at least one post-baseline visit with the required abnormality level
    # - are part of the denominator patients.
    num_select <- (df[[.var]] %in% abn) & denom_select
    num <- length(unique(df[num_select, variables$id, drop = TRUE]))

    formatters::with_label(c(num = num, denom = denom), abn_name)
  }

  # This will define the abnormal levels theoretically possible for a specific lab parameter
  # within a split level of a layout.
  abnormal_lev <- lapply(abnormal, intersect, levels(df[[.var]]))
  abnormal_lev <- abnormal_lev[vapply(abnormal_lev, function(x) length(x) > 0, logical(1))]

  result <- sapply(names(abnormal_lev), function(i) count_abnormal_single(i, abnormal_lev[[i]]), simplify = FALSE)
  result <- list(fraction = result)
  result
}

#' @describeIn abnormal Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `count_abnormal()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_abnormal()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_count_abnormal <- make_afun(
  s_count_abnormal,
  .formats = c(fraction = format_fraction)
)

#' @describeIn abnormal Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_abnormal()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_abnormal()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Layout creating function.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   count_abnormal(var = "ANRIND", abnormal = list(high = "HIGH", low = "LOW")) %>%
#'   build_table(df)
#'
#' # Passing of statistics function and formatting arguments.
#' df2 <- data.frame(
#'   ID = as.character(c(1, 1, 2, 2)),
#'   RANGE = factor(c("NORMAL", "LOW", "HIGH", "HIGH")),
#'   BL_RANGE = factor(c("NORMAL", "NORMAL", "HIGH", "HIGH")),
#'   ONTRTFL = c("", "Y", "", "Y"),
#'   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
#' )
#'
#' # Select only post-baseline records.
#' df2 <- df2 %>%
#'   filter(ONTRTFL == "Y")
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   count_abnormal(
#'     var = "RANGE",
#'     abnormal = list(low = "LOW", high = "HIGH"),
#'     variables = list(id = "ID", baseline = "BL_RANGE")
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df2)
#'
#' @export
count_abnormal <- function(lyt,
                           var,
                           nested = TRUE,
                           ...,
                           table_names = var,
                           .stats = NULL,
                           .formats = NULL,
                           .labels = NULL,
                           .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_abnormal,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = "fraction"
  )

  checkmate::assert_string(var)

  analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = var,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    table_names = table_names,
    extra_args = list(...),
    show_labels = "hidden"
  )
}

#' `rtables` Access Helper Functions
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' These are a couple of functions that help with accessing the data in `rtables` objects.
#' Currently these work for occurrence tables, which are defined as having a count as the first
#' element and a fraction as the second element in each cell.
#'
#' @seealso [prune_occurrences] for usage of these functions.
#'
#' @name rtables_access
NULL

#' @describeIn rtables_access Helper function to extract the first values from each content
#'   cell and from specified columns in a `TableRow`. Defaults to all columns.
#'
#' @param table_row (`TableRow`)\cr an analysis row in a occurrence table.
#' @param col_names (`character`)\cr the names of the columns to extract from.
#' @param col_indices (`integer`)\cr the indices of the columns to extract from. If `col_names` are provided,
#'   then these are inferred from the names of `table_row`. Note that this currently only works well with a single
#'   column split.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_row_first_values()` returns a `vector` of numeric values.
#'
#' @examples
#' tbl <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("RACE") %>%
#'   analyze("AGE", function(x) {
#'     list(
#'       "mean (sd)" = rcell(c(mean(x), sd(x)), format = "xx.x (xx.x)"),
#'       "n" = length(x),
#'       "frac" = rcell(c(0.1, 0.1), format = "xx (xx)")
#'     )
#'   }) %>%
#'   build_table(tern_ex_adsl) %>%
#'   prune_table()
#' tree_row_elem <- collect_leaves(tbl[2, ])[[1]]
#' result <- max(h_row_first_values(tree_row_elem))
#' result
#'
#' @export
h_row_first_values <- function(table_row,
                               col_names = NULL,
                               col_indices = NULL) {
  col_indices <- check_names_indices(table_row, col_names, col_indices)
  checkmate::assert_integerish(col_indices)
  checkmate::assert_subset(col_indices, seq_len(ncol(table_row)))

  # Main values are extracted
  row_vals <- row_values(table_row)[col_indices]

  # Main return
  vapply(row_vals, function(rv) {
    if (is.null(rv)) {
      NA_real_
    } else {
      rv[1L]
    }
  }, FUN.VALUE = numeric(1))
}

#' @describeIn rtables_access Helper function that extracts row values and checks if they are
#'   convertible to integers (`integerish` values).
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_row_counts()` returns a `vector` of numeric values.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Row counts (integer values)
#' # h_row_counts(tree_row_elem) # Fails because there are no integers
#' # Using values with integers
#' tree_row_elem <- collect_leaves(tbl[3, ])[[1]]
#' result <- h_row_counts(tree_row_elem)
#' # result
#'
#' @export
h_row_counts <- function(table_row,
                         col_names = NULL,
                         col_indices = NULL) {
  counts <- h_row_first_values(table_row, col_names, col_indices)
  checkmate::assert_integerish(counts)
  counts
}

#' @describeIn rtables_access helper function to extract fractions from specified columns in a `TableRow`.
#'   More specifically it extracts the second values from each content cell and checks it is a fraction.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_row_fractions()` returns a `vector` of proportions.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Row fractions
#' tree_row_elem <- collect_leaves(tbl[4, ])[[1]]
#' h_row_fractions(tree_row_elem)
#'
#' @export
h_row_fractions <- function(table_row,
                            col_names = NULL,
                            col_indices = NULL) {
  col_indices <- check_names_indices(table_row, col_names, col_indices)
  row_vals <- row_values(table_row)[col_indices]
  fractions <- sapply(row_vals, "[", 2L)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(fractions, lower = 0, upper = 1)
  fractions
}

#' @describeIn rtables_access Helper function to extract column counts from specified columns in a table.
#'
#' @param table (`VTableNodeInfo`)\cr an occurrence table or row.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_col_counts()` returns a `vector` of column counts.
#'
#' @export
h_col_counts <- function(table,
                         col_names = NULL,
                         col_indices = NULL) {
  col_indices <- check_names_indices(table, col_names, col_indices)
  counts <- col_counts(table)[col_indices]
  stats::setNames(counts, col_names)
}

#' @describeIn rtables_access Helper function to get first row of content table of current table.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_content_first_row()` returns a row from an `rtables` table.
#'
#' @export
h_content_first_row <- function(table) {
  ct <- content_table(table)
  tree_children(ct)[[1]]
}

#' @describeIn rtables_access Helper function which says whether current table is a leaf in the tree.
#'
#' @return
#' * `is_leaf_table()` returns a `logical` value indicating whether current table is a leaf.
#'
#' @keywords internal
is_leaf_table <- function(table) {
  children <- tree_children(table)
  child_classes <- unique(sapply(children, class))
  identical(child_classes, "ElementaryTable")
}

#' @describeIn rtables_access Internal helper function that tests standard inputs for column indices.
#'
#' @return
#' * `check_names_indices` returns column indices.
#'
#' @keywords internal
check_names_indices <- function(table_row,
                                col_names = NULL,
                                col_indices = NULL) {
  if (!is.null(col_names)) {
    if (!is.null(col_indices)) {
      stop(
        "Inserted both col_names and col_indices when selecting row values. ",
        "Please choose one."
      )
    }
    col_indices <- h_col_indices(table_row, col_names)
  }
  if (is.null(col_indices)) {
    ll <- ifelse(is.null(ncol(table_row)), length(table_row), ncol(table_row))
    col_indices <- seq_len(ll)
  }

  return(col_indices)
}

#' Occurrence Counts by Grade
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Functions for analyzing frequencies and fractions of occurrences by grade for patients
#' with occurrence data. Multiple occurrences within one individual are counted once at the
#' greatest intensity/highest grade level.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param grade_groups (named `list` of `character`)\cr containing groupings of grades.
#' @param remove_single (`logical`)\cr `TRUE` to not include the elements of one-element grade groups
#'   in the the output list; in this case only the grade groups names will be included in the output.
#'
#' @seealso Relevant helper function [h_append_grade_groups()].
#'
#' @name count_occurrences_by_grade
NULL

#' Helper function for [s_count_occurrences_by_grade()]
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper function for [s_count_occurrences_by_grade()] to insert grade groupings into list with
#' individual grade frequencies. The order of the final result follows the order of `grade_groups`.
#' The elements under any-grade group (if any), i.e. the grade group equal to `refs` will be moved to
#' the end. Grade groups names must be unique.
#'
#' @inheritParams count_occurrences_by_grade
#' @param refs (named `list` of `numeric`)\cr where each name corresponds to a reference grade level
#'   and each entry represents a count.
#'
#' @return Formatted list of grade groupings.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_append_grade_groups(
#'   list(
#'     "Any Grade" = as.character(1:5),
#'     "Grade 1-2" = c("1", "2"),
#'     "Grade 3-4" = c("3", "4")
#'   ),
#'   list("1" = 10, "2" = 20, "3" = 30, "4" = 40, "5" = 50)
#' )
#'
#' h_append_grade_groups(
#'   list(
#'     "Any Grade" = as.character(5:1),
#'     "Grade A" = "5",
#'     "Grade B" = c("4", "3")
#'   ),
#'   list("1" = 10, "2" = 20, "3" = 30, "4" = 40, "5" = 50)
#' )
#'
#' h_append_grade_groups(
#'   list(
#'     "Any Grade" = as.character(1:5),
#'     "Grade 1-2" = c("1", "2"),
#'     "Grade 3-4" = c("3", "4")
#'   ),
#'   list("1" = 10, "2" = 5, "3" = 0)
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_append_grade_groups <- function(grade_groups, refs, remove_single = TRUE) {
  checkmate::assert_list(grade_groups)
  checkmate::assert_list(refs)
  refs_orig <- refs
  elements <- unique(unlist(grade_groups))

  ### compute sums in groups
  grp_sum <- lapply(grade_groups, function(i) do.call(sum, refs[i]))
  if (!checkmate::test_subset(elements, names(refs))) {
    padding_el <- setdiff(elements, names(refs))
    refs[padding_el] <- 0
  }
  result <- c(grp_sum, refs)

  ### order result while keeping grade_groups's ordering
  ordr <- grade_groups

  # elements of any-grade group (if any) will be moved to the end
  is_any <- sapply(grade_groups, setequal, y = names(refs))
  ordr[is_any] <- list(character(0)) # hide elements under any-grade group

  # groups-elements combined sequence
  ordr <- c(lapply(names(ordr), function(g) c(g, ordr[[g]])), recursive = TRUE, use.names = FALSE)
  ordr <- ordr[!duplicated(ordr)]

  # append remaining elements (if any)
  ordr <- union(ordr, unlist(grade_groups[is_any])) # from any-grade group
  ordr <- union(ordr, names(refs)) # from refs

  # remove elements of single-element groups, if any
  if (remove_single) {
    is_single <- sapply(grade_groups, length) == 1L
    ordr <- setdiff(ordr, unlist(grade_groups[is_single]))
  }

  # apply the order
  result <- result[ordr]

  # remove groups without any elements in the original refs
  # note: it's OK if groups have 0 value
  keep_grp <- vapply(grade_groups, function(x, rf) {
    any(x %in% rf)
  }, rf = names(refs_orig), logical(1))

  keep_el <- names(result) %in% names(refs_orig) | names(result) %in% names(keep_grp)[keep_grp]
  result <- result[keep_el]

  result
}

#' @describeIn count_occurrences_by_grade Statistics function which counts the
#'  number of patients by highest grade.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_occurrences_by_grade()` returns a list of counts and fractions with one element per grade level or
#'   grade level grouping.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(1:6, 1)),
#'   ARM = factor(c("A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "A"), levels = c("A", "B")),
#'   AETOXGR = factor(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3), levels = c(1:5)),
#'   AESEV = factor(
#'     x = c("MILD", "MODERATE", "SEVERE", "MILD", "MILD", "MODERATE", "SEVERE"),
#'     levels = c("MILD", "MODERATE", "SEVERE")
#'   ),
#'   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
#' )
#' df_adsl <- df %>%
#'   select(USUBJID, ARM) %>%
#'   unique()
#'
#' s_count_occurrences_by_grade(
#'   df,
#'   .N_col = 10L,
#'   .var = "AETOXGR",
#'   id = "USUBJID",
#'   grade_groups = list("ANY" = levels(df$AETOXGR))
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_count_occurrences_by_grade <- function(df,
                                         .var,
                                         .N_col, # nolint
                                         id = "USUBJID",
                                         grade_groups = list(),
                                         remove_single = TRUE,
                                         labelstr = "") {
  assert_valid_factor(df[[.var]])
  assert_df_with_variables(df, list(grade = .var, id = id))

  if (nrow(df) < 1) {
    grade_levels <- levels(df[[.var]])
    l_count <- as.list(rep(0, length(grade_levels)))
    names(l_count) <- grade_levels
  } else {
    if (isTRUE(is.factor(df[[id]]))) {
      assert_valid_factor(df[[id]], any.missing = FALSE)
    } else {
      checkmate::assert_character(df[[id]], min.chars = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
    }
    checkmate::assert_count(.N_col)

    id <- df[[id]]
    grade <- df[[.var]]

    if (!is.ordered(grade)) {
      grade_lbl <- obj_label(grade)
      lvls <- levels(grade)
      if (sum(grepl("^\\d+$", lvls)) %in% c(0, length(lvls))) {
        lvl_ord <- lvls
      } else {
        lvls[!grepl("^\\d+$", lvls)] <- min(as.numeric(lvls[grepl("^\\d+$", lvls)])) - 1
        lvl_ord <- levels(grade)[order(as.numeric(lvls))]
      }
      grade <- formatters::with_label(factor(grade, levels = lvl_ord, ordered = TRUE), grade_lbl)
    }

    missing_lvl <- grepl("missing", tolower(levels(grade)))
    if (any(missing_lvl)) {
      grade <- factor(
        grade,
        levels = c(levels(grade)[!missing_lvl], levels(grade)[missing_lvl]),
        ordered = is.ordered(grade)
      )
    }
    df_max <- stats::aggregate(grade ~ id, FUN = max, drop = FALSE)
    l_count <- as.list(table(df_max$grade))
  }

  if (length(grade_groups) > 0) {
    l_count <- h_append_grade_groups(grade_groups, l_count, remove_single)
  }

  l_count_fraction <- lapply(l_count, function(i, denom) c(i, i / denom), denom = .N_col)

  list(
    count_fraction = l_count_fraction
  )
}

#' @describeIn count_occurrences_by_grade Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_occurrences_by_grade()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_occurrences_by_grade()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' #  We need to ungroup `count_fraction` first so that the `rtables` formatting
#' # function `format_count_fraction()` can be applied correctly.
#' afun <- make_afun(a_count_occurrences_by_grade, .ungroup_stats = "count_fraction")
#' afun(
#'   df,
#'   .N_col = 10L,
#'   .var = "AETOXGR",
#'   id = "USUBJID",
#'   grade_groups = list("ANY" = levels(df$AETOXGR))
#' )
#'
#' @export
a_count_occurrences_by_grade <- make_afun(
  s_count_occurrences_by_grade,
  .formats = c("count_fraction" = format_count_fraction_fixed_dp)
)

#' @describeIn count_occurrences_by_grade Layout-creating function which can take statistics function
#'   arguments and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param var_labels (`character`)\cr labels to show in the result table.
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_occurrences_by_grade()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_occurrences_by_grade()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Layout creating function with custom format.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   count_occurrences_by_grade(
#'     var = "AESEV",
#'     .formats = c("count_fraction" = "xx.xx (xx.xx%)")
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df, alt_counts_df = df_adsl)
#'
#' # Define additional grade groupings.
#' grade_groups <- list(
#'   "-Any-" = c("1", "2", "3", "4", "5"),
#'   "Grade 1-2" = c("1", "2"),
#'   "Grade 3-5" = c("3", "4", "5")
#' )
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   count_occurrences_by_grade(
#'     var = "AETOXGR",
#'     grade_groups = grade_groups
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df, alt_counts_df = df_adsl)
#'
#' @export
count_occurrences_by_grade <- function(lyt,
                                       var,
                                       var_labels = var,
                                       show_labels = "default",
                                       riskdiff = FALSE,
                                       nested = TRUE,
                                       ...,
                                       table_names = var,
                                       .stats = NULL,
                                       .formats = NULL,
                                       .indent_mods = NULL,
                                       .labels = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(riskdiff)

  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_occurrences_by_grade,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = "count_fraction"
  )

  extra_args <- if (isFALSE(riskdiff)) {
    list(...)
  } else {
    list(
      afun = list("s_count_occurrences_by_grade" = afun),
      .stats = .stats,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
      s_args = list(...)
    )
  }

  analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = var,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    afun = ifelse(isFALSE(riskdiff), afun, afun_riskdiff),
    table_names = table_names,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = extra_args
  )
}

#' @describeIn count_occurrences_by_grade Layout-creating function which can take content function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `summarize_occurrences_by_grade()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted content rows
#'   containing the statistics from `s_count_occurrences_by_grade()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Layout creating function with custom format.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   split_rows_by("ARM", child_labels = "visible", nested = TRUE) %>%
#'   summarize_occurrences_by_grade(
#'     var = "AESEV",
#'     .formats = c("count_fraction" = "xx.xx (xx.xx%)")
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df, alt_counts_df = df_adsl)
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   split_rows_by("ARM", child_labels = "visible", nested = TRUE) %>%
#'   summarize_occurrences_by_grade(
#'     var = "AETOXGR",
#'     grade_groups = grade_groups
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df, alt_counts_df = df_adsl)
#'
#' @export
summarize_occurrences_by_grade <- function(lyt,
                                           var,
                                           ...,
                                           .stats = NULL,
                                           .formats = NULL,
                                           .indent_mods = NULL,
                                           .labels = NULL) {
  cfun <- make_afun(
    a_count_occurrences_by_grade,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = "count_fraction"
  )

  summarize_row_groups(
    lyt = lyt,
    var = var,
    cfun = cfun,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Patient Counts with the Most Extreme Post-baseline Toxicity Grade per Direction of Abnormality
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Primary analysis variable `.var` indicates the toxicity grade (`factor`), and additional
#' analysis variables are `id` (`character` or `factor`), `param` (`factor`) and `grade_dir` (`factor`).
#' The pre-processing steps are crucial when using this function.
#' For a certain direction (e.g. high or low) this function counts
#' patients in the denominator as number of patients with at least one valid measurement during treatment,
#' and patients in the numerator as follows:
#'   * `1` to `4`: Numerator is number of patients with worst grades 1-4 respectively;
#'   * `Any`: Numerator is number of patients with at least one abnormality, which means grade is different from 0.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @details The pre-processing steps are crucial when using this function. From the standard lab grade variable
#'   `ATOXGR`, derive the following two variables:
#'   * A grade direction variable (e.g. `GRADE_DIR`) is required in order to obtain
#'     the correct denominators when building the layout as it is used to define row splitting.
#'   * A toxicity grade variable (e.g. `GRADE_ANL`) where all negative values from
#'     `ATOXGR` are replaced by their absolute values.
#'
#' @note Prior to tabulation, `df` must be filtered to include only post-baseline records with worst grade flags.
#'
#' @name abnormal_by_worst_grade
NULL

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade Statistics function which counts patients by worst grade.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_abnormal_by_worst_grade()` returns the single statistic `count_fraction` with grades 1 to 4 and
#'   "Any" results.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb
#'
#' # Data is modified in order to have some parameters with grades only in one direction
#' # and simulate the real data.
#' adlb$ATOXGR[adlb$PARAMCD == "ALT" & adlb$ATOXGR %in% c("1", "2", "3", "4")] <- "-1"
#' adlb$ANRIND[adlb$PARAMCD == "ALT" & adlb$ANRIND == "HIGH"] <- "LOW"
#' adlb$WGRHIFL[adlb$PARAMCD == "ALT"] <- ""
#'
#' adlb$ATOXGR[adlb$PARAMCD == "IGA" & adlb$ATOXGR %in% c("-1", "-2", "-3", "-4")] <- "1"
#' adlb$ANRIND[adlb$PARAMCD == "IGA" & adlb$ANRIND == "LOW"] <- "HIGH"
#' adlb$WGRLOFL[adlb$PARAMCD == "IGA"] <- ""
#'
#' # Here starts the real pre-processing.
#' adlb_f <- adlb %>%
#'   filter(!AVISIT %in% c("SCREENING", "BASELINE")) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     GRADE_DIR = factor(
#'       case_when(
#'         ATOXGR %in% c("-1", "-2", "-3", "-4") ~ "LOW",
#'         ATOXGR == "0" ~ "ZERO",
#'         ATOXGR %in% c("1", "2", "3", "4") ~ "HIGH"
#'       ),
#'       levels = c("LOW", "ZERO", "HIGH")
#'     ),
#'     GRADE_ANL = fct_relevel(
#'       fct_recode(ATOXGR, `1` = "-1", `2` = "-2", `3` = "-3", `4` = "-4"),
#'       c("0", "1", "2", "3", "4")
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   filter(WGRLOFL == "Y" | WGRHIFL == "Y") %>%
#'   droplevels()
#'
#' adlb_f_alt <- adlb_f %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "ALT") %>%
#'   droplevels()
#' full_parent_df <- list(adlb_f_alt, "not_needed")
#' cur_col_subset <- list(rep(TRUE, nrow(adlb_f_alt)), "not_needed")
#'
#' # This mimics a split structure on PARAM and GRADE_DIR for a total column
#' spl_context <- data.frame(
#'   split = c("PARAM", "GRADE_DIR"),
#'   full_parent_df = I(full_parent_df),
#'   cur_col_subset = I(cur_col_subset)
#' )
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_abnormal_by_worst_grade <- function(df, # nolint
                                            .var = "GRADE_ANL",
                                            .spl_context,
                                            variables = list(
                                              id = "USUBJID",
                                              param = "PARAM",
                                              grade_dir = "GRADE_DIR"
                                            )) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  assert_valid_factor(df[[.var]])
  assert_valid_factor(df[[variables$param]])
  assert_valid_factor(df[[variables$grade_dir]])
  assert_df_with_variables(df, c(a = .var, variables))
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(df[[variables$id]], classes = c("factor", "character"))

  # To verify that the `split_rows_by` are performed with correct variables.
  checkmate::assert_subset(c(variables[["param"]], variables[["grade_dir"]]), .spl_context$split)
  first_row <- .spl_context[.spl_context$split == variables[["param"]], ]
  x_lvls <- c(setdiff(levels(df[[.var]]), "0"), "Any")
  result <- split(numeric(0), factor(x_lvls))

  subj <- first_row$full_parent_df[[1]][[variables[["id"]]]]
  subj_cur_col <- subj[first_row$cur_col_subset[[1]]]
  # Some subjects may have a record for high and low directions but
  # should be counted only once.
  denom <- length(unique(subj_cur_col))

  for (lvl in x_lvls) {
    if (lvl != "Any") {
      df_lvl <- df[df[[.var]] == lvl, ]
    } else {
      df_lvl <- df[df[[.var]] != 0, ]
    }
    num <- length(unique(df_lvl[["USUBJID"]]))
    fraction <- ifelse(denom == 0, 0, num / denom)
    result[[lvl]] <- formatters::with_label(c(count = num, fraction = fraction), lvl)
  }

  result <- list(count_fraction = result)
  result
}

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_abnormal_by_worst_grade()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_abnormal_by_worst_grade()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_count_abnormal_by_worst_grade <- make_afun( # nolint
  s_count_abnormal_by_worst_grade,
  .formats = c(count_fraction = format_count_fraction)
)

#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_abnormal_by_worst_grade()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_abnormal_by_worst_grade()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Map excludes records without abnormal grade since they should not be displayed
#' # in the table.
#' map <- unique(adlb_f[adlb_f$GRADE_DIR != "ZERO", c("PARAM", "GRADE_DIR", "GRADE_ANL")]) %>%
#'   lapply(as.character) %>%
#'   as.data.frame() %>%
#'   arrange(PARAM, desc(GRADE_DIR), GRADE_ANL)
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARMCD") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("PARAM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("GRADE_DIR", split_fun = trim_levels_to_map(map)) %>%
#'   count_abnormal_by_worst_grade(
#'     var = "GRADE_ANL",
#'     variables = list(id = "USUBJID", param = "PARAM", grade_dir = "GRADE_DIR")
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = adlb_f)
#'
#' @export
count_abnormal_by_worst_grade <- function(lyt,
                                          var,
                                          nested = TRUE,
                                          ...,
                                          .stats = NULL,
                                          .formats = NULL,
                                          .labels = NULL,
                                          .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_abnormal_by_worst_grade,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = "count_fraction"
  )
  analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = var,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...),
    show_labels = "hidden"
  )
}

#' Horizontal Waterfall Plot
#'
#' This basic waterfall plot visualizes a quantity `height` ordered by value with some markup.
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @param height (`numeric``)\cr vector containing values to be plotted as the waterfall bars.
#' @param id (`character`)\cr vector containing IDs to use as the x-axis label for the waterfall bars.
#' @param col (`character`)\cr colors.
#' @param col_var (`factor`, `character` or `NULL`)\cr categorical variable for bar coloring. `NULL` by default.
#' @param xlab (`character`)\cr x label. Default is `"ID"`.
#' @param ylab (`character`)\cr y label. Default is `"Value"`.
#' @param title (`character`)\cr text to be displayed as plot title.
#' @param col_legend_title (`character`)\cr text to be displayed as legend title.
#'
#' @return A `ggplot` waterfall plot.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(nestcolor)
#'
#' g_waterfall(height = c(3, 5, -1), id = letters[1:3])
#'
#' g_waterfall(
#'   height = c(3, 5, -1),
#'   id = letters[1:3],
#'   col_var = letters[1:3]
#' )
#'
#' adsl_f <- tern_ex_adsl %>%
#'   select(USUBJID, STUDYID, ARM, ARMCD, SEX)
#'
#' adrs_f <- tern_ex_adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OVRINV") %>%
#'   mutate(pchg = rnorm(n(), 10, 50))
#'
#' adrs_f <- head(adrs_f, 30)
#' adrs_f <- adrs_f[!duplicated(adrs_f$USUBJID), ]
#' head(adrs_f)
#'
#' g_waterfall(
#'   height = adrs_f$pchg,
#'   id = adrs_f$USUBJID,
#'   col_var = adrs_f$AVALC
#' )
#'
#' g_waterfall(
#'   height = adrs_f$pchg,
#'   id = paste("asdfdsfdsfsd", adrs_f$USUBJID),
#'   col_var = adrs_f$SEX
#' )
#'
#' g_waterfall(
#'   height = adrs_f$pchg,
#'   id = paste("asdfdsfdsfsd", adrs_f$USUBJID),
#'   xlab = "ID",
#'   ylab = "Percentage Change",
#'   title = "Waterfall plot"
#' )
#'
#' @export
g_waterfall <- function(height,
                        id,
                        col_var = NULL,
                        col = getOption("ggplot2.discrete.colour"),
                        xlab = NULL,
                        ylab = NULL,
                        col_legend_title = NULL,
                        title = NULL) {
  if (!is.null(col_var)) {
    check_same_n(height = height, id = id, col_var = col_var)
  } else {
    check_same_n(height = height, id = id)
  }

  checkmate::assert_multi_class(col_var, c("character", "factor"), null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_character(col, null.ok = TRUE)

  xlabel <- deparse(substitute(id))
  ylabel <- deparse(substitute(height))

  col_label <- if (!missing(col_var)) {
    deparse(substitute(col_var))
  }

  xlab <- if (is.null(xlab)) xlabel else xlab
  ylab <- if (is.null(ylab)) ylabel else ylab
  col_legend_title <- if (is.null(col_legend_title)) col_label else col_legend_title

  plot_data <- data.frame(
    height = height,
    id = as.character(id),
    col_var = if (is.null(col_var)) "x" else to_n(col_var, length(height)),
    stringsAsFactors = FALSE
  )

  plot_data_ord <- plot_data[order(plot_data$height, decreasing = TRUE), ]

  p <- ggplot2::ggplot(plot_data_ord, ggplot2::aes(x = factor(id, levels = id), y = height)) +
    ggplot2::geom_col() +
    ggplot2::geom_text(
      label = format(plot_data_ord$height, digits = 2),
      vjust = ifelse(plot_data_ord$height >= 0, -0.5, 1.5)
    ) +
    ggplot2::xlab(xlab) +
    ggplot2::ylab(ylab) +
    ggplot2::theme(axis.text.x = ggplot2::element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 0, vjust = .5))

  if (!is.null(col_var)) {
    p <- p +
      ggplot2::aes(fill = col_var) +
      ggplot2::labs(fill = col_legend_title) +
      ggplot2::theme(
        legend.position = "bottom",
        legend.background = ggplot2::element_blank(),
        legend.title = ggplot2::element_text(face = "bold"),
        legend.box.background = ggplot2::element_rect(colour = "black")
      )
  }

  if (!is.null(col)) {
    p <- p +
      ggplot2::scale_fill_manual(values = col)
  }

  if (!is.null(title)) {
    p <- p +
      ggplot2::labs(title = title) +
      ggplot2::theme(plot.title = ggplot2::element_text(face = "bold"))
  }

  p
}

#' Number of Patients
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Count the number of unique and non-unique patients in a column (variable).
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param x (`character` or `factor`)\cr vector of patient IDs.
#' @param count_by (`character` or `factor`)\cr optional vector to be combined with `x` when counting
#'   `nonunique` records.
#' @param unique_count_suffix (`logical`)\cr should `"(n)"` suffix be added to `unique_count` labels.
#'   Defaults to `TRUE`.
#'
#' @name summarize_num_patients
NULL

#' @describeIn summarize_num_patients Statistics function which counts the number of
#'   unique patients, the corresponding percentage taken with respect to the
#'   total number of patients, and the number of non-unique patients.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_num_patients()` returns a named `list` of 3 statistics:
#'   * `unique`: Vector of counts and percentages.
#'   * `nonunique`: Vector of counts.
#'   * `unique_count`: Counts.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Use the statistics function to count number of unique and nonunique patients.
#' s_num_patients(x = as.character(c(1, 1, 1, 2, 4, NA)), labelstr = "", .N_col = 6L)
#' s_num_patients(
#'   x = as.character(c(1, 1, 1, 2, 4, NA)),
#'   labelstr = "",
#'   .N_col = 6L,
#'   count_by = as.character(c(1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1))
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_num_patients <- function(x, labelstr, .N_col, count_by = NULL, unique_count_suffix = TRUE) { # nolint

  checkmate::assert_string(labelstr)
  checkmate::assert_count(.N_col)
  checkmate::assert_multi_class(x, classes = c("factor", "character"))
  checkmate::assert_flag(unique_count_suffix)

  count1 <- n_available(unique(x))
  count2 <- n_available(x)

  if (!is.null(count_by)) {
    checkmate::assert_vector(count_by, len = length(x))
    checkmate::assert_multi_class(count_by, classes = c("factor", "character"))
    count2 <- n_available(unique(interaction(x, count_by)))
  }

  out <- list(
    unique = formatters::with_label(c(count1, ifelse(count1 == 0 && .N_col == 0, 0, count1 / .N_col)), labelstr),
    nonunique = formatters::with_label(count2, labelstr),
    unique_count = formatters::with_label(count1, ifelse(unique_count_suffix, paste(labelstr, "(n)"), labelstr))
  )

  out
}

#' @describeIn summarize_num_patients Statistics function which counts the number of unique patients
#'   in a column (variable), the corresponding percentage taken with respect to the total number of
#'   patients, and the number of non-unique patients in the column.
#'
#' @param required (`character` or `NULL`)\cr optional name of a variable that is required to be non-missing.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_num_patients_content()` returns the same values as `s_num_patients()`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Count number of unique and non-unique patients.
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(1, 2, 1, 4, NA)),
#'   EVENT = as.character(c(10, 15, 10, 17, 8))
#' )
#' s_num_patients_content(df, .N_col = 5, .var = "USUBJID")
#'
#' df_by_event <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(1, 2, 1, 4, NA)),
#'   EVENT = as.character(c(10, 15, 10, 17, 8))
#' )
#' s_num_patients_content(df_by_event, .N_col = 5, .var = "USUBJID")
#' s_num_patients_content(df_by_event, .N_col = 5, .var = "USUBJID", count_by = "EVENT")
#'
#' @export
s_num_patients_content <- function(df,
                                   labelstr = "",
                                   .N_col, # nolint
                                   .var,
                                   required = NULL,
                                   count_by = NULL,
                                   unique_count_suffix = TRUE) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  if (is.null(count_by)) {
    assert_df_with_variables(df, list(id = .var))
  } else {
    assert_df_with_variables(df, list(id = .var, count_by = count_by))
  }
  if (!is.null(required)) {
    checkmate::assert_string(required)
    assert_df_with_variables(df, list(required = required))
    df <- df[!is.na(df[[required]]), , drop = FALSE]
  }

  x <- df[[.var]]
  y <- switch(as.numeric(!is.null(count_by)) + 1,
    NULL,
    df[[count_by]]
  )

  s_num_patients(
    x = x,
    labelstr = labelstr,
    .N_col = .N_col,
    count_by = y,
    unique_count_suffix = unique_count_suffix
  )
}

c_num_patients <- make_afun(
  s_num_patients_content,
  .stats = c("unique", "nonunique", "unique_count"),
  .formats = c(unique = format_count_fraction_fixed_dp, nonunique = "xx", unique_count = "xx")
)

#' @describeIn summarize_num_patients Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `summarize_num_patients()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_num_patients_content()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @export
summarize_num_patients <- function(lyt,
                                   var,
                                   .stats = NULL,
                                   .formats = NULL,
                                   .labels = c(
                                     unique = "Number of patients with at least one event",
                                     nonunique = "Number of events"
                                   ),
                                   indent_mod = lifecycle::deprecated(),
                                   .indent_mods = 0L,
                                   riskdiff = FALSE,
                                   ...) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(riskdiff)

  if (lifecycle::is_present(indent_mod)) {
    lifecycle::deprecate_warn("0.8.2", "summarize_num_patients(indent_mod)", "summarize_num_patients(.indent_mods)")
    .indent_mods <- indent_mod
  }

  if (is.null(.stats)) .stats <- c("unique", "nonunique", "unique_count")
  if (length(.labels) > length(.stats)) .labels <- .labels[names(.labels) %in% .stats]

  cfun <- make_afun(
    c_num_patients,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels
  )

  extra_args <- if (isFALSE(riskdiff)) {
    list(...)
  } else {
    list(
      afun = list("s_num_patients_content" = cfun),
      .stats = .stats,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
      s_args = list(...)
    )
  }

  summarize_row_groups(
    lyt = lyt,
    var = var,
    cfun = ifelse(isFALSE(riskdiff), cfun, afun_riskdiff),
    extra_args = extra_args,
    indent_mod = .indent_mods
  )
}

#' @describeIn summarize_num_patients Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `analyze_num_patients()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_num_patients_content()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @details In general, functions that starts with `analyze*` are expected to
#'   work like [rtables::analyze()], while functions that starts with `summarize*`
#'   are based upon [rtables::summarize_row_groups()]. The latter provides a
#'   value for each dividing split in the row and column space, but, being it
#'   bound to the fundamental splits, it is repeated by design in every page
#'   when pagination is involved.
#'
#' @note As opposed to [summarize_num_patients()], this function does not repeat the produced rows.
#'
#' @examples
#' df_tmp <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = as.character(c(1, 2, 1, 4, NA, 6, 6, 8, 9)),
#'   ARM = c("A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "B"),
#'   AGE = c(10, 15, 10, 17, 8, 11, 11, 19, 17)
#' )
#' tbl <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze_num_patients("USUBJID", .stats = c("unique")) %>%
#'   build_table(df_tmp)
#' tbl
#'
#' @export
analyze_num_patients <- function(lyt,
                                 vars,
                                 nested = TRUE,
                                 .stats = NULL,
                                 .formats = NULL,
                                 .labels = c(
                                   unique = "Number of patients with at least one event",
                                   nonunique = "Number of events"
                                 ),
                                 show_labels = c("default", "visible", "hidden"),
                                 indent_mod = lifecycle::deprecated(),
                                 .indent_mods = 0L,
                                 riskdiff = FALSE,
                                 ...) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(riskdiff)

  if (lifecycle::is_present(indent_mod)) {
    lifecycle::deprecate_warn("0.8.2", "analyze_num_patients(indent_mod)", "analyze_num_patients(.indent_mods)")
    .indent_mods <- indent_mod
  }

  if (is.null(.stats)) .stats <- c("unique", "nonunique", "unique_count")
  if (length(.labels) > length(.stats)) .labels <- .labels[names(.labels) %in% .stats]

  afun <- make_afun(
    c_num_patients,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels
  )

  extra_args <- if (isFALSE(riskdiff)) {
    list(...)
  } else {
    list(
      afun = list("s_num_patients_content" = afun),
      .stats = .stats,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
      s_args = list(...)
    )
  }

  analyze(
    afun = ifelse(isFALSE(riskdiff), afun, afun_riskdiff),
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = vars,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = extra_args,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    indent_mod = .indent_mods
  )
}

#' Apply 1/3 or 1/2 Imputation Rule to Data
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param x_stats (`named list`)\cr a named list of statistics, typically the results of [s_summary()].
#' @param stat (`character`)\cr statistic to return the value/NA level of according to the imputation
#'   rule applied.
#' @param imp_rule (`character`)\cr imputation rule setting. Set to `"1/3"` to implement 1/3 imputation
#'   rule or `"1/2"` to implement 1/2 imputation rule.
#' @param post (`flag`)\cr whether the data corresponds to a post-dose time-point (defaults to `FALSE`).
#'   This parameter is only used when `imp_rule` is set to `"1/3"`.
#' @param avalcat_var (`character`)\cr name of variable that indicates whether a row in `df` corresponds
#'   to an analysis value in category `"BLQ"`, `"LTR"`, `"<PCLLOQ"`, or none of the above
#'   (defaults to `"AVALCAT1"`). Variable `avalcat_var` must be present in `df`.
#'
#' @return A `list` containing statistic value (`val`) and NA level (`na_level`) that should be displayed
#'   according to the specified imputation rule.
#'
#' @seealso [analyze_vars_in_cols()] where this function can be implemented by setting the `imp_rule`
#'   argument.
#'
#' @examples
#' set.seed(1)
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   AVAL = runif(50, 0, 1),
#'   AVALCAT1 = sample(c(1, "BLQ"), 50, replace = TRUE)
#' )
#' x_stats <- s_summary(df$AVAL)
#' imputation_rule(df, x_stats, "max", "1/3")
#' imputation_rule(df, x_stats, "geom_mean", "1/3")
#' imputation_rule(df, x_stats, "mean", "1/2")
#'
#' @export
imputation_rule <- function(df, x_stats, stat, imp_rule, post = FALSE, avalcat_var = "AVALCAT1") {
  checkmate::assert_choice(avalcat_var, names(df))
  checkmate::assert_choice(imp_rule, c("1/3", "1/2"))
  n_blq <- sum(grepl("BLQ|LTR|<[1-9]|<PCLLOQ", df[[avalcat_var]]))
  ltr_blq_ratio <- n_blq / max(1, nrow(df))

  # defaults
  val <- x_stats[[stat]]
  na_level <- "NE"

  if (imp_rule == "1/3") {
    if (!post && stat == "geom_mean") val <- NA # 1/3_pre_LT, 1/3_pre_GT
    if (ltr_blq_ratio > 1 / 3) {
      if (stat != "geom_mean") na_level <- "ND" # 1/3_pre_GT, 1/3_post_GT
      if (!post && !stat %in% c("median", "max")) val <- NA # 1/3_pre_GT
      if (post && !stat %in% c("median", "max", "geom_mean")) val <- NA # 1/3_post_GT
    }
  } else if (imp_rule == "1/2") {
    if (ltr_blq_ratio > 1 / 2 && !stat == "max") {
      val <- NA # 1/2_GT
      na_level <- "ND" # 1/2_GT
    }
  }

  list(val = val, na_level = na_level)
}

#' Tabulate Biomarker Effects on Binary Response by Subgroup
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Tabulate the estimated effects of multiple continuous biomarker variables
#' on a binary response endpoint across population subgroups.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr containing all analysis variables, as returned by
#'   [extract_rsp_biomarkers()].
#' @param vars (`character`)\cr the names of statistics to be reported among:
#'   * `n_tot`: Total number of patients per group.
#'   * `n_rsp`: Total number of responses per group.
#'   * `prop`: Total response proportion per group.
#'   * `or`: Odds ratio.
#'   * `ci`: Confidence interval of odds ratio.
#'   * `pval`: p-value of the effect.
#'   Note, the statistics `n_tot`, `or` and `ci` are required.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` table summarizing biomarker effects on binary response by subgroup.
#'
#' @details These functions create a layout starting from a data frame which contains
#'   the required statistics. The tables are then typically used as input for forest plots.
#'
#' @note In contrast to [tabulate_rsp_subgroups()] this tabulation function does
#'   not start from an input layout `lyt`. This is because internally the table is
#'   created by combining multiple subtables.
#'
#' @seealso [h_tab_rsp_one_biomarker()] which is used internally, [extract_rsp_biomarkers()].
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs)
#'
#' adrs_f <- adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   mutate(rsp = AVALC == "CR")
#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(adrs_labels, "Response")
#'
#' df <- extract_rsp_biomarkers(
#'   variables = list(
#'     rsp = "rsp",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     covariates = "SEX",
#'     subgroups = "BMRKR2"
#'   ),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#'
#' \donttest{
#' ## Table with default columns.
#' tabulate_rsp_biomarkers(df)
#'
#' ## Table with a manually chosen set of columns: leave out "pval", reorder.
#' tab <- tabulate_rsp_biomarkers(
#'   df = df,
#'   vars = c("n_rsp", "ci", "n_tot", "prop", "or")
#' )
#'
#' ## Finally produce the forest plot.
#' g_forest(tab, xlim = c(0.7, 1.4))
#' }
#'
#' @export
#' @name response_biomarkers_subgroups
tabulate_rsp_biomarkers <- function(df,
                                    vars = c("n_tot", "n_rsp", "prop", "or", "ci", "pval"),
                                    .indent_mods = 0L) {
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  checkmate::assert_character(df$biomarker)
  checkmate::assert_character(df$biomarker_label)
  checkmate::assert_subset(vars, c("n_tot", "n_rsp", "prop", "or", "ci", "pval"))

  df_subs <- split(df, f = df$biomarker)
  tabs <- lapply(df_subs, FUN = function(df_sub) {
    tab_sub <- h_tab_rsp_one_biomarker(
      df = df_sub,
      vars = vars,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods
    )
    # Insert label row as first row in table.
    label_at_path(tab_sub, path = row_paths(tab_sub)[[1]][1]) <- df_sub$biomarker_label[1]
    tab_sub
  })
  result <- do.call(rbind, tabs)

  n_id <- grep("n_tot", vars)
  or_id <- match("or", vars)
  ci_id <- match("ci", vars)
  structure(
    result,
    forest_header = paste0(c("Lower", "Higher"), "\nBetter"),
    col_x = or_id,
    col_ci = ci_id,
    col_symbol_size = n_id
  )
}

#' Prepares Response Data Estimates for Multiple Biomarkers in a Single Data Frame
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Prepares estimates for number of responses, patients and overall response rate,
#' as well as odds ratio estimates, confidence intervals and p-values,
#' for multiple biomarkers across population subgroups in a single data frame.
#' `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`, passed as a
#' named list and requires elements `rsp` and `biomarkers` (vector of continuous
#' biomarker variables) and optionally `covariates`, `subgroups` and `strat`.
#' `groups_lists` optionally specifies groupings for `subgroups` variables.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams response_subgroups
#' @param control (named `list`)\cr controls for the response definition and the
#'   confidence level produced by [control_logistic()].
#'
#' @return A `data.frame` with columns `biomarker`, `biomarker_label`, `n_tot`, `n_rsp`,
#'   `prop`, `or`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `conf_level`, `pval`, `pval_label`, `subgroup`, `var`,
#'   `var_label`, and `row_type`.
#'
#' @note You can also specify a continuous variable in `rsp` and then use the
#'   `response_definition` control to convert that internally to a logical
#'   variable reflecting binary response.
#'
#' @seealso [h_logistic_mult_cont_df()] which is used internally.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs)
#'
#' adrs_f <- adrs %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
#'   mutate(rsp = AVALC == "CR")
#'
#' # Typical analysis of two continuous biomarkers `BMRKR1` and `AGE`,
#' # in logistic regression models with one covariate `RACE`. The subgroups
#' # are defined by the levels of `BMRKR2`.
#' df <- extract_rsp_biomarkers(
#'   variables = list(
#'     rsp = "rsp",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     covariates = "SEX",
#'     subgroups = "BMRKR2"
#'   ),
#'   data = adrs_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' # Here we group the levels of `BMRKR2` manually, and we add a stratification
#' # variable `STRATA1`. We also here use a continuous variable `EOSDY`
#' # which is then binarized internally (response is defined as this variable
#' # being larger than 500).
#' df_grouped <- extract_rsp_biomarkers(
#'   variables = list(
#'     rsp = "EOSDY",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     covariates = "SEX",
#'     subgroups = "BMRKR2",
#'     strat = "STRATA1"
#'   ),
#'   data = adrs_f,
#'   groups_lists = list(
#'     BMRKR2 = list(
#'       "low" = "LOW",
#'       "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
#'       "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
#'     )
#'   ),
#'   control = control_logistic(
#'     response_definition = "I(response > 500)"
#'   )
#' )
#' df_grouped
#'
#' @export
extract_rsp_biomarkers <- function(variables,
                                   data,
                                   groups_lists = list(),
                                   control = control_logistic(),
                                   label_all = "All Patients") {
  assert_list_of_variables(variables)
  checkmate::assert_string(variables$rsp)
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$subgroups, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_string(label_all)

  # Start with all patients.
  result_all <- h_logistic_mult_cont_df(
    variables = variables,
    data = data,
    control = control
  )
  result_all$subgroup <- label_all
  result_all$var <- "ALL"
  result_all$var_label <- label_all
  result_all$row_type <- "content"
  if (is.null(variables$subgroups)) {
    # Only return result for all patients.
    result_all
  } else {
    # Add subgroups results.
    l_data <- h_split_by_subgroups(
      data,
      variables$subgroups,
      groups_lists = groups_lists
    )
    l_result <- lapply(l_data, function(grp) {
      result <- h_logistic_mult_cont_df(
        variables = variables,
        data = grp$df,
        control = control
      )
      result_labels <- grp$df_labels[rep(1, times = nrow(result)), ]
      cbind(result, result_labels)
    })
    result_subgroups <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
    result_subgroups$row_type <- "analysis"
    rbind(
      result_all,
      result_subgroups
    )
  }
}

#' Summary for analysis of covariance (`ANCOVA`).
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Summarize results of `ANCOVA`. This can be used to analyze multiple endpoints and/or
#' multiple timepoints within the same response variable `.var`.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @name summarize_ancova
NULL

#' Helper Function to Return Results of a Linear Model
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param .df_row (`data.frame`)\cr data set that includes all the variables that are called in `.var` and `variables`.
#' @param variables (named `list` of `strings`)\cr list of additional analysis variables, with expected elements:
#'   * `arm` (`string`)\cr group variable, for which the covariate adjusted means of multiple groups will be
#'     summarized. Specifically, the first level of `arm` variable is taken as the reference group.
#'   * `covariates` (`character`)\cr a vector that can contain single variable names (such as `"X1"`), and/or
#'     interaction terms indicated by `"X1 * X2"`.
#' @param interaction_item (`character`)\cr name of the variable that should have interactions
#'   with arm. if the interaction is not needed, the default option is `NULL`.
#'
#' @return The summary of a linear model.
#'
#' @examples
#' h_ancova(
#'   .var = "Sepal.Length",
#'   .df_row = iris,
#'   variables = list(arm = "Species", covariates = c("Petal.Length * Petal.Width", "Sepal.Width"))
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_ancova <- function(.var,
                     .df_row,
                     variables,
                     interaction_item = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  checkmate::assert_list(variables)
  checkmate::assert_subset(names(variables), c("arm", "covariates"))
  assert_df_with_variables(.df_row, list(rsp = .var))

  arm <- variables$arm
  covariates <- variables$covariates
  if (!is.null(covariates) && length(covariates) > 0) {
    # Get all covariate variable names in the model.
    var_list <- get_covariates(covariates)
    assert_df_with_variables(.df_row, var_list)
  }

  covariates_part <- paste(covariates, collapse = " + ")
  if (covariates_part != "") {
    formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0(.var, " ~ ", covariates_part, " + ", arm))
  } else {
    formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0(.var, " ~ ", arm))
  }

  if (is.null(interaction_item)) {
    specs <- arm
  } else {
    specs <- c(arm, interaction_item)
  }

  lm_fit <- stats::lm(
    formula = formula,
    data = .df_row
  )
  emmeans_fit <- emmeans::emmeans(
    lm_fit,
    # Specify here the group variable over which EMM are desired.
    specs = specs,
    # Pass the data again so that the factor levels of the arm variable can be inferred.
    data = .df_row
  )

  emmeans_fit
}

#' @describeIn summarize_ancova Statistics function that produces a named list of results
#'   of the investigated linear model.
#'
#' @inheritParams h_ancova
#' @param interaction_y (`character`)\cr a selected item inside of the interaction_item column which will be used
#'   to select the specific `ANCOVA` results. if the interaction is not needed, the default option is `FALSE`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_ancova()` returns a named list of 5 statistics:
#'   * `n`: Count of complete sample size for the group.
#'   * `lsmean`: Estimated marginal means in the group.
#'   * `lsmean_diff`: Difference in estimated marginal means in comparison to the reference group.
#'     If working with the reference group, this will be empty.
#'   * `lsmean_diff_ci`: Confidence level for difference in estimated marginal means in comparison
#'     to the reference group.
#'   * `pval`: p-value (not adjusted for multiple comparisons).
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' df <- iris %>% filter(Species == "virginica")
#' .df_row <- iris
#' .var <- "Petal.Length"
#' variables <- list(arm = "Species", covariates = "Sepal.Length * Sepal.Width")
#' .ref_group <- iris %>% filter(Species == "setosa")
#' conf_level <- 0.95
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_ancova <- function(df,
                     .var,
                     .df_row,
                     variables,
                     .ref_group,
                     .in_ref_col,
                     conf_level,
                     interaction_y = FALSE,
                     interaction_item = NULL) {
  emmeans_fit <- h_ancova(.var = .var, variables = variables, .df_row = .df_row, interaction_item = interaction_item)

  sum_fit <- summary(
    emmeans_fit,
    level = conf_level
  )

  arm <- variables$arm

  sum_level <- as.character(unique(df[[arm]]))

  # Ensure that there is only one element in sum_level.
  checkmate::assert_scalar(sum_level)

  sum_fit_level <- sum_fit[sum_fit[[arm]] == sum_level, ]

  # Get the index of the ref arm
  if (interaction_y != FALSE) {
    y <- unlist(df[(df[[interaction_item]] == interaction_y), .var])
    # convert characters selected in interaction_y into the numeric order
    interaction_y <- which(sum_fit_level[[interaction_item]] == interaction_y)
    sum_fit_level <- sum_fit_level[interaction_y, ]
    # if interaction is called, reset the index
    ref_key <- seq(sum_fit[[arm]][unique(.ref_group[[arm]])])
    ref_key <- tail(ref_key, n = 1)
    ref_key <- (interaction_y - 1) * length(unique(.df_row[[arm]])) + ref_key
  } else {
    y <- df[[.var]]
    # Get the index of the ref arm when interaction is not called
    ref_key <- seq(sum_fit[[arm]][unique(.ref_group[[arm]])])
    ref_key <- tail(ref_key, n = 1)
  }

  if (.in_ref_col) {
    list(
      n = length(y[!is.na(y)]),
      lsmean = formatters::with_label(sum_fit_level$emmean, "Adjusted Mean"),
      lsmean_diff = formatters::with_label(character(), "Difference in Adjusted Means"),
      lsmean_diff_ci = formatters::with_label(character(), f_conf_level(conf_level)),
      pval = formatters::with_label(character(), "p-value")
    )
  } else {
    # Estimate the differences between the marginal means.
    emmeans_contrasts <- emmeans::contrast(
      emmeans_fit,
      # Compare all arms versus the control arm.
      method = "trt.vs.ctrl",
      # Take the arm factor from .ref_group as the control arm.
      ref = ref_key,
      level = conf_level
    )
    sum_contrasts <- summary(
      emmeans_contrasts,
      # Derive confidence intervals, t-tests and p-values.
      infer = TRUE,
      # Do not adjust the p-values for multiplicity.
      adjust = "none"
    )

    sum_contrasts_level <- sum_contrasts[grepl(sum_level, sum_contrasts$contrast), ]
    if (interaction_y != FALSE) {
      sum_contrasts_level <- sum_contrasts_level[interaction_y, ]
    }

    list(
      n = length(y[!is.na(y)]),
      lsmean = formatters::with_label(sum_fit_level$emmean, "Adjusted Mean"),
      lsmean_diff = formatters::with_label(sum_contrasts_level$estimate, "Difference in Adjusted Means"),
      lsmean_diff_ci = formatters::with_label(
        c(sum_contrasts_level$lower.CL, sum_contrasts_level$upper.CL),
        f_conf_level(conf_level)
      ),
      pval = formatters::with_label(sum_contrasts_level$p.value, "p-value")
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn summarize_ancova Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `summarize_ancova()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_ancova()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_ancova <- make_afun(
  s_ancova,
  .indent_mods = c("n" = 0L, "lsmean" = 0L, "lsmean_diff" = 0L, "lsmean_diff_ci" = 1L, "pval" = 1L),
  .formats = c(
    "n" = "xx",
    "lsmean" = "xx.xx",
    "lsmean_diff" = "xx.xx",
    "lsmean_diff_ci" = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
    "pval" = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)"
  ),
  .null_ref_cells = FALSE
)

#' @describeIn summarize_ancova Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `summarize_ancova()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_ancova()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("Species", ref_group = "setosa") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   summarize_ancova(
#'     vars = "Petal.Length",
#'     variables = list(arm = "Species", covariates = NULL),
#'     table_names = "unadj",
#'     conf_level = 0.95, var_labels = "Unadjusted comparison",
#'     .labels = c(lsmean = "Mean", lsmean_diff = "Difference in Means")
#'   ) %>%
#'   summarize_ancova(
#'     vars = "Petal.Length",
#'     variables = list(arm = "Species", covariates = c("Sepal.Length", "Sepal.Width")),
#'     table_names = "adj",
#'     conf_level = 0.95, var_labels = "Adjusted comparison (covariates: Sepal.Length and Sepal.Width)"
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(iris)
#'
#' @export
summarize_ancova <- function(lyt,
                             vars,
                             var_labels,
                             nested = TRUE,
                             ...,
                             show_labels = "visible",
                             table_names = vars,
                             .stats = NULL,
                             .formats = NULL,
                             .labels = NULL,
                             .indent_mods = NULL,
                             interaction_y = FALSE,
                             interaction_item = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_ancova,
    interaction_y = interaction_y,
    interaction_item = interaction_item,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )

  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Control function for incidence rate
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is an auxiliary function for controlling arguments for the incidence rate, used
#' internally to specify details in `s_incidence_rate()`.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param conf_type (`string`)\cr `normal` (default), `normal_log`, `exact`, or `byar`
#'   for confidence interval type.
#' @param input_time_unit (`string`)\cr `day`, `week`, `month`, or `year` (default)
#'   indicating time unit for data input.
#' @param num_pt_year (`numeric`)\cr number of patient-years to use when calculating adverse event rates.
#' @param time_unit_input `r lifecycle::badge("deprecated")` Please use the `input_time_unit` argument instead.
#' @param time_unit_output `r lifecycle::badge("deprecated")` Please use the `num_pt_year` argument instead.
#'
#' @return A list of components with the same names as the arguments.
#'
#' @seealso [incidence_rate]
#'
#' @examples
#' control_incidence_rate(0.9, "exact", "month", 100)
#'
#' @export
control_incidence_rate <- function(conf_level = 0.95,
                                   conf_type = c("normal", "normal_log", "exact", "byar"),
                                   input_time_unit = c("year", "day", "week", "month"),
                                   num_pt_year = 100,
                                   time_unit_input = lifecycle::deprecated(),
                                   time_unit_output = lifecycle::deprecated()) {
  if (lifecycle::is_present(time_unit_input)) {
    lifecycle::deprecate_warn(
      "0.8.3", "control_incidence_rate(time_unit_input)", "control_incidence_rate(input_time_unit)"
    )
    input_time_unit <- time_unit_input
  }
  if (lifecycle::is_present(time_unit_output)) {
    lifecycle::deprecate_warn(
      "0.8.3", "control_incidence_rate(time_unit_output)", "control_incidence_rate(num_pt_year)"
    )
    num_pt_year <- time_unit_output
  }

  conf_type <- match.arg(conf_type)
  input_time_unit <- match.arg(input_time_unit)
  checkmate::assert_number(num_pt_year)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)

  list(
    conf_level = conf_level,
    conf_type = conf_type,
    input_time_unit = input_time_unit,
    num_pt_year = num_pt_year
  )
}

#' Create a STEP Graph
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Based on the STEP results, creates a `ggplot` graph showing the estimated HR or OR
#' along the continuous biomarker value subgroups.
#'
#' @param df (`tibble`)\cr result of [tidy.step()].
#' @param use_percentile (`flag`)\cr whether to use percentiles for the x axis or actual
#'   biomarker values.
#' @param est (named `list`)\cr `col` and `lty` settings for estimate line.
#' @param ci_ribbon (named `list` or `NULL`)\cr `fill` and `alpha` settings for the confidence interval
#'   ribbon area, or `NULL` to not plot a CI ribbon.
#' @param col (`character`)\cr colors.
#'
#' @return A `ggplot` STEP graph.
#'
#' @seealso Custom tidy method [tidy.step()].
#'
#' @examples
#' library(nestcolor)
#' library(survival)
#' lung$sex <- factor(lung$sex)
#'
#' # Survival example.
#' vars <- list(
#'   time = "time",
#'   event = "status",
#'   arm = "sex",
#'   biomarker = "age"
#' )
#'
#' step_matrix <- fit_survival_step(
#'   variables = vars,
#'   data = lung,
#'   control = c(control_coxph(), control_step(num_points = 10, degree = 2))
#' )
#' step_data <- broom::tidy(step_matrix)
#'
#' # Default plot.
#' g_step(step_data)
#'
#' # Add the reference 1 horizontal line.
#' library(ggplot2)
#' g_step(step_data) +
#'   ggplot2::geom_hline(ggplot2::aes(yintercept = 1), linetype = 2)
#'
#' # Use actual values instead of percentiles, different color for estimate and no CI,
#' # use log scale for y axis.
#' g_step(
#'   step_data,
#'   use_percentile = FALSE,
#'   est = list(col = "blue", lty = 1),
#'   ci_ribbon = NULL
#' ) + scale_y_log10()
#'
#' # Adding another curve based on additional column.
#' step_data$extra <- exp(step_data$`Percentile Center`)
#' g_step(step_data) +
#'   ggplot2::geom_line(ggplot2::aes(y = extra), linetype = 2, color = "green")
#'
#' # Response example.
#' vars <- list(
#'   response = "status",
#'   arm = "sex",
#'   biomarker = "age"
#' )
#'
#' step_matrix <- fit_rsp_step(
#'   variables = vars,
#'   data = lung,
#'   control = c(
#'     control_logistic(response_definition = "I(response == 2)"),
#'     control_step()
#'   )
#' )
#' step_data <- broom::tidy(step_matrix)
#' g_step(step_data)
#'
#' @export
g_step <- function(df,
                   use_percentile = "Percentile Center" %in% names(df),
                   est = list(col = "blue", lty = 1),
                   ci_ribbon = list(fill = getOption("ggplot2.discrete.colour")[1], alpha = 0.5),
                   col = getOption("ggplot2.discrete.colour")) {
  checkmate::assert_tibble(df)
  checkmate::assert_flag(use_percentile)
  checkmate::assert_character(col, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_list(est, names = "named")
  checkmate::assert_list(ci_ribbon, names = "named", null.ok = TRUE)

  x_var <- ifelse(use_percentile, "Percentile Center", "Interval Center")
  df$x <- df[[x_var]]
  attrs <- attributes(df)
  df$y <- df[[attrs$estimate]]

  # Set legend names. To be modified also at call level
  legend_names <- c("Estimate", "CI 95%")

  p <- ggplot2::ggplot(df, ggplot2::aes(x = .data[["x"]], y = .data[["y"]]))

  if (!is.null(col)) {
    p <- p +
      ggplot2::scale_color_manual(values = col)
  }

  if (!is.null(ci_ribbon)) {
    if (is.null(ci_ribbon$fill)) {
      ci_ribbon$fill <- "lightblue"
    }
    p <- p + ggplot2::geom_ribbon(
      ggplot2::aes(
        ymin = .data[["ci_lower"]], ymax = .data[["ci_upper"]],
        fill = legend_names[2]
      ),
      alpha = ci_ribbon$alpha
    ) +
      scale_fill_manual(
        name = "", values = c("CI 95%" = ci_ribbon$fill)
      )
  }
  suppressMessages(p <- p +
    ggplot2::geom_line(
      ggplot2::aes(y = .data[["y"]], color = legend_names[1]),
      linetype = est$lty
    ) +
    scale_colour_manual(
      name = "", values = c("Estimate" = "blue")
    ))

  p <- p + ggplot2::labs(x = attrs$biomarker, y = attrs$estimate)
  if (use_percentile) {
    p <- p + ggplot2::scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::percent)
  }
  p
}

#' Custom Tidy Method for STEP Results
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Tidy the STEP results into a `tibble` format ready for plotting.
#'
#' @param x (`step` matrix)\cr results from [fit_survival_step()].
#' @param ... not used here.
#'
#' @return A `tibble` with one row per STEP subgroup. The estimates and CIs are on the HR or OR scale,
#'   respectively. Additional attributes carry metadata also used for plotting.
#'
#' @seealso [g_step()] which consumes the result from this function.
#'
#' @method tidy step
#'
#' @examples
#' library(survival)
#' lung$sex <- factor(lung$sex)
#' vars <- list(
#'   time = "time",
#'   event = "status",
#'   arm = "sex",
#'   biomarker = "age"
#' )
#' step_matrix <- fit_survival_step(
#'   variables = vars,
#'   data = lung,
#'   control = c(control_coxph(), control_step(num_points = 10, degree = 2))
#' )
#' broom::tidy(step_matrix)
#'
#' @export
tidy.step <- function(x, ...) { # nolint
  checkmate::assert_class(x, "step")
  dat <- as.data.frame(x)
  nams <- names(dat)
  is_surv <- "loghr" %in% names(dat)
  est_var <- ifelse(is_surv, "loghr", "logor")
  new_est_var <- ifelse(is_surv, "Hazard Ratio", "Odds Ratio")
  new_y_vars <- c(new_est_var, c("ci_lower", "ci_upper"))
  names(dat)[match(est_var, nams)] <- new_est_var
  dat[, new_y_vars] <- exp(dat[, new_y_vars])
  any_is_na <- any(is.na(dat[, new_y_vars]))
  any_is_very_large <- any(abs(dat[, new_y_vars]) > 1e10, na.rm = TRUE)
  if (any_is_na) {
    warning(paste(
      "Missing values in the point estimate or CI columns,",
      "this will lead to holes in the `g_step()` plot"
    ))
  }
  if (any_is_very_large) {
    warning(paste(
      "Very large absolute values in the point estimate or CI columns,",
      "consider adding `scale_y_log10()` to the `g_step()` result for plotting"
    ))
  }
  if (any_is_na || any_is_very_large) {
    warning("Consider using larger `bandwidth`, less `num_points` in `control_step()` settings for fitting")
  }
  structure(
    tibble::as_tibble(dat),
    estimate = new_est_var,
    biomarker = attr(x, "variables")$biomarker,
    ci = f_conf_level(attr(x, "control")$conf_level)
  )
}

#' Helper Function to create a map dataframe that can be used in `trim_levels_to_map` split function.
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper Function to create a map dataframe from the input dataset, which can be used as an argument in the
#' `trim_levels_to_map` split function. Based on different method, the map is constructed differently.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param abnormal (named `list`)\cr identifying the abnormal range level(s) in `df`. Based on the levels of
#'   abnormality of the input dataset, it can be something like `list(Low = "LOW LOW", High = "HIGH HIGH")` or
#'   `abnormal = list(Low = "LOW", High = "HIGH"))`
#' @param method (`string`)\cr indicates how the returned map will be constructed. Can be `"default"` or `"range"`.
#'
#' @return A map `data.frame`.
#'
#' @note If method is `"default"`, the returned map will only have the abnormal directions that are observed in the
#'   `df`, and records with all normal values will be excluded to avoid error in creating layout. If method is
#'   `"range"`, the returned map will be based on the rule that at least one observation with low range > 0
#'   for low direction and at least one observation with high range is not missing for high direction.
#'
#' @examples
#' adlb <- df_explicit_na(tern_ex_adlb)
#'
#' h_map_for_count_abnormal(
#'   df = adlb,
#'   variables = list(anl = "ANRIND", split_rows = c("LBCAT", "PARAM")),
#'   abnormal = list(low = c("LOW"), high = c("HIGH")),
#'   method = "default",
#'   na_level = "<Missing>"
#' )
#'
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = c(rep("1", 4), rep("2", 4), rep("3", 4)),
#'   AVISIT = c(
#'     rep("WEEK 1", 2),
#'     rep("WEEK 2", 2),
#'     rep("WEEK 1", 2),
#'     rep("WEEK 2", 2),
#'     rep("WEEK 1", 2),
#'     rep("WEEK 2", 2)
#'   ),
#'   PARAM = rep(c("ALT", "CPR"), 6),
#'   ANRIND = c(
#'     "NORMAL", "NORMAL", "LOW",
#'     "HIGH", "LOW", "LOW", "HIGH", "HIGH", rep("NORMAL", 4)
#'   ),
#'   ANRLO = rep(5, 12),
#'   ANRHI = rep(20, 12)
#' )
#' df$ANRIND <- factor(df$ANRIND, levels = c("LOW", "HIGH", "NORMAL"))
#' h_map_for_count_abnormal(
#'   df = df,
#'   variables = list(
#'     anl = "ANRIND",
#'     split_rows = c("PARAM"),
#'     range_low = "ANRLO",
#'     range_high = "ANRHI"
#'   ),
#'   abnormal = list(low = c("LOW"), high = c("HIGH")),
#'   method = "range",
#'   na_level = "<Missing>"
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_map_for_count_abnormal <- function(df,
                                     variables = list(
                                       anl = "ANRIND",
                                       split_rows = c("PARAM"),
                                       range_low = "ANRLO",
                                       range_high = "ANRHI"
                                     ),
                                     abnormal = list(low = c("LOW", "LOW LOW"), high = c("HIGH", "HIGH HIGH")),
                                     method = c("default", "range"),
                                     na_level = "<Missing>") {
  method <- match.arg(method)
  checkmate::assert_subset(c("anl", "split_rows"), names(variables))
  checkmate::assert_false(anyNA(df[variables$split_rows]))
  assert_df_with_variables(df,
    variables = list(anl = variables$anl, split_rows = variables$split_rows),
    na_level = na_level
  )
  assert_df_with_factors(df, list(val = variables$anl))
  assert_valid_factor(df[[variables$anl]], any.missing = FALSE)
  assert_list_of_variables(variables)
  checkmate::assert_list(abnormal, types = "character", len = 2)

  # Drop usued levels from df as they are not supposed to be in the final map
  df <- droplevels(df)

  normal_value <- setdiff(levels(df[[variables$anl]]), unlist(abnormal))

  # Based on the understanding of clinical data, there should only be one level of normal which is "NORMAL"
  checkmate::assert_vector(normal_value, len = 1)

  # Default method will only have what is observed in the df, and records with all normal values will be excluded to
  # avoid error in layout building.
  if (method == "default") {
    df_abnormal <- subset(df, df[[variables$anl]] %in% unlist(abnormal))
    map <- unique(df_abnormal[c(variables$split_rows, variables$anl)])
    map_normal <- unique(subset(map, select = variables$split_rows))
    map_normal[[variables$anl]] <- normal_value
    map <- rbind(map, map_normal)
  } else if (method == "range") {
    # range method follows the rule that at least one observation with ANRLO > 0 for low
    # direction and at least one observation with ANRHI is not missing for high direction.
    checkmate::assert_subset(c("range_low", "range_high"), names(variables))
    checkmate::assert_subset(c("LOW", "HIGH"), toupper(names(abnormal)))

    assert_df_with_variables(df,
      variables = list(
        range_low = variables$range_low,
        range_high = variables$range_high
      )
    )

    # Define low direction of map
    df_low <- subset(df, df[[variables$range_low]] > 0)
    map_low <- unique(df_low[variables$split_rows])
    low_levels <- unname(unlist(abnormal[toupper(names(abnormal)) == "LOW"]))
    low_levels_df <- as.data.frame(low_levels)
    colnames(low_levels_df) <- variables$anl
    low_levels_df <- do.call("rbind", replicate(nrow(map_low), low_levels_df, simplify = FALSE))
    rownames(map_low) <- NULL # Just to avoid strange row index in case upstream functions changed
    map_low <- map_low[rep(seq_len(nrow(map_low)), each = length(low_levels)), , drop = FALSE]
    map_low <- cbind(map_low, low_levels_df)

    # Define high direction of map
    df_high <- subset(df, df[[variables$range_high]] != na_level | !is.na(df[[variables$range_high]]))
    map_high <- unique(df_high[variables$split_rows])
    high_levels <- unname(unlist(abnormal[toupper(names(abnormal)) == "HIGH"]))
    high_levels_df <- as.data.frame(high_levels)
    colnames(high_levels_df) <- variables$anl
    high_levels_df <- do.call("rbind", replicate(nrow(map_high), high_levels_df, simplify = FALSE))
    rownames(map_high) <- NULL
    map_high <- map_high[rep(seq_len(nrow(map_high)), each = length(high_levels)), , drop = FALSE]
    map_high <- cbind(map_high, high_levels_df)

    # Define normal of map
    map_normal <- unique(rbind(map_low, map_high)[variables$split_rows])
    map_normal[variables$anl] <- normal_value

    map <- rbind(map_low, map_high, map_normal)
  }

  # map should be all characters
  map <- data.frame(lapply(map, as.character), stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

  # sort the map final output by split_rows variables
  for (i in rev(seq_len(length(variables$split_rows)))) {
    map <- map[order(map[[i]]), ]
  }
  map
}

#' Survival Time Point Analysis
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Summarize patients' survival rate and difference of survival rates between groups at a time point.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams s_surv_time
#' @param time_point (`number`)\cr survival time point of interest.
#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for comparison details, specified by using the helper function
#'   [control_surv_timepoint()]. Some possible parameter options are:
#'   * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level of the interval for survival rate.
#'   * `conf_type` (`string`)\cr confidence interval type. Options are "plain" (default), "log", "log-log",
#'     see more in [survival::survfit()]. Note option "none" is no longer supported.
#'   * `time_point` (`number`)\cr survival time point of interest.
#'
#' @name survival_timepoint
NULL

#' @describeIn survival_timepoint Statistics function which analyzes survival rate.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_surv_timepoint()` returns the statistics:
#'   * `pt_at_risk`: Patients remaining at risk.
#'   * `event_free_rate`: Event-free rate (%).
#'   * `rate_se`: Standard error of event free rate.
#'   * `rate_ci`: Confidence interval for event free rate.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adtte_f <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     AVAL = day2month(AVAL),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' df <- adtte_f %>%
#'   filter(ARMCD == "ARM A")
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_surv_timepoint <- function(df,
                             .var,
                             time_point,
                             is_event,
                             control = control_surv_timepoint()) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = .var, is_event = is_event))
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]], min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_number(time_point)
  checkmate::assert_logical(df[[is_event]], min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)

  conf_type <- control$conf_type
  conf_level <- control$conf_level

  formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0("survival::Surv(", .var, ", ", is_event, ") ~ 1"))
  srv_fit <- survival::survfit(
    formula = formula,
    data = df,
    conf.int = conf_level,
    conf.type = conf_type
  )
  s_srv_fit <- summary(srv_fit, times = time_point, extend = TRUE)
  df_srv_fit <- as.data.frame(s_srv_fit[c("time", "n.risk", "surv", "lower", "upper", "std.err")])
  if (df_srv_fit[["n.risk"]] == 0) {
    pt_at_risk <- event_free_rate <- rate_se <- NA_real_
    rate_ci <- c(NA_real_, NA_real_)
  } else {
    pt_at_risk <- df_srv_fit$n.risk
    event_free_rate <- df_srv_fit$surv
    rate_se <- df_srv_fit$std.err
    rate_ci <- c(df_srv_fit$lower, df_srv_fit$upper)
  }
  list(
    pt_at_risk = formatters::with_label(pt_at_risk, "Patients remaining at risk"),
    event_free_rate = formatters::with_label(event_free_rate * 100, "Event Free Rate (%)"),
    rate_se = formatters::with_label(rate_se * 100, "Standard Error of Event Free Rate"),
    rate_ci = formatters::with_label(rate_ci * 100, f_conf_level(conf_level))
  )
}

#' @describeIn survival_timepoint Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `surv_timepoint()`
#'   when `method = "surv"`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_surv_timepoint()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_surv_timepoint <- make_afun(
  s_surv_timepoint,
  .indent_mods = c(
    pt_at_risk = 0L,
    event_free_rate = 0L,
    rate_se = 1L,
    rate_ci = 1L
  ),
  .formats = c(
    pt_at_risk = "xx",
    event_free_rate = "xx.xx",
    rate_se = "xx.xx",
    rate_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)"
  )
)

#' @describeIn survival_timepoint Statistics function which analyzes difference between two survival rates.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_surv_timepoint_diff()` returns the statistics:
#'   * `rate_diff`: Event-free rate difference between two groups.
#'   * `rate_diff_ci`: Confidence interval for the difference.
#'   * `ztest_pval`: p-value to test the difference is 0.
#'
#' @examples
#' df_ref_group <- adtte_f %>%
#'   filter(ARMCD == "ARM B")
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_surv_timepoint_diff <- function(df,
                                  .var,
                                  .ref_group,
                                  .in_ref_col,
                                  time_point,
                                  control = control_surv_timepoint(),
                                  ...) {
  if (.in_ref_col) {
    return(
      list(
        rate_diff = formatters::with_label("", "Difference in Event Free Rate"),
        rate_diff_ci = formatters::with_label("", f_conf_level(control$conf_level)),
        ztest_pval = formatters::with_label("", "p-value (Z-test)")
      )
    )
  }
  data <- rbind(.ref_group, df)
  group <- factor(rep(c("ref", "x"), c(nrow(.ref_group), nrow(df))), levels = c("ref", "x"))
  res_per_group <- lapply(split(data, group), function(x) {
    s_surv_timepoint(df = x, .var = .var, time_point = time_point, control = control, ...)
  })

  res_x <- res_per_group[[2]]
  res_ref <- res_per_group[[1]]
  rate_diff <- res_x$event_free_rate - res_ref$event_free_rate
  se_diff <- sqrt(res_x$rate_se^2 + res_ref$rate_se^2)

  qs <- c(-1, 1) * stats::qnorm(1 - (1 - control$conf_level) / 2)
  rate_diff_ci <- rate_diff + qs * se_diff
  ztest_pval <- if (is.na(rate_diff)) {
    NA
  } else {
    2 * (1 - stats::pnorm(abs(rate_diff) / se_diff))
  }
  list(
    rate_diff = formatters::with_label(rate_diff, "Difference in Event Free Rate"),
    rate_diff_ci = formatters::with_label(rate_diff_ci, f_conf_level(control$conf_level)),
    ztest_pval = formatters::with_label(ztest_pval, "p-value (Z-test)")
  )
}

#' @describeIn survival_timepoint Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `surv_timepoint()`
#'   when `method = "surv_diff"`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_surv_timepoint_diff()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_surv_timepoint_diff <- make_afun(
  s_surv_timepoint_diff,
  .formats = c(
    rate_diff = "xx.xx",
    rate_diff_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
    ztest_pval = "x.xxxx | (<0.0001)"
  )
)

#' @describeIn survival_timepoint Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param method (`string`)\cr either `surv` (survival estimations),
#'   `surv_diff` (difference in survival with the control) or `both`.
#' @param table_names_suffix (`string`)\cr optional suffix for the `table_names` used for the `rtables` to
#'   avoid warnings from duplicate table names.
#' @param .indent_mods (named `vector` of `integer`)\cr indent modifiers for the labels. Each element of the vector
#'   should be a name-value pair with name corresponding to a statistic specified in `.stats` and value the indentation
#'   for that statistic's row label.
#'
#' @return
#' * `surv_timepoint()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_surv_timepoint()` and/or `s_surv_timepoint_diff()` to the table layout depending on
#'   the value of `method`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Survival at given time points.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM A") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   surv_timepoint(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     var_labels = "Months",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     time_point = 7
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = adtte_f)
#'
#' # Difference in survival at given time points.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM A") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   surv_timepoint(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     var_labels = "Months",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     time_point = 9,
#'     method = "surv_diff",
#'     .indent_mods = c("rate_diff" = 0L, "rate_diff_ci" = 2L, "ztest_pval" = 2L)
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = adtte_f)
#'
#' # Survival and difference in survival at given time points.
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM A") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   surv_timepoint(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     var_labels = "Months",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     time_point = 9,
#'     method = "both"
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = adtte_f)
#'
#' @export
surv_timepoint <- function(lyt,
                           vars,
                           nested = TRUE,
                           ...,
                           table_names_suffix = "",
                           var_labels = "Time",
                           show_labels = "visible",
                           method = c("surv", "surv_diff", "both"),
                           .stats = c(
                             "pt_at_risk", "event_free_rate", "rate_ci",
                             "rate_diff", "rate_diff_ci", "ztest_pval"
                           ),
                           .formats = NULL,
                           .labels = NULL,
                           .indent_mods = if (method == "both") {
                             c(rate_diff = 1L, rate_diff_ci = 2L, ztest_pval = 2L)
                           } else {
                             c(rate_diff_ci = 1L, ztest_pval = 1L)
                           }) {
  method <- match.arg(method)
  checkmate::assert_string(table_names_suffix)

  f <- list(
    surv = c("pt_at_risk", "event_free_rate", "rate_se", "rate_ci"),
    surv_diff = c("rate_diff", "rate_diff_ci", "ztest_pval")
  )
  .stats <- h_split_param(.stats, .stats, f = f)
  .formats <- h_split_param(.formats, names(.formats), f = f)
  .labels <- h_split_param(.labels, names(.labels), f = f)
  .indent_mods <- h_split_param(.indent_mods, names(.indent_mods), f = f)

  afun_surv <- make_afun(
    a_surv_timepoint,
    .stats = .stats$surv,
    .formats = .formats$surv,
    .labels = .labels$surv,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods$surv
  )

  afun_surv_diff <- make_afun(
    a_surv_timepoint_diff,
    .stats = .stats$surv_diff,
    .formats = .formats$surv_diff,
    .labels = .labels$surv_diff,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods$surv_diff
  )

  time_point <- list(...)$time_point

  for (i in seq_along(time_point)) {
    tpt <- time_point[i]

    if (method %in% c("surv", "both")) {
      lyt <- analyze(
        lyt,
        vars,
        var_labels = paste(tpt, var_labels),
        table_names = paste0("surv_", tpt, table_names_suffix),
        show_labels = show_labels,
        afun = afun_surv,
        nested = nested,
        extra_args = list(
          is_event = list(...)$is_event,
          control = list(...)$control,
          time_point = tpt
        )
      )
    }

    if (method %in% c("surv_diff", "both")) {
      lyt <- analyze(
        lyt,
        vars,
        var_labels = paste(tpt, var_labels),
        table_names = paste0("surv_diff_", tpt, table_names_suffix),
        show_labels = ifelse(method == "both", "hidden", show_labels),
        afun = afun_surv_diff,
        nested = nested,
        extra_args = list(
          is_event = list(...)$is_event,
          control = list(...)$control,
          time_point = tpt
        )
      )
    }
  }
  lyt
}

#' Counting Patients and Events in Columns
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Counting the number of unique patients and the total number of all and specific events
#' when a column table layout is required.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @name count_patients_events_in_cols
NULL

#' @describeIn count_patients_events_in_cols Statistics function which counts numbers of patients and multiple
#'   events defined by filters. Used as analysis function `afun` in `summarize_patients_events_in_cols()`.
#'
#' @param filters_list (named `list` of `character`)\cr each element in this list describes one
#'   type of event describe by filters, in the same format as [s_count_patients_with_event()].
#'   If it has a label, then this will be used for the column title.
#' @param empty_stats (`character`)\cr optional names of the statistics that should be returned empty such
#'   that corresponding table cells will stay blank.
#' @param custom_label (`string` or `NULL`)\cr if provided and `labelstr` is empty then this will
#'   be used as label.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_patients_and_multiple_events()` returns a list with the statistics:
#'   - `unique`: number of unique patients in `df`.
#'   - `all`: number of rows in `df`.
#'   - one element with the same name as in `filters_list`: number of rows in `df`,
#'     i.e. events, fulfilling the filter condition.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_count_patients_and_multiple_events()`
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = rep(c("id1", "id2", "id3", "id4"), c(2, 3, 1, 1)),
#'   ARM = c("A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "B", "A"),
#'   AESER = rep("Y", 7),
#'   AESDTH = c("Y", "Y", "N", "Y", "Y", "N", "N"),
#'   AEREL = c("Y", "Y", "N", "Y", "Y", "N", "Y"),
#'   AEDECOD = c("A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "C", "D"),
#'   AEBODSYS = rep(c("SOC1", "SOC2", "SOC3"), c(3, 3, 1))
#' )
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_patients_and_multiple_events <- function(df, # nolint
                                                 id,
                                                 filters_list,
                                                 empty_stats = character(),
                                                 labelstr = "",
                                                 custom_label = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_list(filters_list, names = "named")
  checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
  checkmate::assert_string(id)
  checkmate::assert_disjunct(c("unique", "all"), names(filters_list))
  checkmate::assert_character(empty_stats)
  checkmate::assert_string(labelstr)
  checkmate::assert_string(custom_label, null.ok = TRUE)

  # Below we want to count each row in `df` once, therefore introducing this helper index column.
  df$.row_index <- as.character(seq_len(nrow(df)))
  y <- list()
  row_label <- if (labelstr != "") {
    labelstr
  } else if (!is.null(custom_label)) {
    custom_label
  } else {
    "counts"
  }
  y$unique <- formatters::with_label(
    s_num_patients_content(df = df, .N_col = 1, .var = id, required = NULL)$unique[1L],
    row_label
  )
  y$all <- formatters::with_label(
    nrow(df),
    row_label
  )
  events <- Map(
    function(filters) {
      formatters::with_label(
        s_count_patients_with_event(df = df, .var = ".row_index", filters = filters, .N_col = 1, .N_row = 1)$count,
        row_label
      )
    },
    filters = filters_list
  )
  y_complete <- c(y, events)
  y <- if (length(empty_stats) > 0) {
    y_reduced <- y_complete
    for (stat in intersect(names(y_complete), empty_stats)) {
      y_reduced[[stat]] <- formatters::with_label(character(), obj_label(y_reduced[[stat]]))
    }
    y_reduced
  } else {
    y_complete
  }
  y
}

#' @describeIn count_patients_events_in_cols Layout-creating function which can take statistics function
#'   arguments and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @param col_split (`flag`)\cr whether the columns should be split.
#'   Set to `FALSE` when the required column split has been done already earlier in the layout pipe.
#'
#' @return
#' * `summarize_patients_events_in_cols()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted content rows
#'   containing the statistics from `s_count_patients_and_multiple_events()` to the table layout.
#' @examples
#' # `summarize_patients_events_in_cols()`
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   summarize_patients_events_in_cols(
#'     filters_list = list(
#'       related = formatters::with_label(c(AEREL = "Y"), "Events (Related)"),
#'       fatal = c(AESDTH = "Y"),
#'       fatal_related = c(AEREL = "Y", AESDTH = "Y")
#'     ),
#'     custom_label = "%s Total number of patients and events"
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df)
#'
#' @export
summarize_patients_events_in_cols <- function(lyt, # nolint
                                              id = "USUBJID",
                                              filters_list = list(),
                                              ...,
                                              .stats = c(
                                                "unique",
                                                "all",
                                                names(filters_list)
                                              ),
                                              .labels = c(
                                                unique = "Patients (All)",
                                                all = "Events (All)",
                                                labels_or_names(filters_list)
                                              ),
                                              col_split = TRUE) {
  afun_list <- Map(
    function(stat) {
      make_afun(
        s_count_patients_and_multiple_events,
        id = id,
        filters_list = filters_list,
        .stats = stat,
        .formats = "xx."
      )
    },
    stat = .stats
  )
  if (col_split) {
    lyt <- split_cols_by_multivar(
      lyt = lyt,
      vars = rep(id, length(.stats)),
      varlabels = .labels[.stats]
    )
  }
  summarize_row_groups(
    lyt = lyt,
    cfun = afun_list,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Survival Time Analysis
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Summarize median survival time and CIs, percentiles of survival times, survival
#' time range of censored/event patients.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for comparison details, specified by using the helper function
#'   [control_surv_time()]. Some possible parameter options are:
#'   * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level of the interval for survival time.
#'   * `conf_type` (`string`)\cr confidence interval type. Options are "plain" (default), "log", or "log-log",
#'     see more in [survival::survfit()]. Note option "none" is not supported.
#'   * `quantiles` (`numeric`)\cr vector of length two to specify the quantiles of survival time.
#'
#' @name survival_time
NULL

#' @describeIn survival_time Statistics function which analyzes survival times.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_surv_time()` returns the statistics:
#'   * `median`: Median survival time.
#'   * `median_ci`: Confidence interval for median time.
#'   * `quantiles`: Survival time for two specified quantiles.
#'   * `range_censor`: Survival time range for censored observations.
#'   * `range_event`: Survival time range for observations with events.
#'   * `range`: Survival time range for all observations.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adtte_f <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     AVAL = day2month(AVAL),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' df <- adtte_f %>% filter(ARMCD == "ARM A")
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_surv_time <- function(df,
                        .var,
                        is_event,
                        control = control_surv_time()) {
  checkmate::assert_string(.var)
  assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = .var, is_event = is_event))
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]], min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  checkmate::assert_logical(df[[is_event]], min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)

  conf_type <- control$conf_type
  conf_level <- control$conf_level
  quantiles <- control$quantiles

  formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0("survival::Surv(", .var, ", ", is_event, ") ~ 1"))
  srv_fit <- survival::survfit(
    formula = formula,
    data = df,
    conf.int = conf_level,
    conf.type = conf_type
  )
  srv_tab <- summary(srv_fit, extend = TRUE)$table
  srv_qt_tab <- stats::quantile(srv_fit, probs = quantiles)$quantile
  range_censor <- range_noinf(df[[.var]][!df[[is_event]]], na.rm = TRUE)
  range_event <- range_noinf(df[[.var]][df[[is_event]]], na.rm = TRUE)
  range <- range_noinf(df[[.var]], na.rm = TRUE)
  list(
    median = formatters::with_label(unname(srv_tab["median"]), "Median"),
    median_ci = formatters::with_label(
      unname(srv_tab[paste0(srv_fit$conf.int, c("LCL", "UCL"))]), f_conf_level(conf_level)
    ),
    quantiles = formatters::with_label(
      unname(srv_qt_tab), paste0(quantiles[1] * 100, "% and ", quantiles[2] * 100, "%-ile")
    ),
    range_censor = formatters::with_label(range_censor, "Range (censored)"),
    range_event = formatters::with_label(range_event, "Range (event)"),
    range = formatters::with_label(range, "Range")
  )
}

#' @describeIn survival_time Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `surv_time()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_surv_time()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_surv_time <- make_afun(
  s_surv_time,
  .formats = c(
    "median" = "xx.x",
    "median_ci" = "(xx.x, xx.x)",
    "quantiles" = "xx.x, xx.x",
    "range_censor" = "xx.x to xx.x",
    "range_event" = "xx.x to xx.x",
    "range" = "xx.x to xx.x"
  )
)

#' @describeIn survival_time Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @param .indent_mods (named `vector` of `integer`)\cr indent modifiers for the labels. Each element of the vector
#'   should be a name-value pair with name corresponding to a statistic specified in `.stats` and value the indentation
#'   for that statistic's row label.
#'
#' @return
#' * `surv_time()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_surv_time()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by(var = "ARMCD") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   surv_time(
#'     vars = "AVAL",
#'     var_labels = "Survival Time (Months)",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     control = control_surv_time(conf_level = 0.9, conf_type = "log-log")
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(df = adtte_f)
#'
#' @export
surv_time <- function(lyt,
                      vars,
                      nested = TRUE,
                      ...,
                      var_labels = "Time to Event",
                      table_names = vars,
                      .stats = c("median", "median_ci", "quantiles", "range_censor", "range_event"),
                      .formats = NULL,
                      .labels = NULL,
                      .indent_mods = c(
                        "median" = 0L, "median_ci" = 1L, "quantiles" = 0L,
                        "range_censor" = 0L, "range_event" = 0L, "range" = 0L
                      )) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_surv_time,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = extract_by_name(.indent_mods, .stats)
  )
  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    nested = nested,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    show_labels = "visible",
    table_names = table_names,
    afun = afun,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Counting Specific Values
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' We can count the occurrence of specific values in a variable of interest.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @note
#' * For `factor` variables, `s_count_values` checks whether `values` are all included in the levels of `x`
#'   and fails otherwise.
#' * For `count_values()`, variable labels are shown when there is more than one element in `vars`,
#'   otherwise they are hidden.
#'
#' @name count_values_funs
NULL

#' @describeIn count_values_funs S3 generic function to count values.
#'
#' @inheritParams s_summary.logical
#' @param values (`character`)\cr specific values that should be counted.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_values()` returns output of [s_summary()] for specified values of a non-numeric variable.
#'
#' @export
s_count_values <- function(x,
                           values,
                           na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                           .N_col, # nolint
                           .N_row, # nolint
                           denom = c("n", "N_row", "N_col")) {
  UseMethod("s_count_values", x)
}

#' @describeIn count_values_funs Method for `character` class.
#'
#' @method s_count_values character
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_count_values.character`
#' s_count_values(x = c("a", "b", "a"), values = "a")
#' s_count_values(x = c("a", "b", "a", NA, NA), values = "b", na.rm = FALSE)
#'
#' @export
s_count_values.character <- function(x,
                                     values = "Y",
                                     na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                                     ...) {
  checkmate::assert_character(values)

  if (na.rm) {
    x <- x[!is.na(x)]
  }

  is_in_values <- x %in% values

  s_summary(is_in_values, ...)
}

#' @describeIn count_values_funs Method for `factor` class. This makes an automatic
#'   conversion to `character` and then forwards to the method for characters.
#'
#' @method s_count_values factor
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_count_values.factor`
#' s_count_values(x = factor(c("a", "b", "a")), values = "a")
#'
#' @export
s_count_values.factor <- function(x,
                                  values = "Y",
                                  ...) {
  s_count_values(as.character(x), values = as.character(values), ...)
}

#' @describeIn count_values_funs Method for `logical` class.
#'
#' @method s_count_values logical
#'
#' @examples
#' # `s_count_values.logical`
#' s_count_values(x = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE))
#'
#' @export
s_count_values.logical <- function(x, values = TRUE, ...) {
  checkmate::assert_logical(values)
  s_count_values(as.character(x), values = as.character(values), ...)
}

#' @describeIn count_values_funs Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_values()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_values()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' # `a_count_values`
#' a_count_values(x = factor(c("a", "b", "a")), values = "a", .N_col = 10, .N_row = 10)
#'
#' @export
a_count_values <- make_afun(
  s_count_values,
  .formats = c(count_fraction = "xx (xx.xx%)", count = "xx")
)

#' @describeIn count_values_funs Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_values()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_values()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `count_values`
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   count_values("Species", values = "setosa") %>%
#'   build_table(iris)
#'
#' @export
count_values <- function(lyt,
                         vars,
                         values,
                         nested = TRUE,
                         ...,
                         table_names = vars,
                         .stats = "count_fraction",
                         .formats = NULL,
                         .labels = c(count_fraction = paste(values, collapse = ", ")),
                         .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_values,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )
  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = c(list(values = values), list(...)),
    show_labels = ifelse(length(vars) > 1, "visible", "hidden"),
    table_names = table_names
  )
}

#' Summarize the Change from Baseline or Absolute Baseline Values
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' The primary analysis variable `.var` indicates the numerical change from baseline results,
#' and additional required secondary analysis variables are `value` and `baseline_flag`.
#' Depending on the baseline flag, either the absolute baseline values (at baseline)
#' or the change from baseline values (post-baseline) are then summarized.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @name summarize_change
NULL

#' @describeIn summarize_change Statistics function that summarizes baseline or post-baseline visits.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_change_from_baseline()` returns the same values returned by [s_summary.numeric()].
#'
#' @note The data in `df` must be either all be from baseline or post-baseline visits. Otherwise
#'   an error will be thrown.
#'
#' @examples
#' df <- data.frame(
#'   chg = c(1, 2, 3),
#'   is_bl = c(TRUE, TRUE, TRUE),
#'   val = c(4, 5, 6)
#' )
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_change_from_baseline <- function(df,
                                   .var,
                                   variables,
                                   na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                                   ...) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[variables$value]])
  checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]])
  checkmate::assert_logical(df[[variables$baseline_flag]])
  checkmate::assert_vector(unique(df[[variables$baseline_flag]]), max.len = 1)
  assert_df_with_variables(df, c(variables, list(chg = .var)))

  combined <- ifelse(
    df[[variables$baseline_flag]],
    df[[variables$value]],
    df[[.var]]
  )
  if (is.logical(combined) && identical(length(combined), 0L)) {
    combined <- numeric(0)
  }
  s_summary(combined, na.rm = na.rm, ...)
}

#' @describeIn summarize_change Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `summarize_change()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_change_from_baseline()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_change_from_baseline <- make_afun(
  s_change_from_baseline,
  .formats = c(
    n = "xx",
    mean_sd = "xx.xx (xx.xx)",
    mean_se = "xx.xx (xx.xx)",
    median = "xx.xx",
    range = "xx.xx - xx.xx",
    mean_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
    median_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
    mean_pval = "xx.xx"
  ),
  .labels = c(
    mean_sd = "Mean (SD)",
    mean_se = "Mean (SE)",
    median = "Median",
    range = "Min - Max"
  )
)

#' @describeIn summarize_change Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `summarize_change()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_change_from_baseline()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @note To be used after a split on visits in the layout, such that each data subset only contains
#'   either baseline or post-baseline data.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `summarize_change()`
#'
#' ## Fabricated dataset.
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' dta_test <- data.frame(
#'   USUBJID = rep(1:6, each = 3),
#'   AVISIT = rep(paste0("V", 1:3), 6),
#'   ARM = rep(LETTERS[1:3], rep(6, 3)),
#'   AVAL = c(9:1, rep(NA, 9))
#' ) %>%
#'   mutate(ABLFLL = AVISIT == "V1") %>%
#'   group_by(USUBJID) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     BLVAL = AVAL[ABLFLL],
#'     CHG = AVAL - BLVAL
#'   ) %>%
#'   ungroup()
#'
#' results <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   split_rows_by("AVISIT") %>%
#'   summarize_change("CHG", variables = list(value = "AVAL", baseline_flag = "ABLFLL")) %>%
#'   build_table(dta_test)
#' \donttest{
#' Viewer(results)
#' }
#'
#' @export
summarize_change <- function(lyt,
                             vars,
                             nested = TRUE,
                             ...,
                             table_names = vars,
                             .stats = c("n", "mean_sd", "median", "range"),
                             .formats = NULL,
                             .labels = NULL,
                             .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_change_from_baseline,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )

  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    afun = afun,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...),
    table_names = table_names
  )
}

#' Helper Functions for Tabulating Biomarker Effects on Survival by Subgroup
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper functions which are documented here separately to not confuse the user
#' when reading about the user-facing functions.
#'
#' @inheritParams survival_biomarkers_subgroups
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @inheritParams fit_coxreg_multivar
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#' library(forcats)
#'
#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
#'
#' # Save variable labels before data processing steps.
#' adtte_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adtte, fill = FALSE)
#'
#' adtte_f <- adtte %>%
#'   filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     AVALU = as.character(AVALU),
#'     is_event = CNSR == 0
#'   )
#' labels <- c("AVALU" = adtte_labels[["AVALU"]], "is_event" = "Event Flag")
#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- labels
#'
#' @name h_survival_biomarkers_subgroups
NULL

#' @describeIn h_survival_biomarkers_subgroups helps with converting the "survival" function variable list
#'   to the "Cox regression" variable list. The reason is that currently there is an inconsistency between the variable
#'   names accepted by `extract_survival_subgroups()` and `fit_coxreg_multivar()`.
#'
#' @param biomarker (`string`)\cr the name of the biomarker variable.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_surv_to_coxreg_variables()` returns a named `list` of elements `time`, `event`, `arm`,
#'   `covariates`, and `strata`.
#'
#' @examples
#' # This is how the variable list is converted internally.
#' h_surv_to_coxreg_variables(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "EVNT",
#'     covariates = c("A", "B"),
#'     strata = "D"
#'   ),
#'   biomarker = "AGE"
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_surv_to_coxreg_variables <- function(variables, biomarker) {
  checkmate::assert_list(variables)
  checkmate::assert_string(variables$tte)
  checkmate::assert_string(variables$is_event)
  checkmate::assert_string(biomarker)
  list(
    time = variables$tte,
    event = variables$is_event,
    arm = biomarker,
    covariates = variables$covariates,
    strata = variables$strata
  )
}

#' @describeIn h_survival_biomarkers_subgroups prepares estimates for number of events, patients and median survival
#'   times, as well as hazard ratio estimates, confidence intervals and p-values, for multiple biomarkers
#'   in a given single data set.
#'   `variables` corresponds to names of variables found in `data`, passed as a named list and requires elements
#'   `tte`, `is_event`, `biomarkers` (vector of continuous biomarker variables) and optionally `subgroups` and `strat`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_coxreg_mult_cont_df()` returns a `data.frame` containing estimates and statistics for the selected biomarkers.
#'
#' @examples
#' # For a single population, estimate separately the effects
#' # of two biomarkers.
#' df <- h_coxreg_mult_cont_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     covariates = "SEX",
#'     strata = c("STRATA1", "STRATA2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f
#' )
#' df
#'
#' # If the data set is empty, still the corresponding rows with missings are returned.
#' h_coxreg_mult_cont_df(
#'   variables = list(
#'     tte = "AVAL",
#'     is_event = "is_event",
#'     biomarkers = c("BMRKR1", "AGE"),
#'     covariates = "REGION1",
#'     strata = c("STRATA1", "STRATA2")
#'   ),
#'   data = adtte_f[NULL, ]
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_coxreg_mult_cont_df <- function(variables,
                                  data,
                                  control = control_coxreg()) {
  assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
  checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")
  checkmate::assert_character(variables$biomarkers, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
  conf_level <- control[["conf_level"]]
  pval_label <- paste0(
    # the regex capitalizes the first letter of the string / senetence.
    "p-value (", gsub("(^[a-z])", "\\U\\1", trimws(control[["pval_method"]]), perl = TRUE), ")"
  )
  # If there is any data, run model, otherwise return empty results.
  if (nrow(data) > 0) {
    bm_cols <- match(variables$biomarkers, names(data))
    l_result <- lapply(variables$biomarkers, function(bm) {
      coxreg_list <- fit_coxreg_multivar(
        variables = h_surv_to_coxreg_variables(variables, bm),
        data = data,
        control = control
      )
      result <- do.call(
        h_coxreg_multivar_extract,
        c(list(var = bm), coxreg_list[c("mod", "data", "control")])
      )
      data_fit <- as.data.frame(as.matrix(coxreg_list$mod$y))
      data_fit$status <- as.logical(data_fit$status)
      median <- s_surv_time(
        df = data_fit,
        .var = "time",
        is_event = "status"
      )$median
      data.frame(
        # Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
        biomarker = bm,
        biomarker_label = formatters::var_labels(data[bm], fill = TRUE),
        n_tot = coxreg_list$mod$n,
        n_tot_events = coxreg_list$mod$nevent,
        median = as.numeric(median),
        result[1L, c("hr", "lcl", "ucl")],
        conf_level = conf_level,
        pval = result[1L, "pval"],
        pval_label = pval_label,
        stringsAsFactors = FALSE
      )
    })
    do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
  } else {
    data.frame(
      biomarker = variables$biomarkers,
      biomarker_label = formatters::var_labels(data[variables$biomarkers], fill = TRUE),
      n_tot = 0L,
      n_tot_events = 0L,
      median = NA,
      hr = NA,
      lcl = NA,
      ucl = NA,
      conf_level = conf_level,
      pval = NA,
      pval_label = pval_label,
      row.names = seq_along(variables$biomarkers),
      stringsAsFactors = FALSE
    )
  }
}

#' @describeIn h_survival_biomarkers_subgroups prepares a single sub-table given a `df_sub` containing
#'   the results for a single biomarker.
#'
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr results for a single biomarker, as part of what is
#'   returned by [extract_survival_biomarkers()] (it needs a couple of columns which are
#'   added by that high-level function relative to what is returned by [h_coxreg_mult_cont_df()],
#'   see the example).
#'
#' @return
#' * `h_tab_surv_one_biomarker()` returns an `rtables` table object with the given statistics arranged in columns.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Starting from above `df`, zoom in on one biomarker and add required columns.
#' df1 <- df[1, ]
#' df1$subgroup <- "All patients"
#' df1$row_type <- "content"
#' df1$var <- "ALL"
#' df1$var_label <- "All patients"
#' h_tab_surv_one_biomarker(
#'   df1,
#'   vars = c("n_tot", "n_tot_events", "median", "hr", "ci", "pval"),
#'   time_unit = "days"
#' )
#'
#' @export
h_tab_surv_one_biomarker <- function(df,
                                     vars,
                                     time_unit,
                                     .indent_mods = 0L) {
  afuns <- a_survival_subgroups()[vars]
  colvars <- d_survival_subgroups_colvars(
    vars,
    conf_level = df$conf_level[1],
    method = df$pval_label[1],
    time_unit = time_unit
  )
  h_tab_one_biomarker(
    df = df,
    afuns = afuns,
    colvars = colvars,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )
}

#' Count the Number of Patients with a Particular Event
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' The primary analysis variable `.var` denotes the unique patient identifier.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso [count_patients_with_flags]
#'
#' @name count_patients_with_event
NULL

#' @describeIn count_patients_with_event Statistics function which counts the number of patients for which
#'   the defined event has occurred.
#'
#' @inheritParams analyze_variables
#' @param .var (`character`)\cr name of the column that contains the unique identifier.
#' @param filters (`character`)\cr a character vector specifying the column names and flag variables
#'   to be used for counting the number of unique identifiers satisfying such conditions.
#'   Multiple column names and flags are accepted in this format
#'   `c("column_name1" = "flag1", "column_name2" = "flag2")`.
#'   Note that only equality is being accepted as condition.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_patients_with_event()` returns the count and fraction of unique identifiers with the defined event.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' # `s_count_patients_with_event()`
#'
#' s_count_patients_with_event(
#'   tern_ex_adae,
#'   .var = "SUBJID",
#'   filters = c("TRTEMFL" = "Y")
#' )
#' s_count_patients_with_event(
#'   tern_ex_adae,
#'   .var = "SUBJID",
#'   filters = c("TRTEMFL" = "Y", "AEOUT" = "FATAL")
#' )
#' s_count_patients_with_event(
#'   tern_ex_adae,
#'   .var = "SUBJID",
#'   filters = c("TRTEMFL" = "Y", "AEOUT" = "FATAL"),
#'   denom = "N_col",
#'   .N_col = 456
#' )
#'
#' @export
s_count_patients_with_event <- function(df,
                                        .var,
                                        filters,
                                        .N_col, # nolint
                                        .N_row, # nolint
                                        denom = c("n", "N_row", "N_col")) {
  col_names <- names(filters)
  filter_values <- filters

  checkmate::assert_subset(col_names, colnames(df))

  temp <- Map(
    function(x, y) which(df[[x]] == y),
    col_names,
    filter_values
  )
  position_satisfy_filters <- Reduce(intersect, temp)
  id_satisfy_filters <- as.character(unique(df[position_satisfy_filters, ][[.var]]))
  result <- s_count_values(
    as.character(unique(df[[.var]])),
    id_satisfy_filters,
    denom = denom,
    .N_col = .N_col,
    .N_row = .N_row
  )
  result
}

#' @describeIn count_patients_with_event Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_patients_with_event()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_patients_with_event()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @examples
#' # `a_count_patients_with_event()`
#'
#' a_count_patients_with_event(
#'   tern_ex_adae,
#'   .var = "SUBJID",
#'   filters = c("TRTEMFL" = "Y"),
#'   .N_col = 100,
#'   .N_row = 100
#' )
#'
#' @export
a_count_patients_with_event <- make_afun(
  s_count_patients_with_event,
  .formats = c(count_fraction = format_count_fraction_fixed_dp)
)

#' @describeIn count_patients_with_event Layout-creating function which can take statistics function
#'   arguments and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_patients_with_event()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_patients_with_event()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' # `count_patients_with_event()`
#'
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   count_values(
#'     "STUDYID",
#'     values = "AB12345",
#'     .stats = "count",
#'     .labels = c(count = "Total AEs")
#'   ) %>%
#'   count_patients_with_event(
#'     "SUBJID",
#'     filters = c("TRTEMFL" = "Y"),
#'     .labels = c(count_fraction = "Total number of patients with at least one adverse event"),
#'     table_names = "tbl_all"
#'   ) %>%
#'   count_patients_with_event(
#'     "SUBJID",
#'     filters = c("TRTEMFL" = "Y", "AEOUT" = "FATAL"),
#'     .labels = c(count_fraction = "Total number of patients with fatal AEs"),
#'     table_names = "tbl_fatal"
#'   ) %>%
#'   count_patients_with_event(
#'     "SUBJID",
#'     filters = c("TRTEMFL" = "Y", "AEOUT" = "FATAL", "AEREL" = "Y"),
#'     .labels = c(count_fraction = "Total number of patients with related fatal AEs"),
#'     .indent_mods = c(count_fraction = 2L),
#'     table_names = "tbl_rel_fatal"
#'   )
#' build_table(lyt, tern_ex_adae, alt_counts_df = tern_ex_adsl)
#'
#' @export
count_patients_with_event <- function(lyt,
                                      vars,
                                      riskdiff = FALSE,
                                      nested = TRUE,
                                      ...,
                                      table_names = vars,
                                      .stats = "count_fraction",
                                      .formats = NULL,
                                      .labels = NULL,
                                      .indent_mods = NULL) {
  checkmate::assert_flag(riskdiff)

  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_patients_with_event,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods
  )

  extra_args <- if (isFALSE(riskdiff)) {
    list(...)
  } else {
    list(
      afun = list("s_count_patients_with_event" = afun),
      .stats = .stats,
      .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
      s_args = list(...)
    )
  }

  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    afun = ifelse(isFALSE(riskdiff), afun, afun_riskdiff),
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = extra_args,
    show_labels = ifelse(length(vars) > 1, "visible", "hidden"),
    table_names = table_names
  )
}

#' Combination Functions Class
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' `CombinationFunction` is an S4 class which extends standard functions. These are special functions that
#' can be combined and negated with the logical operators.
#'
#' @param e1 (`CombinationFunction`)\cr left hand side of logical operator.
#' @param e2 (`CombinationFunction`)\cr right hand side of logical operator.
#' @param x (`CombinationFunction`)\cr the function which should be negated.
#'
#' @return Returns a logical value indicating whether the left hand side of the equation equals the right hand side.
#'
#' @exportClass CombinationFunction
#' @export CombinationFunction
#'
#' @examples
#' higher <- function(a) {
#'   force(a)
#'   CombinationFunction(
#'     function(x) {
#'       x > a
#'     }
#'   )
#' }
#'
#' lower <- function(b) {
#'   force(b)
#'   CombinationFunction(
#'     function(x) {
#'       x < b
#'     }
#'   )
#' }
#'
#' c1 <- higher(5)
#' c2 <- lower(10)
#' c3 <- higher(5) & lower(10)
#' c3(7)
#'
#' @aliases CombinationFunction-class
#' @name combination_function
CombinationFunction <- methods::setClass("CombinationFunction", contains = "function") # nolint

#' @describeIn combination_function Logical "AND" combination of `CombinationFunction` functions.
#'   The resulting object is of the same class, and evaluates the two argument functions. The result
#'   is then the "AND" of the two individual results.
#'
#' @export
methods::setMethod(
  "&",
  signature = c(e1 = "CombinationFunction", e2 = "CombinationFunction"),
  definition = function(e1, e2) {
    CombinationFunction(function(...) {
      e1(...) && e2(...)
    })
  }
)

#' @describeIn combination_function Logical "OR" combination of `CombinationFunction` functions.
#'   The resulting object is of the same class, and evaluates the two argument functions. The result
#'   is then the "OR" of the two individual results.
#'
#' @export
methods::setMethod(
  "|",
  signature = c(e1 = "CombinationFunction", e2 = "CombinationFunction"),
  definition = function(e1, e2) {
    CombinationFunction(function(...) {
      e1(...) || e2(...)
    })
  }
)

#' @describeIn combination_function Logical negation of `CombinationFunction` functions.
#'   The resulting object is of the same class, and evaluates the original function. The result
#'   is then the opposite of this results.
#'
#' @export
methods::setMethod(
  "!",
  signature = c(x = "CombinationFunction"),
  definition = function(x) {
    CombinationFunction(function(...) {
      !x(...)
    })
  }
)

#' Occurrence Table Sorting
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Functions to score occurrence table subtables and rows which can be used in the
#' sorting of occurrence tables.
#'
#' @name score_occurrences
NULL

#' @describeIn score_occurrences Scoring function which sums the counts across all
#'   columns. It will fail if anything else but counts are used.
#'
#' @inheritParams rtables_access
#'
#' @return
#' * `score_occurrences()` returns the sum of counts across all columns of a table row.
#'
#' @seealso [h_row_first_values()]
#'
#' @examples
#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   analyze_num_patients(
#'     vars = "USUBJID",
#'     .stats = c("unique"),
#'     .labels = c("Total number of patients with at least one event")
#'   ) %>%
#'   split_rows_by("AEBODSYS", child_labels = "visible", nested = FALSE) %>%
#'   summarize_num_patients(
#'     var = "USUBJID",
#'     .stats = c("unique", "nonunique"),
#'     .labels = c(
#'       "Total number of patients with at least one event",
#'       "Total number of events"
#'     )
#'   ) %>%
#'   count_occurrences(vars = "AEDECOD")
#'
#' tbl <- build_table(lyt, tern_ex_adae, alt_counts_df = tern_ex_adsl) %>%
#'   prune_table()
#'
#' tbl_sorted <- tbl %>%
#'   sort_at_path(path = c("AEBODSYS", "*", "AEDECOD"), scorefun = score_occurrences)
#'
#' tbl_sorted
#'
#' @export
score_occurrences <- function(table_row) {
  row_counts <- h_row_counts(table_row)
  sum(row_counts)
}

#' @describeIn score_occurrences Scoring functions can be produced by this constructor to only include
#'   specific columns in the scoring. See [h_row_counts()] for further information.
#'
#' @inheritParams has_count_in_cols
#'
#' @return
#' * `score_occurrences_cols()` returns a function that sums counts across all specified columns
#'   of a table row.
#'
#' @seealso [h_row_counts()]
#'
#' @examples
#' score_cols_a_and_b <- score_occurrences_cols(col_names = c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo"))
#'
#' # Note that this here just sorts the AEDECOD inside the AEBODSYS. The AEBODSYS are not sorted.
#' # That would require a second pass of `sort_at_path`.
#' tbl_sorted <- tbl %>%
#'   sort_at_path(path = c("AEBODSYS", "*", "AEDECOD"), scorefun = score_cols_a_and_b)
#'
#' tbl_sorted
#'
#' @export
score_occurrences_cols <- function(...) {
  function(table_row) {
    row_counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
    sum(row_counts)
  }
}

#' @describeIn score_occurrences Scoring functions produced by this constructor can be used on
#'   subtables: They sum up all specified column counts in the subtable. This is useful when
#'   there is no available content row summing up these counts.
#'
#' @return
#' * `score_occurrences_subtable()` returns a function that sums counts in each subtable
#'   across all specified columns.
#'
#' @examples
#' score_subtable_all <- score_occurrences_subtable(col_names = names(tbl))
#'
#' # Note that this code just sorts the AEBODSYS, not the AEDECOD within AEBODSYS. That
#' # would require a second pass of `sort_at_path`.
#' tbl_sorted <- tbl %>%
#'   sort_at_path(path = c("AEBODSYS"), scorefun = score_subtable_all, decreasing = FALSE)
#'
#' tbl_sorted
#'
#' @export
score_occurrences_subtable <- function(...) {
  score_table_row <- score_occurrences_cols(...)
  function(table_tree) {
    table_rows <- collect_leaves(table_tree)
    counts <- vapply(table_rows, score_table_row, numeric(1))
    sum(counts)
  }
}

#' @describeIn score_occurrences Produce score function for sorting table by summing the first content row in
#'   specified columns. Note that this is extending [rtables::cont_n_onecol()] and [rtables::cont_n_allcols()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `score_occurrences_cont_cols()` returns a function that sums counts in the first content row in
#'   specified columns.
#'
#' @export
score_occurrences_cont_cols <- function(...) {
  score_table_row <- score_occurrences_cols(...)
  function(table_tree) {
    if (inherits(table_tree, "ContentRow")) {
      return(NA)
    }
    content_row <- h_content_first_row(table_tree)
    score_table_row(content_row)
  }
}

#' Cumulative Counts with Thresholds
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Summarize cumulative counts of a (`numeric`) vector that is less than, less or equal to,
#' greater than, or greater or equal to user-specific thresholds.
#'
#' @inheritParams h_count_cumulative
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso Relevant helper function [h_count_cumulative()], and descriptive function [d_count_cumulative()].
#'
#' @name count_cumulative
NULL

#' Helper Function for [s_count_cumulative()]
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Helper function to calculate count and fraction of `x` values in the lower or upper tail given a threshold.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param threshold (`number`)\cr a cutoff value as threshold to count values of `x`.
#' @param lower_tail (`logical`)\cr whether to count lower tail, default is `TRUE`.
#' @param include_eq (`logical`)\cr whether to include value equal to the `threshold` in
#'   count, default is `TRUE`.
#' @param .N_col (`count`)\cr denominator for fraction calculation.
#'
#' @return A named vector with items:
#'   * `count`: the count of values less than, less or equal to, greater than, or greater or equal to a threshold
#'     of user specification.
#'   * `fraction`: the fraction of the count.
#'
#' @seealso [count_cumulative]
#'
#' @examples
#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
#' x <- c(sample(1:10, 10), NA)
#' .N_col <- length(x)
#' h_count_cumulative(x, 5, .N_col = .N_col)
#' h_count_cumulative(x, 5, lower_tail = FALSE, include_eq = FALSE, na.rm = FALSE, .N_col = .N_col)
#' h_count_cumulative(x, 0, lower_tail = FALSE, .N_col = .N_col)
#' h_count_cumulative(x, 100, lower_tail = FALSE, .N_col = .N_col)
#'
#' @export
h_count_cumulative <- function(x,
                               threshold,
                               lower_tail = TRUE,
                               include_eq = TRUE,
                               na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
                               .N_col) { # nolint
  checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(threshold)
  checkmate::assert_numeric(.N_col)
  checkmate::assert_flag(lower_tail)
  checkmate::assert_flag(include_eq)
  checkmate::assert_flag(na.rm)

  is_keep <- if (na.rm) !is.na(x) else rep(TRUE, length(x))
  count <- if (lower_tail && include_eq) {
    length(x[is_keep & x <= threshold])
  } else if (lower_tail && !include_eq) {
    length(x[is_keep & x < threshold])
  } else if (!lower_tail && include_eq) {
    length(x[is_keep & x >= threshold])
  } else if (!lower_tail && !include_eq) {
    length(x[is_keep & x > threshold])
  }

  result <- c(count = count, fraction = count / .N_col)
  result
}

#' Description of Cumulative Count
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is a helper function that describes the analysis in [s_count_cumulative()].
#'
#' @inheritParams h_count_cumulative
#'
#' @return Labels for [s_count_cumulative()].
#'
#' @export
d_count_cumulative <- function(threshold, lower_tail, include_eq) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(threshold)
  lg <- if (lower_tail) "<" else ">"
  eq <- if (include_eq) "=" else ""
  paste0(lg, eq, " ", threshold)
}

#' @describeIn count_cumulative Statistics function that produces a named list given a numeric vector of thresholds.
#'
#' @param thresholds (`numeric`)\cr vector of cutoff value for the counts.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_cumulative()` returns a named list of `count_fraction`s: a list with each `thresholds` value as a
#'   component, each component containing a vector for the count and fraction.
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_cumulative <- function(x,
                               thresholds,
                               lower_tail = TRUE,
                               include_eq = TRUE,
                               .N_col, # nolint
                               ...) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(thresholds, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)

  count_fraction_list <- Map(function(thres) {
    result <- h_count_cumulative(x, thres, lower_tail, include_eq, .N_col = .N_col, ...)
    label <- d_count_cumulative(thres, lower_tail, include_eq)
    formatters::with_label(result, label)
  }, thresholds)

  names(count_fraction_list) <- thresholds
  list(count_fraction = count_fraction_list)
}

#' @describeIn count_cumulative Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_cumulative()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_cumulative()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_count_cumulative <- make_afun(
  s_count_cumulative,
  .formats = c(count_fraction = format_count_fraction)
)

#' @describeIn count_cumulative Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_cumulative()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_cumulative()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   count_cumulative(
#'     vars = "AGE",
#'     thresholds = c(40, 60)
#'   ) %>%
#'   build_table(tern_ex_adsl)
#'
#' @export
count_cumulative <- function(lyt,
                             vars,
                             var_labels = vars,
                             show_labels = "visible",
                             nested = TRUE,
                             ...,
                             table_names = vars,
                             .stats = NULL,
                             .formats = NULL,
                             .labels = NULL,
                             .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_cumulative,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = "count_fraction"
  )
  analyze(
    lyt,
    vars,
    afun = afun,
    table_names = table_names,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Generate PK reference dataset
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @return `data.frame` of PK parameters
#'
#' @examples
#' pk_reference_dataset <- d_pkparam()
#'
#' @export
d_pkparam <- function() {
  pk_dataset <- as.data.frame(matrix(
    c(
      "TMAX", "Time of CMAX", "Tmax", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "1",
      "CMAX", "Max Conc", "Cmax", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "2",
      "CMAXD", "Max Conc Norm by Dose", "Cmax/D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "3",
      "AUCIFO", "AUC Infinity Obs", "AUCinf obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "4",
      "AUCIFP", "AUC Infinity Pred", "AUCinf pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "5",
      "AUCIFOD", "AUC Infinity Obs Norm by Dose", "AUCinf/D obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "6",
      "AUCIFD", "AUC Infinity Pred Norm by Dose", "AUCinf/D pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "7",
      "AUCPEO", "AUC %Extrapolation Obs", "AUCinf extrap obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "8",
      "AUCPEP", "AUC %Extrapolation Pred", "AUCinf extrap pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "9",
      "AUCINT", "AUC from T1 to T2", "AUCupper-lower ", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "10",
      "AUCTAU", "AUC Over Dosing Interval", "AUCtau", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "11",
      "AUCLST", "AUC to Last Nonzero Conc", "AUClast", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "12",
      "AUCALL", "AUC All", "AUCall", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "13",
      "AUMCIFO", "AUMC Infinity Obs", "AUMCinf obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "14",
      "AUMCIFP", "AUMC Infinity Pred", "AUMCinf pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "15",
      "AUMCPEO", "AUMC % Extrapolation Obs", "AUMC extrap obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "16",
      "AUMCPEP", "AUMC % Extrapolation Pred", "AUMC extrap pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "17",
      "AUMCTAU", "AUMC Over Dosing Interval", "AUMCtau", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "18",
      "AUMCLST", "AUMC to Last Nonzero Conc", "AUMClast", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "19",
      "AURCIFO", "AURC Infinity Obs", "AURCinf obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "20",
      "AURCIFP", "AURC Infinity Pred", "AURCinf pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "21",
      "AURCPEO", "AURC % Extrapolation Obs", "AURC extrap obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "22",
      "AURCPEP", "AURC % Extrapolation Pred", "AURC extrap pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "23",
      "AURCLST", "AURC Dosing to Last Conc", "AURClast", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "24",
      "AURCALL", "AURC All", "AURCall", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "25",
      "TLST", "Time of Last Nonzero Conc", "Tlast", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "26",
      "CO", "Initial Conc", "CO", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "27",
      "C0", "Initial Conc", "C0", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "28",
      "CAVG", "Average Conc", "Cavg", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "29",
      "CLST", "Last Nonzero Conc", "Clast", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "30",
      "CMIN", "Min Conc", "Cmin", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "31",
      "LAMZHL", "Half-Life Lambda z", "t1/2", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "32",
      "CLFO", "Total CL Obs by F", "CL/F obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "33",
      "CLFP", "Total CL Pred by F", "CL/F pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "34",
      "CLO", "Total CL Obs", "CL obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "35",
      "CLP", "Total CL Pred", "CL pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "36",
      "CLSS", "Total CL Steady State Pred", "CLss", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "37",
      "CLSSF", "Total CL Steady State Pred by F", "CLss/F", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "38",
      "VZFO", "Vz Obs by F", "Vz/F obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "39",
      "VZFP", "Vz Pred by F", "Vz/F pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "40",
      "VZO", "Vz Obs", "Vz obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "41",
      "VZP", "Vz Pred", "Vz pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "42",
      "VSSO", "Vol Dist Steady State Obs", "Vss obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "43",
      "VSSP", "Vol Dist Steady State Pred", "Vss pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "44",
      "LAMZ", "Lambda z", "Lambda z", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "45",
      "LAMZLL", "Lambda z Lower Limit", "Lambda z lower", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "46",
      "LAMZUL", "Lambda z Upper Limit", "Lambda z upper", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "47",
      "LAMZNPT", "Number of Points for Lambda z", "No points Lambda z", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "48",
      "MRTIFO", "MRT Infinity Obs", "MRTinf obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "49",
      "MRTIFP", "MRT Infinity Pred", "MRTinf pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "50",
      "MRTLST", "MRT to Last Nonzero Conc", "MRTlast", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "51",
      "R2", "R Squared", "Rsq", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "52",
      "R2ADJ", "R Squared Adjusted", "Rsq adjusted", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "53",
      "TLAG", "Time Until First Nonzero Conc", "TIag", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "54",
      "TMIN", "Time of CMIN Observation", "Tmin", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "55",
      "ACCI", "Accumulation Index", "Accumulation Index", "Plasma/Blood/Serum/Urine", "56",
      "FLUCP", "Fluctuation%", "Fluctuation", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "57",
      "CORRXY", "Correlation Between TimeX and Log ConcY", "Corr xy", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "58",
      "RCAMINT", "Amt Rec from T1 to T2", "Ae", "Urine", "59",
      "RCPCINT", "Pct Rec from T1 to T2", "Fe", "Urine", "60",
      "VOLPK", "Sum of Urine Vol", "Urine volume", "Urine", "61",
      "RENALCL", "Renal CL", "CLR", "Plasma/Blood/Serum/Urine", "62",
      "ERTMAX", "Time of Max Excretion Rate", "Tmax Rate", "Urine", "63",
      "RMAX", "Time of Maximum Response", "Rmax", "Matrix of PD", "64",
      "RMIN", "Time of Minimum Response", "Rmin", "Matrix of PD", "65",
      "ERMAX", "Max Excretion Rate", "Max excretion rate", "Urine", "66",
      "MIDPTLST", "Midpoint of Collection Interval", "Midpoint last", "Urine", "67",
      "ERLST", "Last Meas Excretion Rate", "Rate last", "Urine", "68",
      "TON", "Time to Onset", "Tonset", "Matrix of PD", "69",
      "TOFF", "Time to Offset", "Toffset", "Matrix of PD", "70",
      "TBBLP", "Time Below Baseline %", "Time %Below Baseline", "Matrix of PD", "71",
      "TBTP", "Time Below Threshold %", "Time %Below Threshold", "Matrix of PD", "72",
      "TABL", "Time Above Baseline", "Time Above Baseline", "Matrix of PD", "73",
      "TAT", "Time Above Threshold", "Time Above Threshold", "Matrix of PD", "74",
      "TBT", "Time Below Threshold", "Time Below Threshold", "Matrix of PD", "75",
      "TBLT", "Time Between Baseline and Threshold", "Time Between Baseline Threshold", "Matrix of PD", "76",
      "BLRSP", "Baseline Response", "Baseline", "Matrix of PD", "77",
      "TSHDRSP", "Response Threshold", "Threshold", "Matrix of PD", "78",
      "AUCABL", "AUC Above Baseline", "AUC above baseline", "Matrix of PD", "79",
      "AUCAT", "AUC Above Threshold", "AUC above threshold", "Matrix of PD", "80",
      "AUCBBL", "AUC Below Baseline", "AUC below baseline", "Matrix of PD", "81",
      "AUCBT", "AUC Below Threshold", "AUC below threshold", "Matrix of PD", "82",
      "AUCBLDIF", "Diff AUC Above Base and AUC Below Base", "AUC diff baseline", "Matrix of PD", "83",
      "AUCTDIF", "Diff AUC Above Thr and AUC Below Thr", "AUCnet threshold", "Matrix of PD", "84",
      "TDIFF", "Diff Time to Offset and Time to Onset", "Diff toffset-tonset", "Matrix of PD", "85",
      "AUCPBEO", "AUC %Back Extrapolation Obs", "AUC%Back extrap obs", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "86",
      "AUCPBEP", "AUC %Back Extrapolation Pred", "AUC%Back extrap pred", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "87",
      "TSLP1L", "Lower Time Limit Slope 1st", "Slope1 lower", "Matrix of PD", "88",
      "TSLP1U", "Upper Time Limit Slope 1st Segment", "Slope1 upper", "Matrix of PD", "89",
      "TSLP2L", "Lower Time Limit Slope 2nd Segment", "Slope2 lower", "Matrix of PD", "90",
      "TSLP2U", "Upper Time Limit Slope 2nd Segment", "Slope2 upper", "Matrix of PD", "91",
      "SLP1", "Slope, 1st Segment", "Slope1", "Matrix of PD", "92",
      "SLP2", "Slope, 2nd Segment", "Slope2", "Matrix of PD", "93",
      "SLP1PT", "Number of Points for Slope 1st Segment", "No points slope1", "Matrix of PD", "94",
      "SLP2PT", "Number of Points for Slope 2nd Segment", "No points slope2", "Matrix of PD", "95",
      "R2ADJS1", "R-Squared Adjusted Slope, 1st Segment", "Rsq adjusted slope1", "Matrix of PD", "96",
      "R2ADJS2", "R-Squared Adjusted Slope, 2nd Segment", "Rsq adjusted slope2", "Matrix of PD", "97",
      "R2SLP1", "R Squared, Slope, 1st Segment", "Rsq slope1", "Matrix of PD", "98",
      "R2SLP2", "R Squared, Slope, 2nd Segment", "Rsq slope2", "Matrix of PD", "99",
      "CORRXYS1", "Corr Btw TimeX and Log ConcY, Slope 1st", "Corr xy slope1", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "100",
      "CORRXYS2", "Corr Btw TimeX and Log ConcY, Slope 1st Slope 2nd", "Corr xy slope2", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "101",
      "AILAMZ", "Accumulation Index using Lambda z", "AILAMZ", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "102",
      "ARAUC", "Accumulation Ratio AUCTAU", "ARAUC", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "103",
      "ARAUCD", "Accum Ratio AUCTAU norm by dose", "ARAUCD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "104",
      "ARAUCIFO", "Accum Ratio AUC Infinity Obs", "ARAUCIFO", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "105",
      "ARAUCIFP", "Accum Ratio AUC Infinity Pred", "ARAUCIFP", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "106",
      "ARAUCIND", "Accum Ratio AUC T1 to T2 norm by dose", "ARAUCIND_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "107",
      "ARAUCINT", "Accumulation Ratio AUC from T1 to T2", "ARAUCINT_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "108",
      "ARAUCIOD", "Accum Ratio AUCIFO Norm by Dose", "ARAUCIOD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "109",
      "ARAUCIPD", "Accum Ratio AUCIFP Norm by Dose", "ARAUCIPD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "110",
      "ARAUCLST", "Accum Ratio AUC to Last Nonzero Conc", "ARAUCLST", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "111",
      "ARCMAX", "Accumulation Ratio Cmax", "ARCMAX", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "112",
      "ARCMAXD", "Accum Ratio Cmax norm by dose", "ARCMAXD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "113",
      "ARCMIN", "Accumulation Ratio Cmin", "ARCMIN", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "114",
      "ARCMIND", "Accum Ratio Cmin norm by dose", "ARCMIND", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "115",
      "ARCTROUD", "Accum Ratio Ctrough norm by dose", "ARCTROUD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "116",
      "ARCTROUG", "Accumulation Ratio Ctrough", "ARCTROUG", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "117",
      "AUCALLB", "AUC All Norm by BMI", "AUCall_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "118",
      "AUCALLD", "AUC All Norm by Dose", "AUCall_D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "119",
      "AUCALLS", "AUC All Norm by SA", "AUCall_S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "120",
      "AUCALLW", "AUC All Norm by WT", "AUCall_W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "121",
      "AUCIFOB", "AUC Infinity Obs Norm by BMI", "AUCINF_obs_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "122",
      "AUCIFOLN", "AUC Infinity Obs LN Transformed", "AUCIFOLN", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "123",
      "AUCIFOS", "AUC Infinity Obs Norm by SA", "AUCINF_obs_S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "124",
      "AUCIFOUB", "AUC Infinity Obs, Unbound Drug", "AUCIFOUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "125",
      "AUCIFOW", "AUC Infinity Obs Norm by WT", "AUCINF_obs_W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "126",
      "AUCIFPB", "AUC Infinity Pred Norm by BMI", "AUCINF_pred_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "127",
      "AUCIFPD", "AUC Infinity Pred Norm by Dose", "AUCINF_pred_D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "128",
      "AUCIFPS", "AUC Infinity Pred Norm by SA", "AUCINF_pred_S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "129",
      "AUCIFPUB", "AUC Infinity Pred, Unbound Drug", "AUCIFPUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "130",
      "AUCIFPW", "AUC Infinity Pred Norm by WT", "AUCINF_pred_W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "131",
      "AUCINTB", "AUC from T1 to T2 Norm by BMI", "AUC_B_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "132",
      "AUCINTD", "AUC from T1 to T2 Norm by Dose", "AUC_D_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "133",
      "AUCINTS", "AUC from T1 to T2 Norm by SA", "AUC_S_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "134",
      "AUCINTW", "AUC from T1 to T2 Norm by WT", "AUC_W_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "135",
      "AUCLSTB", "AUC to Last Nonzero Conc Norm by BMI", "AUClast_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "136",
      "AUCLSTD", "AUC to Last Nonzero Conc Norm by Dose", "AUClast_D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "137",
      "AUCLSTLN", "AUC to Last Nonzero Conc LN Transformed", "AUCLSTLN", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "138",
      "AUCLSTS", "AUC to Last Nonzero Conc Norm by SA", "AUClast_S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "139",
      "AUCLSTUB", "AUC to Last Nonzero Conc, Unbound Drug", "AUCLSTUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "140",
      "AUCLSTW", "AUC to Last Nonzero Conc Norm by WT", "AUClast_W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "141",
      "AUCTAUB", "AUC Over Dosing Interval Norm by BMI", "AUC_TAU_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "142",
      "AUCTAUD", "AUC Over Dosing Interval Norm by Dose", "AUC_TAU_D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "143",
      "AUCTAUS", "AUC Over Dosing Interval Norm by SA", "AUC_TAU_S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "144",
      "AUCTAUW", "AUC Over Dosing Interval Norm by WT", "AUC_TAU_W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "145",
      "AUMCIFOB", "AUMC Infinity Obs Norm by BMI", "AUMCINF_obs_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "146",
      "AUMCIFOD", "AUMC Infinity Obs Norm by Dose", "AUMCINF_obs_D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "147",
      "AUMCIFOS", "AUMC Infinity Obs Norm by SA", "AUMCINF_obs_S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "148",
      "AUMCIFOW", "AUMC Infinity Obs Norm by WT", "AUMCINF_obs_W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "149",
      "AUMCIFPB", "AUMC Infinity Pred Norm by BMI", "AUMCINF_pred_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "150",
      "AUMCIFPD", "AUMC Infinity Pred Norm by Dose", "AUMCINF_pred_D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "151",
      "AUMCIFPS", "AUMC Infinity Pred Norm by SA", "AUMCINF_pred_S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "152",
      "AUMCIFPW", "AUMC Infinity Pred Norm by WT", "AUMCINF_pred_W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "153",
      "AUMCLSTB", "AUMC to Last Nonzero Conc Norm by BMI", "AUMClast_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "154",
      "AUMCLSTD", "AUMC to Last Nonzero Conc Norm by Dose", "AUMClast_D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "155",
      "AUMCLSTS", "AUMC to Last Nonzero Conc Norm by SA", "AUMClast_S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "156",
      "AUMCLSTW", "AUMC to Last Nonzero Conc Norm by WT", "AUMClast_W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "157",
      "AUMCTAUB", "AUMC Over Dosing Interval Norm by BMI", "AUMCTAUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "158",
      "AUMCTAUD", "AUMC Over Dosing Interval Norm by Dose", "AUMCTAUD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "159",
      "AUMCTAUS", "AUMC Over Dosing Interval Norm by SA", "AUMCTAUS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "160",
      "AUMCTAUW", "AUMC Over Dosing Interval Norm by WT", "AUMCTAUW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "161",
      "AURCALLB", "AURC All Norm by BMI", "AURCALLB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "162",
      "AURCALLD", "AURC All Norm by Dose", "AURCALLD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "163",
      "AURCALLS", "AURC All Norm by SA", "AURCALLS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "164",
      "AURCALLW", "AURC All Norm by WT", "AURCALLW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "165",
      "AURCIFOB", "AURC Infinity Obs Norm by BMI", "AURCIFOB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "166",
      "AURCIFOD", "AURC Infinity Obs Norm by Dose", "AURCIFOD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "167",
      "AURCIFOS", "AURC Infinity Obs Norm by SA", "AURCIFOS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "168",
      "AURCIFOW", "AURC Infinity Obs Norm by WT", "AURCIFOW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "169",
      "AURCIFPB", "AURC Infinity Pred Norm by BMI", "AURCIFPB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "170",
      "AURCIFPD", "AURC Infinity Pred Norm by Dose", "AURCIFPD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "171",
      "AURCIFPS", "AURC Infinity Pred Norm by SA", "AURCIFPS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "172",
      "AURCIFPW", "AURC Infinity Pred Norm by WT", "AURCIFPW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "173",
      "AURCINT", "AURC from T1 to T2", "AURCINT_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "174",
      "AURCINTB", "AURC from T1 to T2 Norm by BMI", "AURCINTB_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "175",
      "AURCINTD", "AURC from T1 to T2 Norm by Dose", "AURCINTD_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "176",
      "AURCINTS", "AURC from T1 to T2 Norm by SA", "AURCINTS_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "177",
      "AURCINTW", "AURC from T1 to T2 Norm by WT", "AURCINTW_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "178",
      "AURCLSTB", "AURC to Last Nonzero Rate Norm by BMI", "AURCLSTB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "179",
      "AURCLSTD", "AURC to Last Nonzero Rate Norm by Dose", "AURCLSTD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "180",
      "AURCLSTS", "AURC to Last Nonzero Rate Norm by SA", "AURCLSTS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "181",
      "AURCLSTW", "AURC to Last Nonzero Rate Norm by WT", "AURCLSTW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "182",
      "C0B", "Initial Conc Norm by BMI", "C0B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "183",
      "C0D", "Initial Conc Norm by Dose", "C0D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "184",
      "C0S", "Initial Conc Norm by SA", "C0S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "185",
      "C0W", "Initial Conc Norm by WT", "C0W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "186",
      "CAVGB", "Average Conc Norm by BMI", "CAVGB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "187",
      "CAVGD", "Average Conc Norm by Dose", "CAVGD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "188",
      "CAVGINT", "Average Conc from T1 to T2", "CAVGINT_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "189",
      "CAVGINTB", "Average Conc from T1 to T2 Norm by BMI", "CAVGINTB_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "190",
      "CAVGINTD", "Average Conc from T1 to T2 Norm by Dose", "CAVGINTD_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "191",
      "CAVGINTS", "Average Conc from T1 to T2 Norm by SA", "CAVGINTS_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "192",
      "CAVGINTW", "Average Conc from T1 to T2 Norm by WT", "CAVGINTW_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "193",
      "CAVGS", "Average Conc Norm by SA", "CAVGS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "194",
      "CAVGW", "Average Conc Norm by WT", "CAVGW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "195",
      "CHTMAX", "Concentration at Half Tmax", "CHTMAX", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "196",
      "CLFOB", "Total CL Obs by F Norm by BMI", "CLFOB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "197",
      "CLFOD", "Total CL Obs by F Norm by Dose", "CLFOD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "198",
      "CLFOS", "Total CL Obs by F Norm by SA", "CLFOS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "199",
      "CLFOW", "Total CL Obs by F Norm by WT", "CLFOW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "200",
      "CLFPB", "Total CL Pred by F Norm by BMI", "CLFPB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "201",
      "CLFPD", "Total CL Pred by F Norm by Dose", "CLFPD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "202",
      "CLFPS", "Total CL Pred by F Norm by SA", "CLFPS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "203",
      "CLFPW", "Total CL Pred by F Norm by WT", "CLFPW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "204",
      "CLFTAU", "Total CL by F for Dose Int", "CLFTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "205",
      "CLFTAUB", "Total CL by F for Dose Int Norm by BMI", "CLFTAUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "206",
      "CLFTAUD", "Total CL by F for Dose Int Norm by Dose", "CLFTAUD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "207",
      "CLFTAUS", "Total CL by F for Dose Int Norm by SA", "CLFTAUS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "208",
      "CLFTAUW", "Total CL by F for Dose Int Norm by WT", "CLFTAUW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "209",
      "CLFUB", "Apparent CL for Unbound Drug", "CLFUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "210",
      "CLOB", "Total CL Obs Norm by BMI", "CLOB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "211",
      "CLOD", "Total CL Obs Norm by Dose", "CLOD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "212",
      "CLOS", "Total CL Obs Norm by SA", "CLOS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "213",
      "CLOUB", "Total CL Obs for Unbound Drug", "CLOUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "214",
      "CLOW", "Total CL Obs Norm by WT", "CLOW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "215",
      "CLPB", "Total CL Pred Norm by BMI", "CLPB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "216",
      "CLPD", "Total CL Pred Norm by Dose", "CLPD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "217",
      "CLPS", "Total CL Pred Norm by SA", "CLPS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "218",
      "CLPUB", "Total CL Pred for Unbound Drug", "CLPUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "219",
      "CLPW", "Total CL Pred Norm by WT", "CLPW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "220",
      "CLRPCLEV", "Renal CL as Pct CL EV", "CLRPCLEV", "Urine", "221",
      "CLRPCLIV", "Renal CL as Pct CL IV", "CLRPCLIV", "Urine", "222",
      "CLSTB", "Last Nonzero Conc Norm by BMI", "CLSTB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "223",
      "CLSTD", "Last Nonzero Conc Norm by Dose", "CLSTD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "224",
      "CLSTS", "Last Nonzero Conc Norm by SA", "CLSTS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "225",
      "CLSTW", "Last Nonzero Conc Norm by WT", "CLSTW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "226",
      "CLTAU", "Total CL for Dose Int", "CLTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "227",
      "CLTAUB", "Total CL for Dose Int Norm by BMI", "CLTAUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "228",
      "CLTAUD", "Total CL for Dose Int Norm by Dose", "CLTAUD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "229",
      "CLTAUS", "Total CL for Dose Int Norm by SA", "CLTAUS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "230",
      "CLTAUW", "Total CL for Dose Int Norm by WT", "CLTAUW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "231",
      "CMAXB", "Max Conc Norm by BMI", "CMAX_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "232",
      "CMAXLN", "Max Conc LN Transformed", "CMAXLN", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "233",
      "CMAXS", "Max Conc Norm by SA", "CMAXS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "234",
      "CMAXUB", "Max Conc, Unbound Drug", "CMAXUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "235",
      "CMAXW", "Max Conc Norm by WT", "CMAXW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "236",
      "CMINB", "Min Conc Norm by BMI", "CMINB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "237",
      "CMIND", "Min Conc Norm by Dose", "CMIND", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "238",
      "CMINS", "Min Conc Norm by SA", "CMINS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "239",
      "CMINW", "Min Conc Norm by WT", "CMINW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "240",
      "CONC", "Concentration", "CONC", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "241",
      "CONCB", "Conc by BMI", "CONCB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "242",
      "CONCD", "Conc by Dose", "CONCD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "243",
      "CONCS", "Conc by SA", "CONCS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "244",
      "CONCW", "Conc by WT", "CONCW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "245",
      "CTROUGH", "Conc Trough", "CTROUGH", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "246",
      "CTROUGHB", "Conc Trough by BMI", "CTROUGHB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "247",
      "CTROUGHD", "Conc Trough by Dose", "CTROUGHD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "248",
      "CTROUGHS", "Conc Trough by SA", "CTROUGHS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "249",
      "CTROUGHW", "Conc Trough by WT", "CTROUGHW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "250",
      "EFFHL", "Effective Half-Life", "EFFHL", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "251",
      "ERINT", "Excret Rate from T1 to T2", "ERINT_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "252",
      "ERINTB", "Excret Rate from T1 to T2 Norm by BMI", "ERINTB_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "253",
      "ERINTD", "Excret Rate from T1 to T2 Norm by Dose", "ERINTD_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "254",
      "ERINTS", "Excret Rate from T1 to T2 Norm by SA", "ERINTS_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "255",
      "ERINTW", "Excret Rate from T1 to T2 Norm by WT", "ERINTW_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "256",
      "ERLSTB", "Last Meas Excretion Rate Norm by BMI", "ERLSTB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "257",
      "ERLSTD", "Last Meas Excretion Rate Norm by Dose", "ERLSTD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "258",
      "ERLSTS", "Last Meas Excretion Rate Norm by SA", "ERLSTS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "259",
      "ERLSTW", "Last Meas Excretion Rate Norm by WT", "ERLSTW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "260",
      "ERMAXB", "Max Excretion Rate Norm by BMI", "ERMAXB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "261",
      "ERMAXD", "Max Excretion Rate Norm by Dose", "ERMAXD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "262",
      "ERMAXS", "Max Excretion Rate Norm by SA", "ERMAXS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "263",
      "ERMAXW", "Max Excretion Rate Norm by WT", "ERMAXW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "264",
      "ERTLST", "Midpoint of Interval of Last Nonzero ER", "ERTLST", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "265",
      "FABS", "Absolute Bioavailability", "FABS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "266",
      "FB", "Fraction Bound", "FB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "267",
      "FREL", "Relative Bioavailability", "FREL", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "268",
      "FREXINT", "Fract Excr from T1 to T2", "FREXINT_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "269",
      "FU", "Fraction Unbound", "FU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "270",
      "HDCL", "Hemodialysis Clearance", "HDCL", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "271",
      "HDER", "Hemodialysis Extraction Ratio", "HDER", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "272",
      "HTMAX", "Half Tmax", "HTMAX", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "273",
      "LAMZLTAU", "Lambda z Lower Limit TAU", "LAMZLTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "274",
      "LAMZNTAU", "Number of Points for Lambda z TAU", "LAMZNTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "275",
      "LAMZSPN", "Lambda z Span", "LAMZSPN", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "276",
      "LAMZTAU", "Lambda z TAU", "LAMZTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "277",
      "LAMZUTAU", "Lambda z Upper Limit TAU", "LAMZUTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "278",
      "MAT", "Mean Absorption Time", "MAT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "279",
      "MRAUCIFO", "Metabolite Ratio for AUC Infinity Obs", "MRAUCIFO", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "280",
      "MRAUCIFP", "Metabolite Ratio for AUC Infinity Pred", "MRAUCIFP", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "281",
      "MRAUCINT", "Metabolite Ratio AUC from T1 to T2", "MRAUCINT_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "282",
      "MRAUCLST", "Metabolite Ratio AUC Last Nonzero Conc", "MRAUCLST", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "283",
      "MRAUCTAU", "Metabolite Ratio for AUC Dosing Interval", "MRAUCTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "284",
      "MRCMAX", "Metabolite Ratio for Max Conc", "MRCMAX", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "285",
      "MRTEVIFO", "MRT Extravasc Infinity Obs", "MRTEVIFO", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "286",
      "MRTEVIFP", "MRT Extravasc Infinity Pred", "MRTEVIFP", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "287",
      "MRTEVLST", "MRT Extravasc to Last Nonzero Conc", "MRTEVLST", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "288",
      "MRTIVIFO", "MRT Intravasc Infinity Obs", "MRTIVIFO", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "289",
      "MRTIVIFP", "MRT Intravasc Infinity Pred", "MRTIVIFP", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "290",
      "MRTIVLST", "MRT Intravasc to Last Nonzero Conc", "MRTIVLST", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "291",
      "NRENALCL", "Nonrenal CL", "NRENALCL", "Urine", "292",
      "NRENLCLB", "Nonrenal CL Norm by BMI", "NRENLCLB", "Urine", "293",
      "NRENLCLD", "Nonrenal CL Norm by Dose", "NRENLCLD", "Urine", "294",
      "NRENLCLS", "Nonrenal CL Norm by SA", "NRENLCLS", "Urine", "295",
      "NRENLCLW", "Nonrenal CL Norm by WT", "NRENLCLW", "Urine", "296",
      "PTROUGHR", "Peak Trough Ratio", "PTROUGHR", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "297",
      "RAAUC", "Ratio AUC", "RAAUC", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "298",
      "RAAUCIFO", "Ratio AUC Infinity Obs", "RAAUCIFO", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "299",
      "RAAUCIFP", "Ratio AUC Infinity Pred", "RAAUCIFP", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "300",
      "RACMAX", "Ratio CMAX", "RACMAX", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "301",
      "RAMAXMIN", "Ratio of CMAX to CMIN", "RAMAXMIN", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "302",
      "RCAMIFO", "Amt Rec Infinity Obs", "RCAMIFO", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "303",
      "RCAMIFOB", "Amt Rec Infinity Obs Norm by BMI", "RCAMIFOB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "304",
      "RCAMIFOS", "Amt Rec Infinity Obs Norm by SA", "RCAMIFOS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "305",
      "RCAMIFOW", "Amt Rec Infinity Obs Norm by WT", "RCAMIFOW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "306",
      "RCAMIFP", "Amt Rec Infinity Pred", "RCAMIFP", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "307",
      "RCAMIFPB", "Amt Rec Infinity Pred Norm by BMI", "RCAMIFPB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "308",
      "RCAMIFPS", "Amt Rec Infinity Pred Norm by SA", "RCAMIFPS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "309",
      "RCAMIFPW", "Amt Rec Infinity Pred Norm by WT", "RCAMIFPW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "310",
      "RCAMINTB", "Amt Rec from T1 to T2 Norm by BMI", "RCAMINTB_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "311",
      "RCAMINTS", "Amt Rec from T1 to T2 Norm by SA", "RCAMINTS_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "312",
      "RCAMINTW", "Amt Rec from T1 to T2 Norm by WT", "RCAMINTW_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "313",
      "RCAMTAU", "Amt Rec Over Dosing Interval", "RCAMTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "314",
      "RCAMTAUB", "Amt Rec Over Dosing Interval Norm by BMI", "RCAMTAUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "315",
      "RCAMTAUS", "Amt Rec Over Dosing Interval Norm by SA", "RCAMTAUS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "316",
      "RCAMTAUW", "Amt Rec Over Dosing Interval Norm by WT", "RCAMTAUW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "317",
      "RCPCIFO", "Pct Rec Infinity Obs", "RCPCIFO", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "318",
      "RCPCIFOB", "Pct Rec Infinity Obs Norm by BMI", "RCPCIFOB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "319",
      "RCPCIFOS", "Pct Rec Infinity Obs Norm by SA", "RCPCIFOS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "320",
      "RCPCIFOW", "Pct Rec Infinity Obs Norm by WT", "RCPCIFOW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "321",
      "RCPCIFP", "Pct Rec Infinity Pred", "RCPCIFP", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "322",
      "RCPCIFPB", "Pct Rec Infinity Pred Norm by BMI", "RCPCIFPB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "323",
      "RCPCIFPS", "Pct Rec Infinity Pred Norm by SA", "RCPCIFPS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "324",
      "RCPCIFPW", "Pct Rec Infinity Pred Norm by WT", "RCPCIFPW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "325",
      "RCPCINTB", "Pct Rec from T1 to T2 Norm by BMI", "RCPCINTB_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "326",
      "RCPCINTS", "Pct Rec from T1 to T2 Norm by SA", "RCPCINTS_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "327",
      "RCPCINTW", "Pct Rec from T1 to T2 Norm by WT", "RCPCINTW_T1_T2_UNIT", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "328",
      "RCPCLST", "Pct Rec to Last Nonzero Conc", "RCPCLST", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "329",
      "RCPCTAU", "Pct Rec Over Dosing Interval", "RCPCTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "330",
      "RCPCTAUB", "Pct Rec Over Dosing Interval Norm by BMI", "RCPCTAUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "331",
      "RCPCTAUS", "Pct Rec Over Dosing Interval Norm by SA", "RCPCTAUS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "332",
      "RCPCTAUW", "Pct Rec Over Dosing Interval Norm by WT", "RCPCTAUW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "333",
      "RENALCLB", "Renal CL Norm by BMI", "RENALCLB", "Urine", "334",
      "RENALCLD", "Renal CL Norm by Dose", "RENALCLD", "Urine", "335",
      "RENALCLS", "Renal CL Norm by SA", "RENALCLS", "Urine", "336",
      "RENALCLW", "Renal CL Norm by WT", "RENALCLW", "Urine", "337",
      "RENCLTAU", "Renal CL for Dose Int", "RENCLTAU", "Urine", "338",
      "RNCLINT", "Renal CL from T1 to T2", "RNCLINT_T1_T2_UNIT", "Urine", "339",
      "RNCLINTB", "Renal CL from T1 to T2 Norm by BMI", "RNCLINTB_T1_T2_UNIT", "Urine", "340",
      "RNCLINTD", "Renal CL from T1 to T2 Norm by Dose", "RNCLINTD_T1_T2_UNIT", "Urine", "341",
      "RNCLINTS", "Renal CL from T1 to T2 Norm by SA", "RNCLINTS_T1_T2_UNIT", "Urine", "342",
      "RNCLINTW", "Renal CL from T1 to T2 Norm by WT", "RNCLINTW_T1_T2_UNIT", "Urine", "343",
      "RNCLTAUB", "Renal CL for Dose Int Norm by BMI", "RNCLTAUB", "Urine", "344",
      "RNCLTAUD", "Renal CL for Dose Int Norm by Dose", "RNCLTAUD", "Urine", "345",
      "RNCLTAUS", "Renal CL for Dose Int Norm by SA", "RNCLTAUS", "Urine", "346",
      "RNCLTAUW", "Renal CL for Dose Int Norm by WT", "RNCLTAUW", "Urine", "347",
      "RNCLUB", "Renal CL for Unbound Drug", "RNCLUB", "Urine", "348",
      "SRAUC", "Stationarity Ratio AUC", "SRAUC", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "349",
      "SWING", "Swing", "SWING", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "350",
      "TAUHL", "Half-Life TAU", "TAUHL", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "351",
      "TBBL", "Time Below Baseline", "Time_Below_B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "352",
      "TROUGHPR", "Trough Peak Ratio", "TROUGHPR", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "353",
      "V0", "Vol Dist Initial", "V0", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "354",
      "V0B", "Vol Dist Initial Norm by BMI", "V0B", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "355",
      "V0D", "Vol Dist Initial Norm by Dose", "V0D", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "356",
      "V0S", "Vol Dist Initial Norm by SA", "V0S", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "357",
      "V0W", "Vol Dist Initial Norm by WT", "V0W", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "358",
      "VSSOB", "Vol Dist Steady State Obs Norm by BMI", "VSSOB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "359",
      "VSSOBD", "Vol Dist Steady State Obs by B", "VSSOBD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "360",
      "VSSOD", "Vol Dist Steady State Obs Norm by Dose", "VSSOD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "361",
      "VSSOF", "Vol Dist Steady State Obs by F", "VSSOF", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "362",
      "VSSOS", "Vol Dist Steady State Obs Norm by SA", "VSSOS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "363",
      "VSSOUB", "Vol Dist Steady State Obs by UB", "VSSOUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "364",
      "VSSOW", "Vol Dist Steady State Obs Norm by WT", "VSSOW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "365",
      "VSSPB", "Vol Dist Steady State Pred Norm by BMI", "VSSPB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "366",
      "VSSPBD", "Vol Dist Steady State Pred by B", "VSSPBD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "367",
      "VSSPD", "Vol Dist Steady State Pred Norm by Dose", "VSSPD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "368",
      "VSSPF", "Vol Dist Steady State Pred by F", "VSSPF", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "369",
      "VSSPS", "Vol Dist Steady State Pred Norm by SA", "VSSPS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "370",
      "VSSPUB", "Vol Dist Steady State Pred by UB", "VSSPUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "371",
      "VSSPW", "Vol Dist Steady State Pred Norm by WT", "VSSPW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "372",
      "VZ", "Vol Z", "Vz", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "373",
      "VZF", "Vol Z by F", "Vz_F", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "374",
      "VZFOB", "Vz Obs by F Norm by BMI", "VZFOB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "375",
      "VZFOD", "Vz Obs by F Norm by Dose", "VZFOD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "376",
      "VZFOS", "Vz Obs by F Norm by SA", "VZFOS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "377",
      "VZFOUB", "Vz Obs by F for UB", "VZFOUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "378",
      "VZFOW", "Vz Obs by F Norm by WT", "VZFOW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "379",
      "VZFPB", "Vz Pred by F Norm by BMI", "VZFPB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "380",
      "VZFPD", "Vz Pred by F Norm by Dose", "VZFPD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "381",
      "VZFPS", "Vz Pred by F Norm by SA", "VZFPS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "382",
      "VZFPUB", "Vz Pred by F for UB", "VZFPUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "383",
      "VZFPW", "Vz Pred by F Norm by WT", "VZFPW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "384",
      "VZFTAU", "Vz for Dose Int by F", "VZFTAU", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "385",
      "VZFTAUB", "Vz for Dose Int by F Norm by BMI", "VZFTAUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "386",
      "VZFTAUD", "Vz for Dose Int by F Norm by Dose", "VZFTAUD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "387",
      "VZFTAUS", "Vz for Dose Int by F Norm by SA", "VZFTAUS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "388",
      "VZFTAUW", "Vz for Dose Int by F Norm by WT", "VZFTAUW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "389",
      "VZOB", "Vz Obs Norm by BMI", "VZOB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "390",
      "VZOD", "Vz Obs Norm by Dose", "VZOD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "391",
      "VZOS", "Vz Obs Norm by SA", "VZOS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "392",
      "VZOUB", "Vz Obs for UB", "VZOUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "393",
      "VZOW", "Vz Obs Norm by WT", "VZOW", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "394",
      "VZPB", "Vz Pred Norm by BMI", "VZPB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "395",
      "VZPD", "Vz Pred Norm by Dose", "VZPD", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "396",
      "VZPS", "Vz Pred Norm by SA", "VZPS", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "397",
      "VZPUB", "Vz Pred for UB", "VZPUB", "Plasma/Blood/Serum", "398"
    ),
    ncol = 5,
    byrow = TRUE
  ))
  colnames(pk_dataset) <- c("PARAMCD", "PARAM", "TLG_DISPLAY", "MATRIX", "TLG_ORDER")
  pk_dataset
}

#' Counting Missed Doses
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' These are specific functions to count patients with missed doses. The difference to [count_cumulative()] is
#' mainly the special labels.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#'
#' @seealso Relevant description function [d_count_missed_doses()].
#'
#' @name count_missed_doses
NULL

#' @describeIn count_missed_doses Statistics function to count non-missing values.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_nonmissing()` returns the statistic `n` which is the count of non-missing values in `x`.
#'
#' @examples
#' set.seed(1)
#' x <- c(sample(1:10, 10), NA)
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_nonmissing <- function(x) {
  list(n = n_available(x))
}

#' Description Function that Calculates Labels for [s_count_missed_doses()].
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @inheritParams s_count_missed_doses
#'
#' @return [d_count_missed_doses()] returns a named `character` vector with the labels.
#'
#' @seealso [s_count_missed_doses()]
#'
#' @export
d_count_missed_doses <- function(thresholds) {
  paste0("At least ", thresholds, " missed dose", ifelse(thresholds > 1, "s", ""))
}

#' @describeIn count_missed_doses Statistics function to count patients with missed doses.
#'
#' @param thresholds (vector of `count`)\cr number of missed doses the patients at least had.
#'
#' @return
#' * `s_count_missed_doses()` returns the statistics `n` and `count_fraction` with one element for each threshold.
#'
#' @keywords internal
s_count_missed_doses <- function(x,
                                 thresholds,
                                 .N_col) { # nolint
  stat <- s_count_cumulative(
    x = x,
    thresholds = thresholds,
    lower_tail = FALSE,
    include_eq = TRUE,
    .N_col = .N_col
  )
  labels <- d_count_missed_doses(thresholds)
  for (i in seq_along(stat$count_fraction)) {
    stat$count_fraction[[i]] <- formatters::with_label(stat$count_fraction[[i]], label = labels[i])
  }
  n_stat <- s_count_nonmissing(x)
  c(n_stat, stat)
}

#' @describeIn count_missed_doses Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
#'   in `count_missed_doses()`.
#'
#' @return
#' * `a_count_missed_doses()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
#'
#' @keywords internal
a_count_missed_doses <- make_afun(
  s_count_missed_doses,
  .formats = c(n = "xx", count_fraction = format_count_fraction)
)

#' @describeIn count_missed_doses Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
#'   and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
#'
#' @inheritParams s_count_cumulative
#'
#' @return
#' * `count_missed_doses()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
#'   or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
#'   the statistics from `s_count_missed_doses()` to the table layout.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' anl <- tern_ex_adsl %>%
#'   distinct(STUDYID, USUBJID, ARM) %>%
#'   mutate(
#'     PARAMCD = "TNDOSMIS",
#'     PARAM = "Total number of missed doses during study",
#'     AVAL = sample(0:20, size = nrow(tern_ex_adsl), replace = TRUE),
#'     AVALC = ""
#'   )
#'
#' basic_table() %>%
#'   split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
#'   add_colcounts() %>%
#'   count_missed_doses("AVAL", thresholds = c(1, 5, 10, 15), var_labels = "Missed Doses") %>%
#'   build_table(anl, alt_counts_df = tern_ex_adsl)
#'
#' @export
count_missed_doses <- function(lyt,
                               vars,
                               var_labels = vars,
                               show_labels = "visible",
                               nested = TRUE,
                               ...,
                               table_names = vars,
                               .stats = NULL,
                               .formats = NULL,
                               .labels = NULL,
                               .indent_mods = NULL) {
  afun <- make_afun(
    a_count_missed_doses,
    .stats = .stats,
    .formats = .formats,
    .labels = .labels,
    .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
    .ungroup_stats = "count_fraction"
  )
  analyze(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = vars,
    afun = afun,
    var_labels = var_labels,
    table_names = table_names,
    show_labels = show_labels,
    nested = nested,
    extra_args = list(...)
  )
}

#' Control Function for Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern (STEP) Calculations
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is an auxiliary function for controlling arguments for STEP calculations.
#'
#' @param biomarker (`numeric` or `NULL`)\cr optional provision of the numeric biomarker variable, which
#'   could be used to infer `bandwidth`, see below.
#' @param use_percentile (`flag`)\cr if `TRUE`, the running windows are created according to
#'   quantiles rather than actual values, i.e. the bandwidth refers to the percentage of data
#'   covered in each window. Suggest `TRUE` if the biomarker variable is not uniformly
#'   distributed.
#' @param bandwidth (`number` or `NULL`)\cr indicating the bandwidth of each window.
#'   Depending on the argument `use_percentile`, it can be either the length of actual-value
#'   windows on the real biomarker scale, or percentage windows.
#'   If `use_percentile = TRUE`, it should be a number between 0 and 1.
#'   If `NULL`, treat the bandwidth to be infinity, which means only one global model will be fitted.
#'   By default, `0.25` is used for percentage windows and one quarter of the range of the `biomarker`
#'   variable for actual-value windows.
#' @param degree (`count`)\cr the degree of polynomial function of the biomarker as an interaction term
#'   with the treatment arm fitted at each window. If 0 (default), then the biomarker variable
#'   is not included in the model fitted in each biomarker window.
#' @param num_points (`count`)\cr the number of points at which the hazard ratios are estimated. The
#'   smallest number is 2.
#'
#' @return A list of components with the same names as the arguments, except `biomarker` which is
#'   just used to calculate the `bandwidth` in case that actual biomarker windows are requested.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Provide biomarker values and request actual values to be used,
#' # so that bandwidth is chosen from range.
#' control_step(biomarker = 1:10, use_percentile = FALSE)
#'
#' # Use a global model with quadratic biomarker interaction term.
#' control_step(bandwidth = NULL, degree = 2)
#'
#' # Reduce number of points to be used.
#' control_step(num_points = 10)
#'
#' @export
control_step <- function(biomarker = NULL,
                         use_percentile = TRUE,
                         bandwidth,
                         degree = 0L,
                         num_points = 39L) {
  checkmate::assert_numeric(biomarker, null.ok = TRUE)
  checkmate::assert_flag(use_percentile)
  checkmate::assert_int(num_points, lower = 2)
  checkmate::assert_count(degree)

  if (missing(bandwidth)) {
    # Infer bandwidth
    bandwidth <- if (use_percentile) {
      0.25
    } else if (!is.null(biomarker)) {
      diff(range(biomarker, na.rm = TRUE)) / 4
    } else {
      NULL
    }
  } else {
    # Check bandwidth
    if (!is.null(bandwidth)) {
      if (use_percentile) {
        assert_proportion_value(bandwidth)
      } else {
        checkmate::assert_scalar(bandwidth)
        checkmate::assert_true(bandwidth > 0)
      }
    }
  }
  list(
    use_percentile = use_percentile,
    bandwidth = bandwidth,
    degree = as.integer(degree),
    num_points = as.integer(num_points)
  )
}

#' Sort Data by `PK PARAM` Variable
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' @param pk_data (`data.frame`)\cr `Pharmacokinetics` dataframe
#' @param key_var (`character`)\cr key variable used to merge pk_data and metadata created by `d_pkparam()`
#'
#' @return A PK `data.frame` sorted by a `PARAM` variable.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(dplyr)
#'
#' adpp <- tern_ex_adpp %>% mutate(PKPARAM = factor(paste0(PARAM, " (", AVALU, ")")))
#' pk_ordered_data <- h_pkparam_sort(adpp)
#'
#' @export
h_pkparam_sort <- function(pk_data, key_var = "PARAMCD") {
  assert_df_with_variables(pk_data, list(key_var = key_var))
  pk_data$PARAMCD <- pk_data[[key_var]]

  ordered_pk_data <- d_pkparam()

  # Add the numeric values from ordered_pk_data to pk_data
  joined_data <- merge(pk_data, ordered_pk_data, by = "PARAMCD", suffix = c("", ".y"))

  joined_data <- joined_data[, -grep(".*.y$", colnames(joined_data))]

  joined_data$TLG_ORDER <- as.numeric(joined_data$TLG_ORDER)

  # Then order PARAM based on this column
  joined_data$PARAM <- factor(joined_data$PARAM,
    levels = unique(joined_data$PARAM[order(joined_data$TLG_ORDER)]),
    ordered = TRUE
  )

  joined_data$TLG_DISPLAY <- factor(joined_data$TLG_DISPLAY,
    levels = unique(joined_data$TLG_DISPLAY[order(joined_data$TLG_ORDER)]),
    ordered = TRUE
  )

  joined_data
}

#' Helper Function for Tabulation of a Single Biomarker Result
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' Please see [h_tab_surv_one_biomarker()] and [h_tab_rsp_one_biomarker()], which use this function for examples.
#' This function is a wrapper for [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr results for a single biomarker.
#' @param afuns (named `list` of `function`)\cr analysis functions.
#' @param colvars (`list` with `vars` and `labels`)\cr variables to tabulate and their labels.
#'
#' @return An `rtables` table object with statistics in columns.
#'
#' @export
h_tab_one_biomarker <- function(df,
                                afuns,
                                colvars,
                                .indent_mods = 0L) {
  lyt <- basic_table()

  # Row split by row type - only keep the content rows here.
  lyt <- split_rows_by(
    lyt = lyt,
    var = "row_type",
    split_fun = keep_split_levels("content"),
    nested = FALSE
  )

  # Summarize rows with all patients.
  lyt <- summarize_row_groups(
    lyt = lyt,
    var = "var_label",
    cfun = afuns,
    indent_mod = .indent_mods
  )

  # Split cols by the multiple variables to populate into columns.
  lyt <- split_cols_by_multivar(
    lyt = lyt,
    vars = colvars$vars,
    varlabels = colvars$labels
  )

  # If there is any subgroup variables, we extend the layout accordingly.
  if ("analysis" %in% df$row_type) {
    # Now only continue with the subgroup rows.
    lyt <- split_rows_by(
      lyt = lyt,
      var = "row_type",
      split_fun = keep_split_levels("analysis"),
      nested = FALSE,
      child_labels = "hidden"
    )

    # Split by the subgroup variable.
    lyt <- split_rows_by(
      lyt = lyt,
      var = "var",
      labels_var = "var_label",
      nested = TRUE,
      child_labels = "visible",
      indent_mod = .indent_mods * 2
    )

    # Then analyze colvars for each subgroup.
    lyt <- summarize_row_groups(
      lyt = lyt,
      cfun = afuns,
      var = "subgroup"
    )
  }
  build_table(lyt, df = df)
}

#' Control Function for Logistic Regression Model Fitting
#'
#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
#'
#' This is an auxiliary function for controlling arguments for logistic regression models.
#' `conf_level` refers to the confidence level used for the Odds Ratio CIs.
#'
#' @inheritParams argument_convention
#' @param response_definition (`string`)\cr the definition of what an event is in terms of `response`.
#'   This will be used when fitting the logistic regression model on the left hand side of the formula.
#'   Note that the evaluated expression should result in either a logical vector or a factor with 2
#'   levels. By default this is just `"response"` such that the original response variable is used
#'   and not modified further.
#'
#' @return A list of components with the same names as the arguments.
#'
#' @examples
#' # Standard options.
#' control_logistic()
#'
#' # Modify confidence level.
#' control_logistic(conf_level = 0.9)
#'
#' # Use a different response definition.
#' control_logistic(response_definition = "I(response %in% c('CR', 'PR'))")
#'
#' @export
control_logistic <- function(response_definition = "response",
                             conf_level = 0.95) {
  checkmate::assert_true(grepl("response", response_definition))
  checkmate::assert_string(response_definition)
  assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
  list(
    response_definition = response_definition,
    conf_level = conf_level
  )
}

1		#' Encode Categorical Missing Values in a Data Frame
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' This is a helper function to encode missing entries across groups of categorical
6		#' variables in a data frame.
7		#'
8		#' @details Missing entries are those with `NA` or empty strings and will
9		#' be replaced with a specified value. If factor variables include missing
10		#' values, the missing value will be inserted as the last level.
11		#' Similarly, in case character or logical variables should be converted to factors
12		#' with the `char_as_factor` or `logical_as_factor` options, the missing values will
13		#' be set as the last level.
14		#'
15		#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr data set.
16		#' @param omit_columns (`character`)\cr names of variables from `data` that should
17		#' not be modified by this function.
18		#' @param char_as_factor (`flag`)\cr whether to convert character variables
19		#' in `data` to factors.
20		#' @param logical_as_factor (`flag`)\cr whether to convert logical variables
21		#' in `data` to factors.
22		#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr used to replace all `NA` or empty
23		#' values inside non-`omit_columns` columns.
24		#'
25		#' @return A `data.frame` with the chosen modifications applied.
26		#'
27		#' @seealso [sas_na()] and [explicit_na()] for other missing data helper functions.
28		#'
29		#' @examples
30		#' my_data <- data.frame(
31		#' u = c(TRUE, FALSE, NA, TRUE),
32		#' v = factor(c("A", NA, NA, NA), levels = c("Z", "A")),
33		#' w = c("A", "B", NA, "C"),
34		#' x = c("D", "E", "F", NA),
35		#' y = c("G", "H", "I", ""),
36		#' z = c(1, 2, 3, 4),
37		#' stringsAsFactors = FALSE
38		#' )
39		#'
40		#' # Example 1
41		#' # Encode missing values in all character or factor columns.
42		#' df_explicit_na(my_data)
43		#' # Also convert logical columns to factor columns.
44		#' df_explicit_na(my_data, logical_as_factor = TRUE)
45		#' # Encode missing values in a subset of columns.
46		#' df_explicit_na(my_data, omit_columns = c("x", "y"))
47		#'
48		#' # Example 2
49		#' # Here we purposefully convert all `M` values to `NA` in the `SEX` variable.
50		#' # After running `df_explicit_na` the `NA` values are encoded as `<Missing>` but they are not
51		#' # included when generating `rtables`.
52		#' adsl <- tern_ex_adsl
53		#' adsl$SEX[adsl$SEX == "M"] <- NA
54		#' adsl <- df_explicit_na(adsl)
55		#'
56		#' # If you want the `Na` values to be displayed in the table use the `na_level` argument.
57		#' adsl <- tern_ex_adsl
58		#' adsl$SEX[adsl$SEX == "M"] <- NA
59		#' adsl <- df_explicit_na(adsl, na_level = "Missing Values")
60		#'
61		#' # Example 3
62		#' # Numeric variables that have missing values are not altered. This means that any `NA` value in
63		#' # a numeric variable will not be included in the summary statistics, nor will they be included
64		#' # in the denominator value for calculating the percent values.
65		#' adsl <- tern_ex_adsl
66		#' adsl$AGE[adsl$AGE < 30] <- NA
67		#' adsl <- df_explicit_na(adsl)
68		#'
69		#' @export
70		df_explicit_na <- function(data,
71		omit_columns = NULL,
72		char_as_factor = TRUE,
73		logical_as_factor = FALSE,
74		na_level = "<Missing>") {
75	22x	checkmate::assert_character(omit_columns, null.ok = TRUE, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
76	21x	checkmate::assert_data_frame(data)
77	20x	checkmate::assert_flag(char_as_factor)
78	19x	checkmate::assert_flag(logical_as_factor)
79	19x	checkmate::assert_string(na_level)
80
81	17x	target_vars <- if (is.null(omit_columns)) {
82	15x	names(data)
83		} else {
84	2x	setdiff(names(data), omit_columns) # May have duplicates.
85		}
86	17x	if (length(target_vars) == 0) {
87	1x	return(data)
88		}
89
90	16x	l_target_vars <- split(target_vars, target_vars)
91
92		# Makes sure target_vars exist in data and names are not duplicated.
93	16x	assert_df_with_variables(data, l_target_vars)
94
95	16x	for (x in target_vars) {
96	304x	xi <- data[[x]]
97	304x	xi_label <- obj_label(xi)
98
99		# Determine whether to convert character or logical input.
100	304x	do_char_conversion <- is.character(xi) && char_as_factor
101	304x	do_logical_conversion <- is.logical(xi) && logical_as_factor
102
103		# Pre-convert logical to character to deal correctly with replacing NA
104		# values below.
105	304x	if (do_logical_conversion) {
106	2x	xi <- as.character(xi)
107		}
108
109	304x	if (is.factor(xi) \|\| is.character(xi)) {
110		# Handle empty strings and NA values.
111	217x	xi <- explicit_na(sas_na(xi), label = na_level)
112
113		# Convert to factors if requested for the original type,
114		# set na_level as the last value.
115	217x	if (do_char_conversion \|\| do_logical_conversion) {
116	78x	levels_xi <- setdiff(sort(unique(xi)), na_level)
117	78x	if (na_level %in% unique(xi)) {
118	18x	levels_xi <- c(levels_xi, na_level)
119		}
120
121	78x	xi <- factor(xi, levels = levels_xi)
122		}
123
124	217x	data[, x] <- formatters::with_label(xi, label = xi_label)
125		}
126		}
127	16x	return(data)
128		}

1		#' Odds Ratio Estimation
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Compares bivariate responses between two groups in terms of odds ratios
6		#' along with a confidence interval.
7		#'
8		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
9		#'
10		#' @details This function uses either logistic regression for unstratified
11		#' analyses, or conditional logistic regression for stratified analyses.
12		#' The Wald confidence interval with the specified confidence level is
13		#' calculated.
14		#'
15		#' @note For stratified analyses, there is currently no implementation for conditional
16		#' likelihood confidence intervals, therefore the likelihood confidence interval is not
17		#' yet available as an option. Besides, when `rsp` contains only responders or non-responders,
18		#' then the result values will be `NA`, because no odds ratio estimation is possible.
19		#'
20		#' @seealso Relevant helper function [h_odds_ratio()].
21		#'
22		#' @name odds_ratio
23		NULL
24
25		#' @describeIn odds_ratio Statistics function which estimates the odds ratio
26		#' between a treatment and a control. A `variables` list with `arm` and `strata`
27		#' variable names must be passed if a stratified analysis is required.
28		#'
29		#' @inheritParams split_cols_by_groups
30		#'
31		#' @return
32		#' * `s_odds_ratio()` returns a named list with the statistics `or_ci`
33		#' (containing `est`, `lcl`, and `ucl`) and `n_tot`.
34		#'
35		#' @examples
36		#' set.seed(12)
37		#' dta <- data.frame(
38		#' rsp = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE),
39		#' grp = factor(rep(c("A", "B"), each = 50), levels = c("B", "A")),
40		#' strata = factor(sample(c("C", "D"), 100, TRUE))
41		#' )
42		#'
43		#' # Unstratified analysis.
44		#' s_odds_ratio(
45		#' df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
46		#' .var = "rsp",
47		#' .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
48		#' .in_ref_col = FALSE,
49		#' .df_row = dta
50		#' )
51		#'
52		#' # Stratified analysis.
53		#' s_odds_ratio(
54		#' df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
55		#' .var = "rsp",
56		#' .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
57		#' .in_ref_col = FALSE,
58		#' .df_row = dta,
59		#' variables = list(arm = "grp", strata = "strata")
60		#' )
61		#'
62		#' @export
63		s_odds_ratio <- function(df,
64		.var,
65		.ref_group,
66		.in_ref_col,
67		.df_row,
68		variables = list(arm = NULL, strata = NULL),
69		conf_level = 0.95,
70		groups_list = NULL) {
71	65x	y <- list(or_ci = "", n_tot = "")
72
73	65x	if (!.in_ref_col) {
74	65x	assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
75	65x	assert_df_with_variables(df, list(rsp = .var))
76	65x	assert_df_with_variables(.ref_group, list(rsp = .var))
77
78	65x	if (is.null(variables$strata)) {
79	52x	data <- data.frame(
80	52x	rsp = c(.ref_group[[.var]], df[[.var]]),
81	52x	grp = factor(
82	52x	rep(c("ref", "Not-ref"), c(nrow(.ref_group), nrow(df))),
83	52x	levels = c("ref", "Not-ref")
84		)
85		)
86	52x	y <- or_glm(data, conf_level = conf_level)
87		} else {
88	13x	assert_df_with_variables(.df_row, c(list(rsp = .var), variables))
89
90		# The group variable prepared for clogit must be synchronised with combination groups definition.
91	13x	if (is.null(groups_list)) {
92	12x	ref_grp <- as.character(unique(.ref_group[[variables$arm]]))
93	12x	trt_grp <- as.character(unique(df[[variables$arm]]))
94	12x	grp <- stats::relevel(factor(.df_row[[variables$arm]]), ref = ref_grp)
95		} else {
96		# If more than one level in reference col.
97	1x	reference <- as.character(unique(.ref_group[[variables$arm]]))
98	1x	grp_ref_flag <- vapply(
99	1x	X = groups_list,
100	1x	FUN.VALUE = TRUE,
101	1x	FUN = function(x) all(reference %in% x)
102		)
103	1x	ref_grp <- names(groups_list)[grp_ref_flag]
104
105		# If more than one level in treatment col.
106	1x	treatment <- as.character(unique(df[[variables$arm]]))
107	1x	grp_trt_flag <- vapply(
108	1x	X = groups_list,
109	1x	FUN.VALUE = TRUE,
110	1x	FUN = function(x) all(treatment %in% x)
111		)
112	1x	trt_grp <- names(groups_list)[grp_trt_flag]
113
114	1x	grp <- combine_levels(.df_row[[variables$arm]], levels = reference, new_level = ref_grp)
115	1x	grp <- combine_levels(grp, levels = treatment, new_level = trt_grp)
116		}
117
118		# The reference level in `grp` must be the same as in the `rtables` column split.
119	13x	data <- data.frame(
120	13x	rsp = .df_row[[.var]],
121	13x	grp = grp,
122	13x	strata = interaction(.df_row[variables$strata])
123		)
124	13x	y_all <- or_clogit(data, conf_level = conf_level)
125	13x	checkmate::assert_string(trt_grp)
126	13x	checkmate::assert_subset(trt_grp, names(y_all$or_ci))
127	12x	y$or_ci <- y_all$or_ci[[trt_grp]]
128	12x	y$n_tot <- y_all$n_tot
129		}
130		}
131
132	64x	y$or_ci <- formatters::with_label(
133	64x	x = y$or_ci,
134	64x	label = paste0("Odds Ratio (", 100 * conf_level, "% CI)")
135		)
136
137	64x	y$n_tot <- formatters::with_label(
138	64x	x = y$n_tot,
139	64x	label = "Total n"
140		)
141
142	64x	y
143		}
144
145		#' @describeIn odds_ratio Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `estimate_odds_ratio()`.
146		#'
147		#' @return
148		#' * `a_odds_ratio()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
149		#'
150		#' @examples
151		#' a_odds_ratio(
152		#' df = subset(dta, grp == "A"),
153		#' .var = "rsp",
154		#' .ref_group = subset(dta, grp == "B"),
155		#' .in_ref_col = FALSE,
156		#' .df_row = dta
157		#' )
158		#'
159		#' @export
160		a_odds_ratio <- make_afun(
161		s_odds_ratio,
162		.formats = c(or_ci = "xx.xx (xx.xx - xx.xx)"),
163		.indent_mods = c(or_ci = 1L)
164		)
165
166		#' @describeIn odds_ratio Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
167		#' and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
168		#'
169		#' @param ... arguments passed to `s_odds_ratio()`.
170		#'
171		#' @return
172		#' * `estimate_odds_ratio()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
173		#' or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
174		#' the statistics from `s_odds_ratio()` to the table layout.
175		#'
176		#' @examples
177		#' dta <- data.frame(
178		#' rsp = sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 100, TRUE),
179		#' grp = factor(rep(c("A", "B"), each = 50))
180		#' )
181		#'
182		#' l <- basic_table() %>%
183		#' split_cols_by(var = "grp", ref_group = "B") %>%
184		#' estimate_odds_ratio(vars = "rsp")
185		#'
186		#' build_table(l, df = dta)
187		#'
188		#' @export
189		estimate_odds_ratio <- function(lyt,
190		vars,
191		nested = TRUE,
192		...,
193		show_labels = "hidden",
194		table_names = vars,
195		.stats = "or_ci",
196		.formats = NULL,
197		.labels = NULL,
198		.indent_mods = NULL) {
199	3x	afun <- make_afun(
200	3x	a_odds_ratio,
201	3x	.stats = .stats,
202	3x	.formats = .formats,
203	3x	.labels = .labels,
204	3x	.indent_mods = .indent_mods
205		)
206
207	3x	analyze(
208	3x	lyt,
209	3x	vars,
210	3x	afun = afun,
211	3x	nested = nested,
212	3x	extra_args = list(...),
213	3x	show_labels = show_labels,
214	3x	table_names = table_names
215		)
216		}
217
218		#' Helper Functions for Odds Ratio Estimation
219		#'
220		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
221		#'
222		#' Functions to calculate odds ratios in [estimate_odds_ratio()].
223		#'
224		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
225		#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr data frame containing at least the variables `rsp` and `grp`, and optionally
226		#' `strata` for [or_clogit()].
227		#'
228		#' @return A named `list` of elements `or_ci` and `n_tot`.
229		#'
230		#' @seealso [odds_ratio]
231		#'
232		#' @name h_odds_ratio
233		NULL
234
235		#' @describeIn h_odds_ratio Estimates the odds ratio based on [stats::glm()]. Note that there must be
236		#' exactly 2 groups in `data` as specified by the `grp` variable.
237		#'
238		#' @examples
239		#' # Data with 2 groups.
240		#' data <- data.frame(
241		#' rsp = as.logical(c(1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1)),
242		#' grp = letters[c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2)],
243		#' strata = letters[c(1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2)],
244		#' stringsAsFactors = TRUE
245		#' )
246		#'
247		#' # Odds ratio based on glm.
248		#' or_glm(data, conf_level = 0.95)
249		#'
250		#' @export
251		or_glm <- function(data, conf_level) {
252	55x	checkmate::assert_logical(data$rsp)
253	55x	assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
254	55x	assert_df_with_variables(data, list(rsp = "rsp", grp = "grp"))
255	55x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(data$grp, classes = c("factor", "character"))
256
257	55x	data$grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(data$grp)
258	55x	assert_df_with_factors(data, list(val = "grp"), min.levels = 2, max.levels = 2)
259	55x	formula <- stats::as.formula("rsp ~ grp")
260	55x	model_fit <- stats::glm(
261	55x	formula = formula, data = data,
262	55x	family = stats::binomial(link = "logit")
263		)
264
265		# Note that here we need to discard the intercept.
266	55x	or <- exp(stats::coef(model_fit)[-1])
267	55x	or_ci <- exp(
268	55x	stats::confint.default(model_fit, level = conf_level)[-1, , drop = FALSE]
269		)
270
271	55x	values <- stats::setNames(c(or, or_ci), c("est", "lcl", "ucl"))
272	55x	n_tot <- stats::setNames(nrow(model_fit$model), "n_tot")
273
274	55x	list(or_ci = values, n_tot = n_tot)
275		}
276
277		#' @describeIn h_odds_ratio estimates the odds ratio based on [survival::clogit()]. This is done for
278		#' the whole data set including all groups, since the results are not the same as when doing
279		#' pairwise comparisons between the groups.
280		#'
281		#' @examples
282		#' # Data with 3 groups.
283		#' data <- data.frame(
284		#' rsp = as.logical(c(1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0)),
285		#' grp = letters[c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3)],
286		#' strata = LETTERS[c(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)],
287		#' stringsAsFactors = TRUE
288		#' )
289		#'
290		#' # Odds ratio based on stratified estimation by conditional logistic regression.
291		#' or_clogit(data, conf_level = 0.95)
292		#'
293		#' @export
294		or_clogit <- function(data, conf_level) {
295	16x	checkmate::assert_logical(data$rsp)
296	16x	assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
297	16x	assert_df_with_variables(data, list(rsp = "rsp", grp = "grp", strata = "strata"))
298	16x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(data$grp, classes = c("factor", "character"))
299	16x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(data$strata, classes = c("factor", "character"))
300
301	16x	data$grp <- as_factor_keep_attributes(data$grp)
302	16x	data$strata <- as_factor_keep_attributes(data$strata)
303
304		# Deviation from convention: `survival::strata` must be simply `strata`.
305	16x	formula <- stats::as.formula("rsp ~ grp + strata(strata)")
306	16x	model_fit <- clogit_with_tryCatch(formula = formula, data = data)
307
308		# Create a list with one set of OR estimates and CI per coefficient, i.e.
309		# comparison of one group vs. the reference group.
310	16x	coef_est <- stats::coef(model_fit)
311	16x	ci_est <- stats::confint(model_fit, level = conf_level)
312	16x	or_ci <- list()
313	16x	for (coef_name in names(coef_est)) {
314	18x	grp_name <- gsub("^grp", "", x = coef_name)
315	18x	or_ci[[grp_name]] <- stats::setNames(
316	18x	object = exp(c(coef_est[coef_name], ci_est[coef_name, , drop = TRUE])),
317	18x	nm = c("est", "lcl", "ucl")
318		)
319		}
320	16x	list(or_ci = or_ci, n_tot = c(n_tot = model_fit$n))
321		}

1		#' Incidence Rate
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Estimate the event rate adjusted for person-years at risk, otherwise known
6		#' as incidence rate. Primary analysis variable is the person-years at risk.
7		#'
8		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
9		#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for estimation details, specified by using
10		#' the helper function [control_incidence_rate()]. Possible parameter options are:
11		#' * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level for the estimated incidence rate.
12		#' * `conf_type` (`string`)\cr `normal` (default), `normal_log`, `exact`, or `byar`
13		#' for confidence interval type.
14		#' * `input_time_unit` (`string`)\cr `day`, `week`, `month`, or `year` (default)
15		#' indicating time unit for data input.
16		#' * `num_pt_year` (`numeric`)\cr time unit for desired output (in person-years).
17		#' @param n_events (`integer`)\cr number of events observed.
18		#'
19		#' @seealso [control_incidence_rate()] and helper functions [h_incidence_rate].
20		#'
21		#' @name incidence_rate
22		NULL
23
24		#' @describeIn incidence_rate Statistics function which estimates the incidence rate and the
25		#' associated confidence interval.
26		#'
27		#' @return
28		#' * `s_incidence_rate()` returns the following statistics:
29		#' - `person_years`: Total person-years at risk.
30		#' - `n_events`: Total number of events observed.
31		#' - `rate`: Estimated incidence rate.
32		#' - `rate_ci`: Confidence interval for the incidence rate.
33		#'
34		#' @examples
35		#' library(dplyr)
36		#'
37		#' df <- data.frame(
38		#' USUBJID = as.character(seq(6)),
39		#' CNSR = c(0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0),
40		#' AVAL = c(10.1, 20.4, 15.3, 20.8, 18.7, 23.4),
41		#' ARM = factor(c("A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B"))
42		#' ) %>%
43		#' mutate(is_event = CNSR == 0) %>%
44		#' mutate(n_events = as.integer(is_event))
45		#'
46		#' @keywords internal
47		s_incidence_rate <- function(df,
48		.var,
49		n_events,
50		is_event,
51		control = control_incidence_rate()) {
52	1x	if (!missing(is_event)) {
53	!	warning("argument is_event will be deprecated. Please use n_events.")
54
55	!	if (missing(n_events)) {
56	!	assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = .var, is_event = is_event))
57	!	checkmate::assert_string(.var)
58	!	checkmate::assert_logical(df[[is_event]], any.missing = FALSE)
59	!	checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]], any.missing = FALSE)
60	!	n_events <- is_event
61		}
62		} else {
63	1x	assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = .var, n_events = n_events))
64	1x	checkmate::assert_string(.var)
65	1x	checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]], any.missing = FALSE)
66	1x	checkmate::assert_integer(df[[n_events]], any.missing = FALSE)
67		}
68
69	1x	input_time_unit <- control$input_time_unit
70	1x	num_pt_year <- control$num_pt_year
71	1x	conf_level <- control$conf_level
72	1x	person_years <- sum(df[[.var]], na.rm = TRUE) * (
73	1x	1 * (input_time_unit == "year") +
74	1x	1 / 12 * (input_time_unit == "month") +
75	1x	1 / 52.14 * (input_time_unit == "week") +
76	1x	1 / 365.24 * (input_time_unit == "day")
77		)
78	1x	n_events <- sum(df[[n_events]], na.rm = TRUE)
79
80	1x	result <- h_incidence_rate(
81	1x	person_years,
82	1x	n_events,
83	1x	control
84		)
85	1x	list(
86	1x	person_years = formatters::with_label(person_years, "Total patient-years at risk"),
87	1x	n_events = formatters::with_label(n_events, "Number of adverse events observed"),
88	1x	rate = formatters::with_label(result$rate, paste("AE rate per", num_pt_year, "patient-years")),
89	1x	rate_ci = formatters::with_label(result$rate_ci, f_conf_level(conf_level))
90		)
91		}
92
93		#' @describeIn incidence_rate Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
94		#' in `estimate_incidence_rate()`.
95		#'
96		#' @return
97		#' * `a_incidence_rate()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
98		#'
99		#'
100		#' @keywords internal
101		a_incidence_rate <- make_afun(
102		s_incidence_rate,
103		.formats = c(
104		"person_years" = "xx.x",
105		"n_events" = "xx",
106		"rate" = "xx.xx",
107		"rate_ci" = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)"
108		)
109		)
110
111		#' @describeIn incidence_rate Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
112		#' and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
113		#'
114		#' @return
115		#' * `estimate_incidence_rate()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
116		#' or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
117		#' the statistics from `s_incidence_rate()` to the table layout.
118		#'
119		#' @examples
120		#' basic_table() %>%
121		#' split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
122		#' add_colcounts() %>%
123		#' estimate_incidence_rate(
124		#' vars = "AVAL",
125		#' n_events = "n_events",
126		#' control = control_incidence_rate(
127		#' input_time_unit = "month",
128		#' num_pt_year = 100
129		#' )
130		#' ) %>%
131		#' build_table(df)
132		#'
133		#' @export
134		estimate_incidence_rate <- function(lyt,
135		vars,
136		nested = TRUE,
137		...,
138		show_labels = "hidden",
139		table_names = vars,
140		.stats = NULL,
141		.formats = NULL,
142		.labels = NULL,
143		.indent_mods = NULL) {
144	1x	afun <- make_afun(
145	1x	a_incidence_rate,
146	1x	.stats = .stats,
147	1x	.formats = .formats,
148	1x	.labels = .labels,
149	1x	.indent_mods = .indent_mods
150		)
151
152	1x	analyze(
153	1x	lyt,
154	1x	vars,
155	1x	show_labels = show_labels,
156	1x	table_names = table_names,
157	1x	afun = afun,
158	1x	nested = nested,
159	1x	extra_args = list(...)
160		)
161		}
162
163		#' Helper Functions for Incidence Rate
164		#'
165		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
166		#'
167		#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for estimation details, specified by using
168		#' the helper function [control_incidence_rate()]. Possible parameter options are:
169		#' * `conf_level`: (`proportion`)\cr confidence level for the estimated incidence rate.
170		#' * `conf_type`: (`string`)\cr `normal` (default), `normal_log`, `exact`, or `byar`
171		#' for confidence interval type.
172		#' * `input_time_unit`: (`string`)\cr `day`, `week`, `month`, or `year` (default)
173		#' indicating time unit for data input.
174		#' * `num_pt_year`: (`numeric`)\cr time unit for desired output (in person-years).
175		#' @param person_years (`numeric`)\cr total person-years at risk.
176		#' @param alpha (`numeric`)\cr two-sided alpha-level for confidence interval.
177		#' @param n_events (`integer`)\cr number of events observed.
178		#'
179		#' @return Estimated incidence rate `rate` and associated confidence interval `rate_ci`.
180		#'
181		#' @seealso [incidence_rate]
182		#'
183		#' @name h_incidence_rate
184		NULL
185
186		#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
187		#' associated confidence interval based on the normal approximation for the
188		#' incidence rate. Unit is one person-year.
189		#'
190		#' @examples
191		#' h_incidence_rate_normal(200, 2)
192		#'
193		#' @export
194		h_incidence_rate_normal <- function(person_years,
195		n_events,
196		alpha = 0.05) {
197	1x	checkmate::assert_number(person_years)
198	1x	checkmate::assert_number(n_events)
199	1x	assert_proportion_value(alpha)
200
201	1x	est <- n_events / person_years
202	1x	se <- sqrt(est / person_years)
203	1x	ci <- est + c(-1, 1) * stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2) * se
204
205	1x	list(rate = est, rate_ci = ci)
206		}
207
208		#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
209		#' associated confidence interval based on the normal approximation for the
210		#' logarithm of the incidence rate. Unit is one person-year.
211		#'
212		#' @examples
213		#' h_incidence_rate_normal_log(200, 2)
214		#'
215		#' @export
216		h_incidence_rate_normal_log <- function(person_years,
217		n_events,
218		alpha = 0.05) {
219	5x	checkmate::assert_number(person_years)
220	5x	checkmate::assert_number(n_events)
221	5x	assert_proportion_value(alpha)
222
223	5x	rate_est <- n_events / person_years
224	5x	rate_se <- sqrt(rate_est / person_years)
225	5x	lrate_est <- log(rate_est)
226	5x	lrate_se <- rate_se / rate_est
227	5x	ci <- exp(lrate_est + c(-1, 1) * stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2) * lrate_se)
228
229	5x	list(rate = rate_est, rate_ci = ci)
230		}
231
232		#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
233		#' associated exact confidence interval. Unit is one person-year.
234		#'
235		#' @examples
236		#' h_incidence_rate_exact(200, 2)
237		#'
238		#' @export
239		h_incidence_rate_exact <- function(person_years,
240		n_events,
241		alpha = 0.05) {
242	1x	checkmate::assert_number(person_years)
243	1x	checkmate::assert_number(n_events)
244	1x	assert_proportion_value(alpha)
245
246	1x	est <- n_events / person_years
247	1x	lcl <- stats::qchisq(p = (alpha) / 2, df = 2 * n_events) / (2 * person_years)
248	1x	ucl <- stats::qchisq(p = 1 - (alpha) / 2, df = 2 * n_events + 2) / (2 * person_years)
249
250	1x	list(rate = est, rate_ci = c(lcl, ucl))
251		}
252
253		#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
254		#' associated `Byar`'s confidence interval. Unit is one person-year.
255		#'
256		#' @examples
257		#' h_incidence_rate_byar(200, 2)
258		#'
259		#' @export
260		h_incidence_rate_byar <- function(person_years,
261		n_events,
262		alpha = 0.05) {
263	1x	checkmate::assert_number(person_years)
264	1x	checkmate::assert_number(n_events)
265	1x	assert_proportion_value(alpha)
266
267	1x	est <- n_events / person_years
268	1x	seg_1 <- n_events + 0.5
269	1x	seg_2 <- 1 - 1 / (9 * (n_events + 0.5))
270	1x	seg_3 <- stats::qnorm(1 - alpha / 2) * sqrt(1 / (n_events + 0.5)) / 3
271	1x	lcl <- seg_1 * ((seg_2 - seg_3)^3) / person_years
272	1x	ucl <- seg_1 * ((seg_2 + seg_3) ^ 3) / person_years # styler: off
273
274	1x	list(rate = est, rate_ci = c(lcl, ucl))
275		}
276
277		#' @describeIn h_incidence_rate Helper function to estimate the incidence rate and
278		#' associated confidence interval.
279		#'
280		#'
281		#' @keywords internal
282		h_incidence_rate <- function(person_years,
283		n_events,
284		control = control_incidence_rate()) {
285	4x	alpha <- 1 - control$conf_level
286	4x	est <- switch(control$conf_type,
287	4x	normal = h_incidence_rate_normal(person_years, n_events, alpha),
288	4x	normal_log = h_incidence_rate_normal_log(person_years, n_events, alpha),
289	4x	exact = h_incidence_rate_exact(person_years, n_events, alpha),
290	4x	byar = h_incidence_rate_byar(person_years, n_events, alpha)
291		)
292
293	4x	num_pt_year <- control$num_pt_year
294	4x	list(
295	4x	rate = est$rate * num_pt_year,
296	4x	rate_ci = est$rate_ci * num_pt_year
297		)
298		}

1		#' Add Titles, Footnotes, Page Number, and a Bounding Box to a Grid Grob
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' This function is useful to label grid grobs (also `ggplot2`, and `lattice` plots)
6		#' with title, footnote, and page numbers.
7		#'
8		#' @inheritParams grid::grob
9		#' @param grob a grid grob object, optionally `NULL` if only a `grob` with the decoration should be shown.
10		#' @param titles vector of character strings. Vector elements are separated by a newline and strings are wrapped
11		#' according to the page width.
12		#' @param footnotes vector of character string. Same rules as for `titles`.
13		#' @param page string with page numeration, if `NULL` then no page number is displayed.
14		#' @param width_titles unit object
15		#' @param width_footnotes unit object
16		#' @param border boolean, whether a a border should be drawn around the plot or not.
17		#' @param margins unit object of length 4
18		#' @param padding unit object of length 4
19		#' @param outer_margins unit object of length 4
20		#' @param gp_titles a `gpar` object
21		#' @param gp_footnotes a `gpar` object
22		#'
23		#' @return A grid grob (`gTree`).
24		#'
25		#' @details The titles and footnotes will be ragged, i.e. each title will be wrapped individually.
26		#'
27		#' @examples
28		#' library(grid)
29		#'
30		#' titles <- c(
31		#' "Edgar Anderson's Iris Data",
32		#' paste(
33		#' "This famous (Fisher's or Anderson's) iris data set gives the measurements",
34		#' "in centimeters of the variables sepal length and width and petal length",
35		#' "and width, respectively, for 50 flowers from each of 3 species of iris."
36		#' )
37		#' )
38		#'
39		#' footnotes <- c(
40		#' "The species are Iris setosa, versicolor, and virginica.",
41		#' paste(
42		#' "iris is a data frame with 150 cases (rows) and 5 variables (columns) named",
43		#' "Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, Petal.Length, Petal.Width, and Species."
44		#' )
45		#' )
46		#'
47		#' ## empty plot
48		#' grid.newpage()
49		#'
50		#' grid.draw(
51		#' decorate_grob(
52		#' NULL,
53		#' titles = titles,
54		#' footnotes = footnotes,
55		#' page = "Page 4 of 10"
56		#' )
57		#' )
58		#'
59		#' # grid
60		#' p <- gTree(
61		#' children = gList(
62		#' rectGrob(),
63		#' xaxisGrob(),
64		#' yaxisGrob(),
65		#' textGrob("Sepal.Length", y = unit(-4, "lines")),
66		#' textGrob("Petal.Length", x = unit(-3.5, "lines"), rot = 90),
67		#' pointsGrob(iris$Sepal.Length, iris$Petal.Length, gp = gpar(col = iris$Species), pch = 16)
68		#' ),
69		#' vp = vpStack(plotViewport(), dataViewport(xData = iris$Sepal.Length, yData = iris$Petal.Length))
70		#' )
71		#' grid.newpage()
72		#' grid.draw(p)
73		#'
74		#' grid.newpage()
75		#' grid.draw(
76		#' decorate_grob(
77		#' grob = p,
78		#' titles = titles,
79		#' footnotes = footnotes,
80		#' page = "Page 6 of 129"
81		#' )
82		#' )
83		#'
84		#' ## with ggplot2
85		#' library(ggplot2)
86		#'
87		#' p_gg <- ggplot2::ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, col = Species)) +
88		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
89		#' p_gg
90		#' p <- ggplotGrob(p_gg)
91		#' grid.newpage()
92		#' grid.draw(
93		#' decorate_grob(
94		#' grob = p,
95		#' titles = titles,
96		#' footnotes = footnotes,
97		#' page = "Page 6 of 129"
98		#' )
99		#' )
100		#'
101		#' ## with lattice
102		#' library(lattice)
103		#'
104		#' xyplot(Sepal.Length ~ Petal.Length, data = iris, col = iris$Species)
105		#' p <- grid.grab()
106		#' grid.newpage()
107		#' grid.draw(
108		#' decorate_grob(
109		#' grob = p,
110		#' titles = titles,
111		#' footnotes = footnotes,
112		#' page = "Page 6 of 129"
113		#' )
114		#' )
115		#'
116		#' # with gridExtra - no borders
117		#' library(gridExtra)
118		#' grid.newpage()
119		#' grid.draw(
120		#' decorate_grob(
121		#' tableGrob(
122		#' head(mtcars)
123		#' ),
124		#' titles = "title",
125		#' footnotes = "footnote",
126		#' border = FALSE
127		#' )
128		#' )
129		#'
130		#' @export
131		decorate_grob <- function(grob,
132		titles,
133		footnotes,
134		page = "",
135		width_titles = grid::unit(1, "npc") - grid::stringWidth(page),
136		width_footnotes = grid::unit(1, "npc") - grid::stringWidth(page),
137		border = TRUE,
138		margins = grid::unit(c(1, 0, 1, 0), "lines"),
139		padding = grid::unit(rep(1, 4), "lines"),
140		outer_margins = grid::unit(c(2, 1.5, 3, 1.5), "cm"),
141		gp_titles = grid::gpar(),
142		gp_footnotes = grid::gpar(fontsize = 8),
143		name = NULL,
144		gp = grid::gpar(),
145		vp = NULL) {
146	8x	st_titles <- split_text_grob(
147	8x	titles,
148	8x	x = 0, y = 1,
149	8x	just = c("left", "top"),
150	8x	width = width_titles,
151	8x	vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 1),
152	8x	gp = gp_titles
153		)
154
155	8x	st_footnotes <- split_text_grob(
156	8x	footnotes,
157	8x	x = 0, y = 1,
158	8x	just = c("left", "top"),
159	8x	width = width_footnotes,
160	8x	vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 3, layout.pos.col = 1),
161	8x	gp = gp_footnotes
162		)
163
164	8x	grid::gTree(
165	8x	grob = grob,
166	8x	titles = titles,
167	8x	footnotes = footnotes,
168	8x	page = page,
169	8x	width_titles = width_titles,
170	8x	width_footnotes = width_footnotes,
171	8x	border = border,
172	8x	margins = margins,
173	8x	padding = padding,
174	8x	outer_margins = outer_margins,
175	8x	gp_titles = gp_titles,
176	8x	gp_footnotes = gp_footnotes,
177	8x	children = grid::gList(
178	8x	grid::gTree(
179	8x	children = grid::gList(
180	8x	st_titles,
181	8x	grid::gTree(
182	8x	children = grid::gList(
183	8x	if (border) grid::rectGrob(),
184	8x	grid::gTree(
185	8x	children = grid::gList(
186	8x	grob
187		),
188	8x	vp = grid::plotViewport(margins = padding)
189		)
190		),
191	8x	vp = grid::vpStack(
192	8x	grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 2, layout.pos.col = 1),
193	8x	grid::plotViewport(margins = margins)
194		)
195		),
196	8x	st_footnotes,
197	8x	grid::textGrob(
198	8x	page,
199	8x	x = 1, y = 0,
200	8x	just = c("right", "bottom"),
201	8x	vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 3, layout.pos.col = 1),
202	8x	gp = gp_footnotes
203		)
204		),
205	8x	childrenvp = NULL,
206	8x	name = "titles_grob_footnotes",
207	8x	vp = grid::vpStack(
208	8x	grid::plotViewport(margins = outer_margins),
209	8x	grid::viewport(
210	8x	layout = grid::grid.layout(
211	8x	nrow = 3, ncol = 1,
212	8x	heights = grid::unit.c(
213	8x	grid::grobHeight(st_titles),
214	8x	grid::unit(1, "null"),
215	8x	grid::grobHeight(st_footnotes)
216		)
217		)
218		)
219		)
220		)
221		),
222	8x	name = name,
223	8x	gp = gp,
224	8x	vp = vp,
225	8x	cl = "decoratedGrob"
226		)
227		}
228
229		#' @importFrom grid validDetails
230		#' @noRd
231		validDetails.decoratedGrob <- function(x) {
232	!	checkmate::assert_character(x$titles)
233	!	checkmate::assert_character(x$footnotes)
234
235	!	if (!is.null(x$grob)) {
236	!	checkmate::assert_true(grid::is.grob(x$grob))
237		}
238	!	if (length(x$page) == 1) {
239	!	checkmate::assert_character(x$page)
240		}
241	!	if (!grid::is.unit(x$outer_margins)) {
242	!	checkmate::assert_vector(x$outer_margins, len = 4)
243		}
244	!	if (!grid::is.unit(x$margins)) {
245	!	checkmate::assert_vector(x$margins, len = 4)
246		}
247	!	if (!grid::is.unit(x$padding)) {
248	!	checkmate::assert_vector(x$padding, len = 4)
249		}
250
251	!	x
252		}
253
254		#' @importFrom grid widthDetails
255		#' @noRd
256		widthDetails.decoratedGrob <- function(x) {
257	!	grid::unit(1, "null")
258		}
259
260		#' @importFrom grid heightDetails
261		#' @noRd
262		heightDetails.decoratedGrob <- function(x) {
263	!	grid::unit(1, "null")
264		}
265
266		# Adapted from Paul Murell R Graphics 2nd Edition
267		# https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~paul/RG2e/interactgrid-splittext.R
268		split_string <- function(text, width) {
269	17x	strings <- strsplit(text, " ")
270	17x	out_string <- NA
271	17x	for (string_i in seq_along(strings)) {
272	17x	newline_str <- strings[[string_i]]
273	6x	if (length(newline_str) == 0) newline_str <- ""
274	17x	if (is.na(out_string[string_i])) {
275	17x	out_string[string_i] <- newline_str[[1]][[1]]
276	17x	linewidth <- grid::stringWidth(out_string[string_i])
277		}
278	17x	gapwidth <- grid::stringWidth(" ")
279	17x	availwidth <- as.numeric(width)
280	17x	if (length(newline_str) > 1) {
281	5x	for (i in seq(2, length(newline_str))) {
282	27x	width_i <- grid::stringWidth(newline_str[i])
283	27x	if (grid::convertWidth(linewidth + gapwidth + width_i, grid::unitType(width), valueOnly = TRUE) < availwidth) {
284	25x	sep <- " "
285	25x	linewidth <- linewidth + gapwidth + width_i
286		} else {
287	2x	sep <- "\n"
288	2x	linewidth <- width_i
289		}
290	27x	out_string[string_i] <- paste(out_string[string_i], newline_str[i], sep = sep)
291		}
292		}
293		}
294	17x	paste(out_string, collapse = "\n")
295		}
296
297		#' Split Text According To Available Text Width
298		#'
299		#' Dynamically wrap text.
300		#'
301		#' @inheritParams grid::grid.text
302		#' @param text character string
303		#' @param width a unit object specifying max width of text
304		#'
305		#' @return A text grob.
306		#'
307		#' @details This code is taken from `R Graphics by Paul Murell, 2nd edition`
308		#'
309		#' @keywords internal
310		split_text_grob <- function(text,
311		x = grid::unit(0.5, "npc"),
312		y = grid::unit(0.5, "npc"),
313		width = grid::unit(1, "npc"),
314		just = "centre",
315		hjust = NULL,
316		vjust = NULL,
317		default.units = "npc", # nolint
318		name = NULL,
319		gp = grid::gpar(),
320		vp = NULL) {
321	16x	if (!grid::is.unit(x)) x <- grid::unit(x, default.units)
322	16x	if (!grid::is.unit(y)) y <- grid::unit(y, default.units)
323	!	if (!grid::is.unit(width)) width <- grid::unit(width, default.units)
324	!	if (grid::unitType(x) %in% c("sum", "min", "max")) x <- grid::convertUnit(x, default.units)
325	!	if (grid::unitType(y) %in% c("sum", "min", "max")) y <- grid::convertUnit(y, default.units)
326	16x	if (grid::unitType(width) %in% c("sum", "min", "max")) width <- grid::convertUnit(width, default.units)
327
328		## if it is a fixed unit then we do not need to recalculate when viewport resized
329	16x	if (!inherits(width, "unit.arithmetic") &&
330	16x	!is.null(attr(width, "unit")) &&
331	16x	attr(width, "unit") %in% c("cm", "inches", "mm", "points", "picas", "bigpts", "dida", "cicero", "scaledpts")) {
332	!	attr(text, "fixed_text") <- paste(vapply(text, split_string, character(1), width = width), collapse = "\n")
333		}
334
335	16x	grid::grid.text(
336	16x	label = split_string(text, width),
337	16x	x = x, y = y,
338	16x	just = just,
339	16x	hjust = hjust,
340	16x	vjust = vjust,
341	16x	rot = 0,
342	16x	check.overlap = FALSE,
343	16x	name = name,
344	16x	gp = gp,
345	16x	vp = vp,
346	16x	draw = FALSE
347		)
348		}
349
350		#' @importFrom grid validDetails
351		#' @noRd
352		validDetails.dynamicSplitText <- function(x) {
353	!	checkmate::assert_character(x$text)
354	!	checkmate::assert_true(grid::is.unit(x$width))
355	!	checkmate::assert_vector(x$width, len = 1)
356	!	x
357		}
358
359		#' @importFrom grid heightDetails
360		#' @noRd
361		heightDetails.dynamicSplitText <- function(x) {
362	!	txt <- if (!is.null(attr(x$text, "fixed_text"))) {
363	!	attr(x$text, "fixed_text")
364		} else {
365	!	paste(vapply(x$text, split_string, character(1), width = x$width), collapse = "\n")
366		}
367	!	grid::stringHeight(txt)
368		}
369
370		#' @importFrom grid widthDetails
371		#' @noRd
372		widthDetails.dynamicSplitText <- function(x) {
373	!	x$width
374		}
375
376		#' @importFrom grid drawDetails
377		#' @noRd
378		drawDetails.dynamicSplitText <- function(x, recording) {
379	!	txt <- if (!is.null(attr(x$text, "fixed_text"))) {
380	!	attr(x$text, "fixed_text")
381		} else {
382	!	paste(vapply(x$text, split_string, character(1), width = x$width), collapse = "\n")
383		}
384
385	!	x$width <- NULL
386	!	x$label <- txt
387	!	x$text <- NULL
388	!	class(x) <- c("text", class(x)[-1])
389
390	!	grid::grid.draw(x)
391		}
392
393		#' Update Page Number
394		#'
395		#' Automatically updates page number.
396		#'
397		#' @param npages number of pages in total
398		#' @param ... passed on to [decorate_grob()]
399		#'
400		#' @return Closure that increments the page number.
401		#'
402		#' @keywords internal
403		decorate_grob_factory <- function(npages, ...) {
404	2x	current_page <- 0
405	2x	function(grob) {
406	7x	current_page <<- current_page + 1
407	7x	if (current_page > npages) {
408	1x	stop(paste("current page is", current_page, "but max.", npages, "specified."))
409		}
410	6x	decorate_grob(grob = grob, page = paste("Page", current_page, "of", npages), ...)
411		}
412		}
413
414		#' Decorate Set of `grobs` and Add Page Numbering
415		#'
416		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
417		#'
418		#' Note that this uses the [decorate_grob_factory()] function.
419		#'
420		#' @param grobs a list of grid grobs
421		#' @param ... arguments passed on to [decorate_grob()].
422		#'
423		#' @return A decorated grob.
424		#'
425		#' @examples
426		#' library(ggplot2)
427		#' library(grid)
428		#' g <- with(data = iris, {
429		#' list(
430		#' ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
431		#' ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, col = Species)) +
432		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
433		#' ),
434		#' ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
435		#' ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Length, Petal.Length, col = Species)) +
436		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
437		#' ),
438		#' ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
439		#' ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Length, Petal.Width, col = Species)) +
440		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
441		#' ),
442		#' ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
443		#' ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Width, Petal.Length, col = Species)) +
444		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
445		#' ),
446		#' ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
447		#' ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Sepal.Width, Petal.Width, col = Species)) +
448		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
449		#' ),
450		#' ggplot2::ggplotGrob(
451		#' ggplot2::ggplot(mapping = aes(Petal.Length, Petal.Width, col = Species)) +
452		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
453		#' )
454		#' )
455		#' })
456		#' lg <- decorate_grob_set(grobs = g, titles = "Hello\nOne\nTwo\nThree", footnotes = "")
457		#'
458		#' draw_grob(lg[[1]])
459		#' draw_grob(lg[[2]])
460		#' draw_grob(lg[[6]])
461		#'
462		#' @export
463		decorate_grob_set <- function(grobs, ...) {
464	1x	n <- length(grobs)
465	1x	lgf <- decorate_grob_factory(npages = n, ...)
466	1x	lapply(grobs, lgf)
467		}

1		#' Re-implemented [range()] Default S3 method for numerical objects
2		#'
3		#' This function returns `c(NA, NA)` instead of `c(-Inf, Inf)` for zero-length data
4		#' without any warnings.
5		#'
6		#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr a sequence of numbers for which the range is computed.
7		#' @param na.rm (`logical`)\cr indicating if `NA` should be omitted.
8		#' @param finite (`logical`)\cr indicating if non-finite elements should be removed.
9		#'
10		#' @return A 2-element vector of class `numeric`.
11		#'
12		#' @keywords internal
13		range_noinf <- function(x, na.rm = FALSE, finite = FALSE) { # nolint
14
15	799x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
16
17	799x	if (finite) {
18	24x	x <- x[is.finite(x)] # removes NAs too
19	775x	} else if (na.rm) {
20	468x	x <- x[!is.na(x)]
21		}
22
23	799x	if (length(x) == 0) {
24	47x	rval <- c(NA, NA)
25	47x	mode(rval) <- typeof(x)
26		} else {
27	752x	rval <- c(min(x, na.rm = FALSE), max(x, na.rm = FALSE))
28		}
29
30	799x	return(rval)
31		}
32
33		#' Utility function to create label for confidence interval
34		#'
35		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
36		#'
37		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
38		#'
39		#' @return A `string`.
40		#'
41		#' @export
42		f_conf_level <- function(conf_level) {
43	1197x	assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
44	1195x	paste0(conf_level * 100, "% CI")
45		}
46
47		#' Utility function to create label for p-value
48		#'
49		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
50		#'
51		#' @param test_mean (`number`)\cr mean value to test under the null hypothesis.
52		#'
53		#' @return A `string`.
54		#'
55		#' @export
56		f_pval <- function(test_mean) {
57	298x	checkmate::assert_numeric(test_mean, len = 1)
58	296x	paste0("p-value (H0: mean = ", test_mean, ")")
59		}
60
61		#' Utility function to return a named list of covariate names.
62		#'
63		#' @param covariates (`character`)\cr a vector that can contain single variable names (such as
64		#' `"X1"`), and/or interaction terms indicated by `"X1 * X2"`.
65		#'
66		#' @return A named `list` of `character` vector.
67		#'
68		#' @keywords internal
69		get_covariates <- function(covariates) {
70	14x	checkmate::assert_character(covariates)
71	12x	cov_vars <- unique(trimws(unlist(strsplit(covariates, "\\*"))))
72	12x	stats::setNames(as.list(cov_vars), cov_vars)
73		}
74
75		#' Replicate Entries of a Vector if Required
76		#'
77		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
78		#'
79		#' Replicate entries of a vector if required.
80		#'
81		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
82		#' @param n (`count`)\cr how many entries we need.
83		#'
84		#' @return `x` if it has the required length already or is `NULL`,
85		#' otherwise if it is scalar the replicated version of it with `n` entries.
86		#'
87		#' @note This function will fail if `x` is not of length `n` and/or is not a scalar.
88		#'
89		#' @export
90		to_n <- function(x, n) {
91	1x	if (is.null(x)) {
92	!	NULL
93	1x	} else if (length(x) == 1) {
94	!	rep(x, n)
95	1x	} else if (length(x) == n) {
96	1x	x
97		} else {
98	!	stop("dimension mismatch")
99		}
100		}
101
102		#' Check Element Dimension
103		#'
104		#' Checks if the elements in `...` have the same dimension.
105		#'
106		#' @param ... (`data.frame`s or `vector`s)\cr any data frames/vectors.
107		#' @param omit_null (`logical`)\cr whether `NULL` elements in `...` should be omitted from the check.
108		#'
109		#' @return A `logical` value.
110		#'
111		#' @keywords internal
112		check_same_n <- function(..., omit_null = TRUE) {
113	2x	dots <- list(...)
114
115	2x	n_list <- Map(
116	2x	function(x, name) {
117	5x	if (is.null(x)) {
118	!	if (omit_null) {
119	2x	NA_integer_
120		} else {
121	!	stop("arg", name, "is not supposed to be NULL")
122		}
123	5x	} else if (is.data.frame(x)) {
124	!	nrow(x)
125	5x	} else if (is.atomic(x)) {
126	5x	length(x)
127		} else {
128	!	stop("data structure for ", name, "is currently not supported")
129		}
130		},
131	2x	dots, names(dots)
132		)
133
134	2x	n <- stats::na.omit(unlist(n_list))
135
136	2x	if (length(unique(n)) > 1) {
137	!	sel <- which(n != n[1])
138	!	stop("dimension mismatch:", paste(names(n)[sel], collapse = ", "), " do not have N=", n[1])
139		}
140
141	2x	TRUE
142		}
143
144		#' Make Names Without Dots
145		#'
146		#' @param nams (`character`)\cr vector of original names.
147		#'
148		#' @return A `character` `vector` of proper names, which does not use dots in contrast to [make.names()].
149		#'
150		#' @keywords internal
151		make_names <- function(nams) {
152	6x	orig <- make.names(nams)
153	6x	gsub(".", "", x = orig, fixed = TRUE)
154		}
155
156		#' Conversion of Months to Days
157		#'
158		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
159		#'
160		#' Conversion of Months to Days. This is an approximative calculation because it
161		#' considers each month as having an average of 30.4375 days.
162		#'
163		#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr time in months.
164		#'
165		#' @return A `numeric` vector with the time in days.
166		#'
167		#' @examples
168		#' x <- c(13.25, 8.15, 1, 2.834)
169		#' month2day(x)
170		#'
171		#' @export
172		month2day <- function(x) {
173	1x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
174	1x	x * 30.4375
175		}
176
177		#' Conversion of Days to Months
178		#'
179		#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr time in days.
180		#'
181		#' @return A `numeric` vector with the time in months.
182		#'
183		#' @examples
184		#' x <- c(403, 248, 30, 86)
185		#' day2month(x)
186		#'
187		#' @export
188		day2month <- function(x) {
189	15x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
190	15x	x / 30.4375
191		}
192
193		#' Return an empty numeric if all elements are `NA`.
194		#'
195		#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr vector.
196		#'
197		#' @return An empty `numeric` if all elements of `x` are `NA`, otherwise `x`.
198		#'
199		#' @examples
200		#' x <- c(NA, NA, NA)
201		#' # Internal function - empty_vector_if_na
202		#' @keywords internal
203		empty_vector_if_na <- function(x) {
204	683x	if (all(is.na(x))) {
205	220x	numeric()
206		} else {
207	463x	x
208		}
209		}
210
211		#' Combine Two Vectors Element Wise
212		#'
213		#' @param x (`vector`)\cr first vector to combine.
214		#' @param y (`vector`)\cr second vector to combine.
215		#'
216		#' @return A `list` where each element combines corresponding elements of `x` and `y`.
217		#'
218		#' @examples
219		#' combine_vectors(1:3, 4:6)
220		#'
221		#' @export
222		combine_vectors <- function(x, y) {
223	49x	checkmate::assert_vector(x)
224	49x	checkmate::assert_vector(y, len = length(x))
225
226	49x	result <- lapply(as.data.frame(rbind(x, y)), `c`)
227	49x	names(result) <- NULL
228	49x	result
229		}
230
231		#' Extract Elements by Name
232		#'
233		#' This utility function extracts elements from a vector `x` by `names`.
234		#' Differences to the standard `[` function are:
235		#'
236		#' - If `x` is `NULL`, then still always `NULL` is returned (same as in base function).
237		#' - If `x` is not `NULL`, then the intersection of its names is made with `names` and those
238		#' elements are returned. That is, `names` which don't appear in `x` are not returned as `NA`s.
239		#'
240		#' @param x (named `vector`)\cr where to extract named elements from.
241		#' @param names (`character`)\cr vector of names to extract.
242		#'
243		#' @return `NULL` if `x` is `NULL`, otherwise the extracted elements from `x`.
244		#'
245		#' @keywords internal
246		extract_by_name <- function(x, names) {
247	5x	if (is.null(x)) {
248	1x	return(NULL)
249		}
250	4x	checkmate::assert_named(x)
251	4x	checkmate::assert_character(names)
252	4x	which_extract <- intersect(names(x), names)
253	4x	if (length(which_extract) > 0) {
254	3x	x[which_extract]
255		} else {
256	1x	NULL
257		}
258		}
259
260		#' Labels for Adverse Event Baskets
261		#'
262		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
263		#'
264		#' @param aesi (`character`)\cr with standardized `MedDRA` query name (e.g. `SMQzzNAM`) or customized query
265		#' name (e.g. `CQzzNAM`).
266		#' @param scope (`character`)\cr with scope of query (e.g. `SMQzzSC`).
267		#'
268		#' @return A `string` with the standard label for the `AE` basket.
269		#'
270		#' @examples
271		#' adae <- tern_ex_adae
272		#'
273		#' # Standardized query label includes scope.
274		#' aesi_label(adae$SMQ01NAM, scope = adae$SMQ01SC)
275		#'
276		#' # Customized query label.
277		#' aesi_label(adae$CQ01NAM)
278		#'
279		#' @export
280		aesi_label <- function(aesi, scope = NULL) {
281	3x	checkmate::assert_character(aesi)
282	3x	checkmate::assert_character(scope, null.ok = TRUE)
283	3x	aesi_label <- obj_label(aesi)
284	3x	aesi <- sas_na(aesi)
285	3x	aesi <- unique(aesi)[!is.na(unique(aesi))]
286
287	3x	lbl <- if (length(aesi) == 1 && !is.null(scope)) {
288	1x	scope <- sas_na(scope)
289	1x	scope <- unique(scope)[!is.na(unique(scope))]
290	1x	checkmate::assert_string(scope)
291	1x	paste0(aesi, " (", scope, ")")
292	3x	} else if (length(aesi) == 1 && is.null(scope)) {
293	1x	aesi
294		} else {
295	1x	aesi_label
296		}
297
298	3x	lbl
299		}
300
301		#' Indicate Study Arm Variable in Formula
302		#'
303		#' We use `study_arm` to indicate the study arm variable in `tern` formulas.
304		#'
305		#' @param x arm information
306		#'
307		#' @return `x`
308		#'
309		#' @keywords internal
310		study_arm <- function(x) {
311	!	structure(x, varname = deparse(substitute(x)))
312		}
313
314		#' Smooth Function with Optional Grouping
315		#'
316		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
317		#'
318		#' This produces `loess` smoothed estimates of `y` with Student confidence intervals.
319		#'
320		#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr data set containing all analysis variables.
321		#' @param x (`character`)\cr value with x column name.
322		#' @param y (`character`)\cr value with y column name.
323		#' @param groups (`character`)\cr vector with optional grouping variables names.
324		#' @param level (`numeric`)\cr level of confidence interval to use (0.95 by default).
325		#'
326		#' @return A `data.frame` with original `x`, smoothed `y`, `ylow`, and `yhigh`, and
327		#' optional `groups` variables formatted as `factor` type.
328		#'
329		#' @export
330		get_smooths <- function(df, x, y, groups = NULL, level = 0.95) {
331	5x	checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
332	5x	df_cols <- colnames(df)
333	5x	checkmate::assert_string(x)
334	5x	checkmate::assert_subset(x, df_cols)
335	5x	checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[x]])
336	5x	checkmate::assert_string(y)
337	5x	checkmate::assert_subset(y, df_cols)
338	5x	checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[y]])
339
340	5x	if (!is.null(groups)) {
341	4x	checkmate::assert_character(groups)
342	4x	checkmate::assert_subset(groups, df_cols)
343		}
344
345	5x	smooths <- function(x, y) {
346	18x	stats::predict(stats::loess(y ~ x), se = TRUE)
347		}
348
349	5x	if (!is.null(groups)) {
350	4x	cc <- stats::complete.cases(df[c(x, y, groups)])
351	4x	df_c <- df[cc, c(x, y, groups)]
352	4x	df_c_ordered <- df_c[do.call("order", as.list(df_c[, groups, drop = FALSE])), , drop = FALSE]
353	4x	df_c_g <- data.frame(Map(as.factor, df_c_ordered[groups]))
354
355	4x	df_smooth_raw <-
356	4x	by(df_c_ordered, df_c_g, function(d) {
357	17x	plx <- smooths(d[[x]], d[[y]])
358	17x	data.frame(
359	17x	x = d[[x]],
360	17x	y = plx$fit,
361	17x	ylow = plx$fit - stats::qt(level, plx$df) * plx$se,
362	17x	yhigh = plx$fit + stats::qt(level, plx$df) * plx$se
363		)
364		})
365
366	4x	df_smooth <- do.call(rbind, df_smooth_raw)
367	4x	df_smooth[groups] <- df_c_g
368
369	4x	df_smooth
370		} else {
371	1x	cc <- stats::complete.cases(df[c(x, y)])
372	1x	df_c <- df[cc, ]
373	1x	plx <- smooths(df_c[[x]], df_c[[y]])
374
375	1x	df_smooth <- data.frame(
376	1x	x = df_c[[x]],
377	1x	y = plx$fit,
378	1x	ylow = plx$fit - stats::qt(level, plx$df) * plx$se,
379	1x	yhigh = plx$fit + stats::qt(level, plx$df) * plx$se
380		)
381
382	1x	df_smooth
383		}
384		}
385
386		#' Number of Available (Non-Missing Entries) in a Vector
387		#'
388		#' Small utility function for better readability.
389		#'
390		#' @param x (`any`)\cr vector in which to count non-missing values.
391		#'
392		#' @return Number of non-missing values.
393		#'
394		#' @keywords internal
395		n_available <- function(x) {
396	254x	sum(!is.na(x))
397		}
398
399		#' Reapply Variable Labels
400		#'
401		#' This is a helper function that is used in tests.
402		#'
403		#' @param x (`vector`)\cr vector of elements that needs new labels.
404		#' @param varlabels (`character`)\cr vector of labels for `x`.
405		#' @param ... further parameters to be added to the list.
406		#'
407		#' @return `x` with variable labels reapplied.
408		#'
409		#' @export
410		reapply_varlabels <- function(x, varlabels, ...) {
411	10x	named_labels <- c(as.list(varlabels), list(...))
412	10x	formatters::var_labels(x)[names(named_labels)] <- as.character(named_labels)
413	10x	x
414		}
415
416		# Wrapper function of survival::clogit so that when model fitting failed, a more useful message would show
417		clogit_with_tryCatch <- function(formula, data, ...) { # nolint
418	30x	tryCatch(
419	30x	survival::clogit(formula = formula, data = data, ...),
420	30x	error = function(e) stop("model not built successfully with survival::clogit")
421		)
422		}

1		#' Formatting Functions
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' See below for the list of formatting functions created in `tern` to work with `rtables`.
6		#'
7		#' Other available formats can be listed via [`formatters::list_valid_format_labels()`]. Additional
8		#' custom formats can be created via the [`formatters::sprintf_format()`] function.
9		#'
10		#' @family formatting functions
11		#' @name formatting_functions
12		NULL
13
14		#' Formatting Fraction and Percentage
15		#'
16		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
17		#'
18		#' Formats a fraction together with ratio in percent.
19		#'
20		#' @param x (`integer`)\cr with elements `num` and `denom`.
21		#' @param ... required for `rtables` interface.
22		#'
23		#' @return A string in the format `num / denom (ratio %)`. If `num` is 0, the format is `num / denom`.
24		#'
25		#' @examples
26		#' format_fraction(x = c(num = 2L, denom = 3L))
27		#' format_fraction(x = c(num = 0L, denom = 3L))
28		#'
29		#' @family formatting functions
30		#' @export
31		format_fraction <- function(x, ...) {
32	4x	attr(x, "label") <- NULL
33
34	4x	checkmate::assert_vector(x)
35	4x	checkmate::assert_count(x["num"])
36	2x	checkmate::assert_count(x["denom"])
37
38	2x	result <- if (x["num"] == 0) {
39	1x	paste0(x["num"], "/", x["denom"])
40		} else {
41	1x	paste0(
42	1x	x["num"], "/", x["denom"],
43	1x	" (", round(x["num"] / x["denom"] * 100, 1), "%)"
44		)
45		}
46
47	2x	return(result)
48		}
49
50		#' Formatting Fraction and Percentage with Fixed Single Decimal Place
51		#'
52		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
53		#'
54		#' Formats a fraction together with ratio in percent with fixed single decimal place.
55		#' Includes trailing zero in case of whole number percentages to always keep one decimal place.
56		#'
57		#' @param x (`integer`)\cr with elements `num` and `denom`.
58		#' @param ... required for `rtables` interface.
59		#'
60		#' @return A string in the format `num / denom (ratio %)`. If `num` is 0, the format is `num / denom`.
61		#'
62		#' @examples
63		#' format_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(num = 1L, denom = 2L))
64		#' format_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(num = 1L, denom = 4L))
65		#' format_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(num = 0L, denom = 3L))
66		#'
67		#' @family formatting functions
68		#' @export
69		format_fraction_fixed_dp <- function(x, ...) {
70	3x	attr(x, "label") <- NULL
71	3x	checkmate::assert_vector(x)
72	3x	checkmate::assert_count(x["num"])
73	3x	checkmate::assert_count(x["denom"])
74
75	3x	result <- if (x["num"] == 0) {
76	1x	paste0(x["num"], "/", x["denom"])
77		} else {
78	2x	paste0(
79	2x	x["num"], "/", x["denom"],
80	2x	" (", sprintf("%.1f", round(x["num"] / x["denom"] * 100, 1)), "%)"
81		)
82		}
83	3x	return(result)
84		}
85
86		#' Formatting Count and Fraction
87		#'
88		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
89		#'
90		#' Formats a count together with fraction with special consideration when count is `0`.
91		#'
92		#' @param x (`integer`)\cr vector of length 2, count and fraction.
93		#' @param ... required for `rtables` interface.
94		#'
95		#' @return A string in the format `count (fraction %)`. If `count` is 0, the format is `0`.
96		#'
97		#' @examples
98		#' format_count_fraction(x = c(2, 0.6667))
99		#' format_count_fraction(x = c(0, 0))
100		#'
101		#' @family formatting functions
102		#' @export
103		format_count_fraction <- function(x, ...) {
104	3x	attr(x, "label") <- NULL
105
106	3x	if (any(is.na(x))) {
107	1x	return("NA")
108		}
109
110	2x	checkmate::assert_vector(x)
111	2x	checkmate::assert_integerish(x[1])
112	2x	assert_proportion_value(x[2], include_boundaries = TRUE)
113
114	2x	result <- if (x[1] == 0) {
115	1x	"0"
116		} else {
117	1x	paste0(x[1], " (", round(x[2] * 100, 1), "%)")
118		}
119
120	2x	return(result)
121		}
122
123		#' Formatting Count and Percentage with Fixed Single Decimal Place
124		#'
125		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
126		#'
127		#' Formats a count together with fraction with special consideration when count is `0`.
128		#'
129		#' @param x (`integer`)\cr vector of length 2, count and fraction.
130		#' @param ... required for `rtables` interface.
131		#'
132		#' @return A string in the format `count (fraction %)`. If `count` is 0, the format is `0`.
133		#'
134		#' @examples
135		#' format_count_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(2, 0.6667))
136		#' format_count_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(2, 0.5))
137		#' format_count_fraction_fixed_dp(x = c(0, 0))
138		#'
139		#' @family formatting functions
140		#' @export
141		format_count_fraction_fixed_dp <- function(x, ...) {
142	3x	attr(x, "label") <- NULL
143
144	3x	if (any(is.na(x))) {
145	!	return("NA")
146		}
147
148	3x	checkmate::assert_vector(x)
149	3x	checkmate::assert_integerish(x[1])
150	3x	assert_proportion_value(x[2], include_boundaries = TRUE)
151
152	3x	result <- if (x[1] == 0) {
153	1x	"0"
154	3x	} else if (x[2] == 1) {
155	!	sprintf("%d (100%%)", x[1])
156		} else {
157	2x	sprintf("%d (%.1f%%)", x[1], x[2] * 100)
158		}
159
160	3x	return(result)
161		}
162
163		#' Formatting: XX as Formatting Function
164		#'
165		#' Translate a string where x and dots are interpreted as number place
166		#' holders, and others as formatting elements.
167		#'
168		#' @param str (`string`)\cr template.
169		#'
170		#' @return An `rtables` formatting function.
171		#'
172		#' @examples
173		#' test <- list(c(1.658, 0.5761), c(1e1, 785.6))
174		#'
175		#' z <- format_xx("xx (xx.x)")
176		#' sapply(test, z)
177		#'
178		#' z <- format_xx("xx.x - xx.x")
179		#' sapply(test, z)
180		#'
181		#' z <- format_xx("xx.x, incl. xx.x% NE")
182		#' sapply(test, z)
183		#'
184		#' @family formatting functions
185		#' @export
186		format_xx <- function(str) {
187		# Find position in the string.
188	1x	positions <- gregexpr(pattern = "x+\\.x+\|x+", text = str, perl = TRUE)
189	1x	x_positions <- regmatches(x = str, m = positions)[[1]]
190
191		# Roundings depends on the number of x behind [.].
192	1x	roundings <- lapply(
193	1x	X = x_positions,
194	1x	function(x) {
195	2x	y <- strsplit(split = "\\.", x = x)[[1]]
196	2x	rounding <- function(x) {
197	4x	round(x, digits = ifelse(length(y) > 1, nchar(y[2]), 0))
198		}
199	2x	return(rounding)
200		}
201		)
202
203	1x	rtable_format <- function(x, output) {
204	2x	values <- Map(y = x, fun = roundings, function(y, fun) fun(y))
205	2x	regmatches(x = str, m = positions)[[1]] <- values
206	2x	return(str)
207		}
208
209	1x	return(rtable_format)
210		}
211
212		#' Formatting Numeric Values By Significant Figures
213		#'
214		#' Format numeric values to print with a specified number of significant figures.
215		#'
216		#' @param sigfig (`integer`)\cr number of significant figures to display.
217		#' @param format (`character`)\cr the format label (string) to apply when printing the value. Decimal
218		#' places in string are ignored in favor of formatting by significant figures. Formats options are:
219		#' `"xx"`, `"xx / xx"`, `"(xx, xx)"`, `"xx - xx"`, and `"xx (xx)"`.
220		#' @param num_fmt (`character`)\cr numeric format modifiers to apply to the value. Defaults to `"fg"` for
221		#' standard significant figures formatting - fixed (non-scientific notation) format (`"f"`)
222		#' and `sigfig` equal to number of significant figures instead of decimal places (`"g"`). See the
223		#' [formatC()] `format` argument for more options.
224		#'
225		#' @return An `rtables` formatting function.
226		#'
227		#' @examples
228		#' fmt_3sf <- format_sigfig(3)
229		#' fmt_3sf(1.658)
230		#' fmt_3sf(1e1)
231		#'
232		#' fmt_5sf <- format_sigfig(5)
233		#' fmt_5sf(0.57)
234		#' fmt_5sf(0.000025645)
235		#'
236		#' @family formatting functions
237		#' @export
238		format_sigfig <- function(sigfig, format = "xx", num_fmt = "fg") {
239	2x	checkmate::assert_integerish(sigfig)
240	2x	format <- gsub("xx\\.\|xx\\.x+", "xx", format)
241	2x	checkmate::assert_choice(format, c("xx", "xx / xx", "(xx, xx)", "xx - xx", "xx (xx)"))
242	2x	function(x, ...) {
243	!	if (!is.numeric(x)) stop("`format_sigfig` cannot be used for non-numeric values. Please choose another format.")
244	9x	num <- formatC(signif(x, digits = sigfig), digits = sigfig, format = num_fmt, flag = "#")
245	9x	num <- gsub("\\.$", "", num) # remove trailing "."
246
247	9x	format_value(num, format)
248		}
249		}
250
251		#' Formatting Fraction with Lower Threshold
252		#'
253		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
254		#'
255		#' Formats a fraction when the second element of the input `x` is the fraction. It applies
256		#' a lower threshold, below which it is just stated that the fraction is smaller than that.
257		#'
258		#' @param threshold (`proportion`)\cr lower threshold.
259		#'
260		#' @return An `rtables` formatting function that takes numeric input `x` where the second
261		#' element is the fraction that is formatted. If the fraction is above or equal to the threshold,
262		#' then it is displayed in percentage. If it is positive but below the threshold, it returns,
263		#' e.g. "<1" if the threshold is `0.01`. If it is zero, then just "0" is returned.
264		#'
265		#' @examples
266		#' format_fun <- format_fraction_threshold(0.05)
267		#' format_fun(x = c(20, 0.1))
268		#' format_fun(x = c(2, 0.01))
269		#' format_fun(x = c(0, 0))
270		#'
271		#' @family formatting functions
272		#' @export
273		format_fraction_threshold <- function(threshold) {
274	1x	assert_proportion_value(threshold)
275	1x	string_below_threshold <- paste0("<", round(threshold * 100))
276	1x	function(x, ...) {
277	3x	assert_proportion_value(x[2], include_boundaries = TRUE)
278	3x	ifelse(
279	3x	x[2] > 0.01,
280	3x	round(x[2] * 100),
281	3x	ifelse(
282	3x	x[2] == 0,
283	3x	"0",
284	3x	string_below_threshold
285		)
286		)
287		}
288		}
289
290		#' Formatting Extreme Values
291		#'
292		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
293		#'
294		#' `rtables` formatting functions that handle extreme values.
295		#'
296		#' @param digits (`integer`)\cr number of decimal places to display.
297		#'
298		#' @details For each input, apply a format to the specified number of `digits`. If the value is
299		#' below a threshold, it returns "<0.01" e.g. if the number of `digits` is 2. If the value is
300		#' above a threshold, it returns ">999.99" e.g. if the number of `digits` is 2.
301		#' If it is zero, then returns "0.00".
302		#'
303		#' @family formatting functions
304		#' @name extreme_format
305		NULL
306
307		#' @describeIn extreme_format Internal helper function to calculate the threshold and create formatted strings
308		#' used in Formatting Functions. Returns a list with elements `threshold` and `format_string`.
309		#'
310		#' @return
311		#' * `h_get_format_threshold()` returns a `list` of 2 elements: `threshold`, with `low` and `high` thresholds,
312		#' and `format_string`, with thresholds formatted as strings.
313		#'
314		#' @examples
315		#' h_get_format_threshold(2L)
316		#'
317		#' @export
318		h_get_format_threshold <- function(digits = 2L) {
319	1022x	checkmate::assert_integerish(digits)
320
321	1022x	low_threshold <- 1 / (10 ^ digits) # styler: off
322	1022x	high_threshold <- 1000 - (1 / (10 ^ digits)) # styler: off
323
324	1022x	string_below_threshold <- paste0("<", low_threshold)
325	1022x	string_above_threshold <- paste0(">", high_threshold)
326
327	1022x	list(
328	1022x	"threshold" = c(low = low_threshold, high = high_threshold),
329	1022x	"format_string" = c(low = string_below_threshold, high = string_above_threshold)
330		)
331		}
332
333		#' @describeIn extreme_format Internal helper function to apply a threshold format to a value.
334		#' Creates a formatted string to be used in Formatting Functions.
335		#'
336		#' @param x (`number`)\cr value to format.
337		#'
338		#' @return
339		#' * `h_format_threshold()` returns the given value, or if the value is not within the digit threshold the relation
340		#' of the given value to the digit threshold, as a formatted string.
341		#'
342		#' @examples
343		#' h_format_threshold(0.001)
344		#' h_format_threshold(1000)
345		#'
346		#' @export
347		h_format_threshold <- function(x, digits = 2L) {
348	1025x	if (is.na(x)) {
349	4x	return(x)
350		}
351
352	1021x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x, lower = 0)
353
354	1021x	l_fmt <- h_get_format_threshold(digits)
355
356	1021x	result <- if (x < l_fmt$threshold["low"] && 0 < x) {
357	25x	l_fmt$format_string["low"]
358	1021x	} else if (x > l_fmt$threshold["high"]) {
359	72x	l_fmt$format_string["high"]
360		} else {
361	924x	sprintf(fmt = paste0("%.", digits, "f"), x)
362		}
363
364	1021x	unname(result)
365		}
366
367		#' Formatting a Single Extreme Value
368		#'
369		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
370		#'
371		#' Create Formatting Function for a single extreme value.
372		#'
373		#' @inheritParams extreme_format
374		#'
375		#' @return An `rtables` formatting function that uses threshold `digits` to return a formatted extreme value.
376		#'
377		#' @examples
378		#' format_fun <- format_extreme_values(2L)
379		#' format_fun(x = 0.127)
380		#' format_fun(x = Inf)
381		#' format_fun(x = 0)
382		#' format_fun(x = 0.009)
383		#'
384		#' @family formatting functions
385		#' @export
386		format_extreme_values <- function(digits = 2L) {
387	24x	function(x, ...) {
388	307x	checkmate::assert_scalar(x, na.ok = TRUE)
389
390	307x	h_format_threshold(x = x, digits = digits)
391		}
392		}
393
394		#' Formatting Extreme Values Part of a Confidence Interval
395		#'
396		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
397		#'
398		#' Formatting Function for extreme values part of a confidence interval. Values
399		#' are formatted as e.g. "(xx.xx, xx.xx)" if the number of `digits` is 2.
400		#'
401		#' @inheritParams extreme_format
402		#'
403		#' @return An `rtables` formatting function that uses threshold `digits` to return a formatted extreme
404		#' values confidence interval.
405		#'
406		#' @examples
407		#' format_fun <- format_extreme_values_ci(2L)
408		#' format_fun(x = c(0.127, Inf))
409		#' format_fun(x = c(0, 0.009))
410		#'
411		#' @family formatting functions
412		#' @export
413		format_extreme_values_ci <- function(digits = 2L) {
414	32x	function(x, ...) {
415	356x	checkmate::assert_vector(x, len = 2)
416	356x	l_result <- h_format_threshold(x = x[1], digits = digits)
417	356x	h_result <- h_format_threshold(x = x[2], digits = digits)
418
419	356x	paste0("(", l_result, ", ", h_result, ")")
420		}
421		}
422
423		#' Automatic formats from data significant digits
424		#'
425		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
426		#'
427		#' Formatting function for the majority of default methods used in [analyze_vars()].
428		#' For non-derived values, the significant digits of data is used (e.g. range), while derived
429		#' values have one more digits (measure of location and dispersion like mean, standard deviation).
430		#' This function can be called internally with "auto" like, for example,
431		#' `.formats = c("mean" = "auto")`. See details to see how this works with the inner function.
432		#'
433		#' @param dt_var (`numeric`) \cr all the data the statistics was created upon. Used only to find
434		#' significant digits. In [analyze_vars] this comes from `.df_row` (see
435		#' [rtables::additional_fun_params]), and it is the row data after the above row splits. No
436		#' column split is considered.
437		#' @param x_stat (`string`) \cr string indicating the current statistical method used.
438		#'
439		#' @return A string that `rtables` prints in a table cell.
440		#'
441		#' @details
442		#' The internal function is needed to work with `rtables` default structure for
443		#' format functions, i.e. `function(x, ...)`, where is x are results from statistical evaluation.
444		#' It can be more than one element (e.g. for `.stats = "mean_sd"`).
445		#'
446		#' @examples
447		#' x_todo <- c(0.001, 0.2, 0.0011000, 3, 4)
448		#' res <- c(mean(x_todo[1:3]), sd(x_todo[1:3]))
449		#'
450		#' # x is the result coming into the formatting function -> res!!
451		#' format_auto(dt_var = x_todo, x_stat = "mean_sd")(x = res)
452		#' format_auto(x_todo, "range")(x = range(x_todo))
453		#' no_sc_x <- c(0.0000001, 1)
454		#' format_auto(no_sc_x, "range")(x = no_sc_x)
455		#'
456		#' @family formatting functions
457		#' @export
458		format_auto <- function(dt_var, x_stat) {
459	7x	function(x = "", ...) {
460	11x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x, min.len = 1)
461	11x	checkmate::assert_numeric(dt_var, min.len = 1)
462		# Defaults - they may be a param in the future
463	11x	der_stats <- c(
464	11x	"mean", "sd", "se", "median", "geom_mean", "quantiles", "iqr",
465	11x	"mean_sd", "mean_se", "mean_se", "mean_ci", "mean_sei", "mean_sdi"
466		)
467	11x	nonder_stats <- c("n", "range", "min", "max")
468
469		# Safenet for miss-modifications
470	11x	stopifnot(length(intersect(der_stats, nonder_stats)) == 0) # nolint
471	11x	checkmate::assert_choice(x_stat, c(der_stats, nonder_stats))
472
473		# Finds the max number of digits in data
474	11x	detect_dig <- vapply(dt_var, count_decimalplaces, FUN.VALUE = numeric(1)) %>%
475	11x	max()
476
477	11x	if (x_stat %in% der_stats) {
478	4x	detect_dig <- detect_dig + 1
479		}
480
481		# Render input
482	11x	str_vals <- formatC(x, digits = detect_dig, format = "f")
483	11x	def_fmt <- get_formats_from_stats(x_stat)[[x_stat]]
484	11x	str_fmt <- str_extract(def_fmt, invert = FALSE)[[1]]
485	11x	if (length(str_fmt) != length(str_vals)) {
486	2x	stop(
487	2x	"Number of inserted values as result (", length(str_vals),
488	2x	") is not the same as there should be in the default tern formats for ",
489	2x	x_stat, " (-> ", def_fmt, " needs ", length(str_fmt), " values). ",
490	2x	"See tern_default_formats to check all of them."
491		)
492		}
493
494		# Squashing them together
495	9x	inv_str_fmt <- str_extract(def_fmt, invert = TRUE)[[1]]
496	9x	stopifnot(length(inv_str_fmt) == length(str_vals) + 1) # nolint
497
498	9x	out <- vector("character", length = length(inv_str_fmt) + length(str_vals))
499	9x	is_even <- seq_along(out) %% 2 == 0
500	9x	out[is_even] <- str_vals
501	9x	out[!is_even] <- inv_str_fmt
502
503	9x	return(paste0(out, collapse = ""))
504		}
505		}
506
507		# Utility function that could be useful in general
508		str_extract <- function(string, pattern = "xx\|xx\\.\|xx\\.x+", invert = FALSE) {
509	20x	regmatches(string, gregexpr(pattern, string), invert = invert)
510		}
511
512		# Helper function
513		count_decimalplaces <- function(dec) {
514	52x	if (abs(dec - round(dec)) > .Machine$double.eps^0.5) { # For precision
515	31x	nchar(strsplit(format(dec, scientific = FALSE, trim = FALSE), ".", fixed = TRUE)[[1]][[2]])
516		} else {
517	21x	return(0)
518		}
519		}

1		#' Convert Table into Matrix of Strings
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Helper function to use mostly within tests. `with_spaces`parameter allows
6		#' to test not only for content but also indentation and table structure.
7		#' `print_txt_to_copy` instead facilitate the testing development by returning a well
8		#' formatted text that needs only to be copied and pasted in the expected output.
9		#'
10		#' @param x `rtables` table.
11		#' @param with_spaces Should the tested table keep the indentation and other relevant spaces?
12		#' @param print_txt_to_copy Utility to have a way to copy the input table directly
13		#' into the expected variable instead of copying it too manually.
14		#'
15		#' @return A `matrix` of `string`s.
16		#'
17		#' @export
18		to_string_matrix <- function(x, with_spaces = FALSE, print_txt_to_copy = FALSE) {
19	5x	checkmate::assert_flag(with_spaces)
20	5x	checkmate::assert_flag(print_txt_to_copy)
21
22		# Producing the matrix to test
23	5x	if (with_spaces) {
24	!	out <- strsplit(toString(matrix_form(x, TRUE)), "\\n")[[1]]
25		} else {
26	5x	out <- matrix_form(x)$string
27		}
28
29		# Printing to console formatted output that needs to be copied in "expected"
30	5x	if (print_txt_to_copy) {
31	!	out_tmp <- out
32	!	if (!with_spaces) {
33	!	out_tmp <- apply(out, 1, paste0, collapse = '", "')
34		}
35	!	cat(paste0('c(\n "', paste0(out_tmp, collapse = '",\n "'), '"\n)'))
36		}
37
38		# Return values
39	5x	return(out)
40		}
41
42		#' Blank for Missing Input
43		#'
44		#' Helper function to use in tabulating model results.
45		#'
46		#' @param x (`vector`)\cr input for a cell.
47		#'
48		#' @return An empty `character` vector if all entries in `x` are missing (`NA`), otherwise
49		#' the unlisted version of `x`.
50		#'
51		#' @keywords internal
52		unlist_and_blank_na <- function(x) {
53	267x	unl <- unlist(x)
54	267x	if (all(is.na(unl))) {
55	161x	character()
56		} else {
57	106x	unl
58		}
59		}
60
61		#' Constructor for Content Functions given Data Frame with Flag Input
62		#'
63		#' This can be useful for tabulating model results.
64		#'
65		#' @param analysis_var (`string`)\cr variable name for the column containing values to be returned by the
66		#' content function.
67		#' @param flag_var (`string`)\cr variable name for the logical column identifying which row should be returned.
68		#' @param format (`string`)\cr `rtables` format to use.
69		#'
70		#' @return A content function which gives `df$analysis_var` at the row identified by
71		#' `.df_row$flag` in the given format.
72		#'
73		#' @keywords internal
74		cfun_by_flag <- function(analysis_var,
75		flag_var,
76		format = "xx",
77		.indent_mods = NULL) {
78	61x	checkmate::assert_string(analysis_var)
79	61x	checkmate::assert_string(flag_var)
80	61x	function(df, labelstr) {
81	265x	row_index <- which(df[[flag_var]])
82	265x	x <- unlist_and_blank_na(df[[analysis_var]][row_index])
83	265x	formatters::with_label(
84	265x	rcell(x, format = format, indent_mod = .indent_mods),
85	265x	labelstr
86		)
87		}
88		}
89
90		#' Content Row Function to Add Row Total to Labels
91		#'
92		#' This takes the label of the latest row split level and adds the row total from `df` in parentheses.
93		#' This function differs from [c_label_n_alt()] by taking row counts from `df` rather than
94		#' `alt_counts_df`, and is used by [add_rowcounts()] when `alt_counts` is set to `FALSE`.
95		#'
96		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
97		#'
98		#' @return A list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()] with the row count value and the correct label.
99		#'
100		#' @note It is important here to not use `df` but rather `.N_row` in the implementation, because
101		#' the former is already split by columns and will refer to the first column of the data only.
102		#'
103		#' @seealso [c_label_n_alt()] which performs the same function but retrieves row counts from
104		#' `alt_counts_df` instead of `df`.
105		#'
106		#' @keywords internal
107		c_label_n <- function(df,
108		labelstr,
109		.N_row) { # nolint
110	270x	label <- paste0(labelstr, " (N=", .N_row, ")")
111	270x	in_rows(
112	270x	.list = list(row_count = formatters::with_label(c(.N_row, .N_row), label)),
113	270x	.formats = c(row_count = function(x, ...) "")
114		)
115		}
116
117		#' Content Row Function to Add `alt_counts_df` Row Total to Labels
118		#'
119		#' This takes the label of the latest row split level and adds the row total from `alt_counts_df`
120		#' in parentheses. This function differs from [c_label_n()] by taking row counts from `alt_counts_df`
121		#' rather than `df`, and is used by [add_rowcounts()] when `alt_counts` is set to `TRUE`.
122		#'
123		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
124		#'
125		#' @return A list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()] with the row count value and the correct label.
126		#'
127		#' @seealso [c_label_n()] which performs the same function but retrieves row counts from `df` instead
128		#' of `alt_counts_df`.
129		#'
130		#' @keywords internal
131		c_label_n_alt <- function(df,
132		labelstr,
133		.alt_df_row) {
134	7x	N_row_alt <- nrow(.alt_df_row) # nolint
135	7x	label <- paste0(labelstr, " (N=", N_row_alt, ")")
136	7x	in_rows(
137	7x	.list = list(row_count = formatters::with_label(c(N_row_alt, N_row_alt), label)),
138	7x	.formats = c(row_count = function(x, ...) "")
139		)
140		}
141
142		#' Layout Creating Function to Add Row Total Counts
143		#'
144		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
145		#'
146		#' This works analogously to [rtables::add_colcounts()] but on the rows. This function
147		#' is a wrapper for [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
148		#'
149		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
150		#' @param alt_counts (`flag`)\cr whether row counts should be taken from `alt_counts_df` (`TRUE`)
151		#' or from `df` (`FALSE`). Defaults to `FALSE`.
152		#'
153		#' @return A modified layout where the latest row split labels now have the row-wise
154		#' total counts (i.e. without column-based subsetting) attached in parentheses.
155		#'
156		#' @note Row count values are contained in these row count rows but are not displayed
157		#' so that they are not considered zero rows by default when pruning.
158		#'
159		#' @examples
160		#' basic_table() %>%
161		#' split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
162		#' add_colcounts() %>%
163		#' split_rows_by("RACE", split_fun = drop_split_levels) %>%
164		#' add_rowcounts() %>%
165		#' analyze("AGE", afun = list_wrap_x(summary), format = "xx.xx") %>%
166		#' build_table(DM)
167		#'
168		#' @export
169		add_rowcounts <- function(lyt, alt_counts = FALSE) {
170	6x	summarize_row_groups(
171	6x	lyt,
172	6x	cfun = if (alt_counts) c_label_n_alt else c_label_n
173		)
174		}
175
176		#' Obtain Column Indices
177		#'
178		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
179		#'
180		#' Helper function to extract column indices from a `VTableTree` for a given
181		#' vector of column names.
182		#'
183		#' @param table_tree (`VTableTree`)\cr table to extract the indices from.
184		#' @param col_names (`character`)\cr vector of column names.
185		#'
186		#' @return A vector of column indices.
187		#'
188		#' @export
189		h_col_indices <- function(table_tree, col_names) {
190	1232x	checkmate::assert_class(table_tree, "VTableNodeInfo")
191	1232x	checkmate::assert_subset(col_names, names(attr(col_info(table_tree), "cextra_args")), empty.ok = FALSE)
192	1232x	match(col_names, names(attr(col_info(table_tree), "cextra_args")))
193		}
194
195		#' Labels or Names of List Elements
196		#'
197		#' Internal helper function for working with nested statistic function results which typically
198		#' don't have labels but names that we can use.
199		#'
200		#' @param x a list
201		#'
202		#' @return A `character` vector with the labels or names for the list elements.
203		#'
204		#' @keywords internal
205		labels_or_names <- function(x) {
206	119x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(x, c("data.frame", "list"))
207	119x	labs <- sapply(x, obj_label)
208	119x	nams <- rlang::names2(x)
209	119x	label_is_null <- sapply(labs, is.null)
210	119x	result <- unlist(ifelse(label_is_null, nams, labs))
211	119x	return(result)
212		}
213
214		#' Convert to `rtable`
215		#'
216		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
217		#'
218		#' This is a new generic function to convert objects to `rtable` tables.
219		#'
220		#' @param x the object which should be converted to an `rtable`.
221		#' @param ... additional arguments for methods.
222		#'
223		#' @return An `rtables` table object. Note that the concrete class will depend on the method used.
224		#'
225		#' @export
226		as.rtable <- function(x, ...) { # nolint
227	3x	UseMethod("as.rtable", x)
228		}
229
230		#' @describeIn as.rtable method for converting `data.frame` that contain numeric columns to `rtable`.
231		#'
232		#' @param format the format which should be used for the columns.
233		#'
234		#' @method as.rtable data.frame
235		#'
236		#' @examples
237		#' x <- data.frame(
238		#' a = 1:10,
239		#' b = rnorm(10)
240		#' )
241		#' as.rtable(x)
242		#'
243		#' @export
244		as.rtable.data.frame <- function(x, format = "xx.xx", ...) {
245	3x	checkmate::assert_numeric(unlist(x))
246	2x	do.call(
247	2x	rtable,
248	2x	c(
249	2x	list(
250	2x	header = labels_or_names(x),
251	2x	format = format
252		),
253	2x	Map(
254	2x	function(row, row_name) {
255	20x	do.call(
256	20x	rrow,
257	20x	c(as.list(unname(row)),
258	20x	row.name = row_name
259		)
260		)
261		},
262	2x	row = as.data.frame(t(x)),
263	2x	row_name = rownames(x)
264		)
265		)
266		)
267		}
268
269		#' Split parameters
270		#'
271		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
272		#'
273		#' It divides the data in the vector `param` into the groups defined by `f` based on specified `values`. It is relevant
274		#' in `rtables` layers so as to distribute parameters `.stats` or' `.formats` into lists with items corresponding to
275		#' specific analysis function.
276		#'
277		#' @param param (`vector`)\cr the parameter to be split.
278		#' @param value (`vector`)\cr the value used to split.
279		#' @param f (`list` of `vectors`)\cr the reference to make the split
280		#'
281		#' @return A named `list` with the same element names as `f`, each containing the elements specified in `.stats`.
282		#'
283		#' @examples
284		#' f <- list(
285		#' surv = c("pt_at_risk", "event_free_rate", "rate_se", "rate_ci"),
286		#' surv_diff = c("rate_diff", "rate_diff_ci", "ztest_pval")
287		#' )
288		#'
289		#' .stats <- c("pt_at_risk", "rate_diff")
290		#' h_split_param(.stats, .stats, f = f)
291		#'
292		#' # $surv
293		#' # [1] "pt_at_risk"
294		#' #
295		#' # $surv_diff
296		#' # [1] "rate_diff"
297		#'
298		#' .formats <- c("pt_at_risk" = "xx", "event_free_rate" = "xxx")
299		#' h_split_param(.formats, names(.formats), f = f)
300		#'
301		#' # $surv
302		#' # pt_at_risk event_free_rate
303		#' # "xx" "xxx"
304		#' #
305		#' # $surv_diff
306		#' # NULL
307		#'
308		#' @export
309		h_split_param <- function(param,
310		value,
311		f) {
312	21x	y <- lapply(f, function(x) param[value %in% x])
313	21x	lapply(y, function(x) if (length(x) == 0) NULL else x)
314		}
315
316		#' Get Selected Statistics Names
317		#'
318		#' Helper function to be used for creating `afun`.
319		#'
320		#' @param .stats (`vector` or `NULL`)\cr input to the layout creating function. Note that `NULL` means
321		#' in this context that all default statistics should be used.
322		#' @param all_stats (`character`)\cr all statistics which can be selected here potentially.
323		#'
324		#' @return A `character` vector with the selected statistics.
325		#'
326		#' @keywords internal
327		afun_selected_stats <- function(.stats, all_stats) {
328	2x	checkmate::assert_character(.stats, null.ok = TRUE)
329	2x	checkmate::assert_character(all_stats)
330	2x	if (is.null(.stats)) {
331	1x	all_stats
332		} else {
333	1x	intersect(.stats, all_stats)
334		}
335		}
336
337		#' Add Variable Labels to Top Left Corner in Table
338		#'
339		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
340		#'
341		#' Helper layout creating function to just append the variable labels of a given variables vector
342		#' from a given dataset in the top left corner. If a variable label is not found then the
343		#' variable name itself is used instead. Multiple variable labels are concatenated with slashes.
344		#'
345		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
346		#' @param vars (`character`)\cr variable names of which the labels are to be looked up in `df`.
347		#' @param indent (`integer`)\cr non-negative number of nested indent space, default to 0L which means no indent.
348		#' 1L means two spaces indent, 2L means four spaces indent and so on.
349		#'
350		#' @return A modified layout with the new variable label(s) added to the top-left material.
351		#'
352		#' @note This is not an optimal implementation of course, since we are using here the data set
353		#' itself during the layout creation. When we have a more mature `rtables` implementation then
354		#' this will also be improved or not necessary anymore.
355		#'
356		#' @examples
357		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
358		#' split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
359		#' add_colcounts() %>%
360		#' split_rows_by("SEX") %>%
361		#' append_varlabels(DM, "SEX") %>%
362		#' analyze("AGE", afun = mean) %>%
363		#' append_varlabels(DM, "AGE", indent = 1)
364		#' build_table(lyt, DM)
365		#'
366		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
367		#' split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
368		#' split_rows_by("SEX") %>%
369		#' analyze("AGE", afun = mean) %>%
370		#' append_varlabels(DM, c("SEX", "AGE"))
371		#' build_table(lyt, DM)
372		#'
373		#' @export
374		append_varlabels <- function(lyt, df, vars, indent = 0L) {
375	3x	if (checkmate::test_flag(indent)) {
376	!	warning("indent argument is now accepting integers. Boolean indent will be converted to integers.")
377	!	indent <- as.integer(indent)
378		}
379
380	3x	checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
381	3x	checkmate::assert_character(vars)
382	3x	checkmate::assert_count(indent)
383
384	3x	lab <- formatters::var_labels(df[vars], fill = TRUE)
385	3x	lab <- paste(lab, collapse = " / ")
386	3x	space <- paste(rep(" ", indent * 2), collapse = "")
387	3x	lab <- paste0(space, lab)
388
389	3x	append_topleft(lyt, lab)
390		}

1		#' Combine Factor Levels
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Combine specified old factor Levels in a single new level.
6		#'
7		#' @param x factor
8		#' @param levels level names to be combined
9		#' @param new_level name of new level
10		#'
11		#' @return A `factor` with the new levels.
12		#'
13		#' @examples
14		#' x <- factor(letters[1:5], levels = letters[5:1])
15		#' combine_levels(x, levels = c("a", "b"))
16		#'
17		#' combine_levels(x, c("e", "b"))
18		#'
19		#' @export
20		combine_levels <- function(x, levels, new_level = paste(levels, collapse = "/")) {
21	4x	checkmate::assert_factor(x)
22	4x	checkmate::assert_subset(levels, levels(x))
23
24	4x	lvls <- levels(x)
25
26	4x	lvls[lvls %in% levels] <- new_level
27
28	4x	levels(x) <- lvls
29
30	4x	x
31		}
32
33		#' Conversion of a Vector to a Factor
34		#'
35		#' Converts `x` to a factor and keeps its attributes. Warns appropriately such that the user
36		#' can decide whether they prefer converting to factor manually (e.g. for full control of
37		#' factor levels).
38		#'
39		#' @param x (`atomic`)\cr object to convert.
40		#' @param x_name (`string`)\cr name of `x`.
41		#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr the explicit missing level which should be used when converting a character vector.
42		#' @param verbose defaults to `TRUE`. It prints out warnings and messages.
43		#'
44		#' @return A `factor` with same attributes (except class) as `x`. Does not modify `x` if already a `factor`.
45		#'
46		#' @keywords internal
47		as_factor_keep_attributes <- function(x,
48		x_name = deparse(substitute(x)),
49		na_level = "<Missing>",
50		verbose = TRUE) {
51	159x	checkmate::assert_atomic(x)
52	159x	checkmate::assert_string(x_name)
53	159x	checkmate::assert_string(na_level)
54	159x	checkmate::assert_flag(verbose)
55	159x	if (is.factor(x)) {
56	144x	return(x)
57		}
58	15x	x_class <- class(x)[1]
59	15x	if (verbose) {
60	15x	warning(paste(
61	15x	"automatically converting", x_class, "variable", x_name,
62	15x	"to factor, better manually convert to factor to avoid failures"
63		))
64		}
65	15x	if (identical(length(x), 0L)) {
66	1x	warning(paste(
67	1x	x_name, "has length 0, this can lead to tabulation failures, better convert to factor"
68		))
69		}
70	15x	if (is.character(x)) {
71	15x	x_no_na <- explicit_na(sas_na(x), label = na_level)
72	15x	if (any(na_level %in% x_no_na)) {
73	3x	do.call(
74	3x	structure,
75	3x	c(
76	3x	list(.Data = forcats::fct_relevel(x_no_na, na_level, after = Inf)),
77	3x	attributes(x)
78		)
79		)
80		} else {
81	12x	do.call(structure, c(list(.Data = as.factor(x)), attributes(x)))
82		}
83		} else {
84	!	do.call(structure, c(list(.Data = as.factor(x)), attributes(x)))
85		}
86		}
87
88		#' Labels for Bins in Percent
89		#'
90		#' This creates labels for quantile based bins in percent. This assumes the right-closed
91		#' intervals as produced by [cut_quantile_bins()].
92		#'
93		#' @param probs (`proportion` vector)\cr the probabilities identifying the quantiles.
94		#' This is a sorted vector of unique `proportion` values, i.e. between 0 and 1, where
95		#' the boundaries 0 and 1 must not be included.
96		#' @param digits (`integer`)\cr number of decimal places to round the percent numbers.
97		#'
98		#' @return A `character` vector with labels in the format `[0%,20%]`, `(20%,50%]`, etc.
99		#'
100		#' @keywords internal
101		bins_percent_labels <- function(probs,
102		digits = 0) {
103	1x	if (isFALSE(0 %in% probs)) probs <- c(0, probs)
104	1x	if (isFALSE(1 %in% probs)) probs <- c(probs, 1)
105	8x	checkmate::assert_numeric(probs, lower = 0, upper = 1, unique = TRUE, sorted = TRUE)
106	8x	percent <- round(probs * 100, digits = digits)
107	8x	left <- paste0(utils::head(percent, -1), "%")
108	8x	right <- paste0(utils::tail(percent, -1), "%")
109	8x	without_left_bracket <- paste0(left, ",", right, "]")
110	8x	with_left_bracket <- paste0("[", utils::head(without_left_bracket, 1))
111	8x	if (length(without_left_bracket) > 1) {
112	6x	with_left_bracket <- c(
113	6x	with_left_bracket,
114	6x	paste0("(", utils::tail(without_left_bracket, -1))
115		)
116		}
117	8x	with_left_bracket
118		}
119
120		#' Cutting Numeric Vector into Empirical Quantile Bins
121		#'
122		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
123		#'
124		#' This cuts a numeric vector into sample quantile bins.
125		#'
126		#' @inheritParams bins_percent_labels
127		#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr the continuous variable values which should be cut into
128		#' quantile bins. This may contain `NA` values, which are then
129		#' not used for the quantile calculations, but included in the return vector.
130		#' @param labels (`character`)\cr the unique labels for the quantile bins. When there are `n`
131		#' probabilities in `probs`, then this must be `n + 1` long.
132		#' @param type (`integer`)\cr type of quantiles to use, see [stats::quantile()] for details.
133		#' @param ordered (`flag`)\cr should the result be an ordered factor.
134		#'
135		#' @return A `factor` variable with appropriately-labeled bins as levels.
136		#'
137		#' @note Intervals are closed on the right side. That is, the first bin is the interval
138		#' `[-Inf, q1]` where `q1` is the first quantile, the second bin is then `(q1, q2]`, etc.,
139		#' and the last bin is `(qn, +Inf]` where `qn` is the last quantile.
140		#'
141		#' @examples
142		#' # Default is to cut into quartile bins.
143		#' cut_quantile_bins(cars$speed)
144		#'
145		#' # Use custom quantiles.
146		#' cut_quantile_bins(cars$speed, probs = c(0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 0.88))
147		#'
148		#' # Use custom labels.
149		#' cut_quantile_bins(cars$speed, labels = paste0("Q", 1:4))
150		#'
151		#' # NAs are preserved in result factor.
152		#' ozone_binned <- cut_quantile_bins(airquality$Ozone)
153		#' which(is.na(ozone_binned))
154		#' # So you might want to make these explicit.
155		#' explicit_na(ozone_binned)
156		#'
157		#' @export
158		cut_quantile_bins <- function(x,
159		probs = c(0.25, 0.5, 0.75),
160		labels = NULL,
161		type = 7,
162		ordered = TRUE) {
163	8x	checkmate::assert_flag(ordered)
164	8x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x)
165	7x	if (isFALSE(0 %in% probs)) probs <- c(0, probs)
166	7x	if (isFALSE(1 %in% probs)) probs <- c(probs, 1)
167	8x	checkmate::assert_numeric(probs, lower = 0, upper = 1, unique = TRUE, sorted = TRUE)
168	7x	if (is.null(labels)) labels <- bins_percent_labels(probs)
169	8x	checkmate::assert_character(labels, len = length(probs) - 1, any.missing = FALSE, unique = TRUE)
170
171	8x	if (all(is.na(x))) {
172		# Early return if there are only NAs in input.
173	1x	return(factor(x, ordered = ordered, levels = labels))
174		}
175
176	7x	quantiles <- stats::quantile(
177	7x	x,
178	7x	probs = probs,
179	7x	type = type,
180	7x	na.rm = TRUE
181		)
182
183	7x	checkmate::assert_numeric(quantiles, unique = TRUE)
184
185	6x	cut(
186	6x	x,
187	6x	breaks = quantiles,
188	6x	labels = labels,
189	6x	ordered_result = ordered,
190	6x	include.lowest = TRUE,
191	6x	right = TRUE
192		)
193		}
194
195		#' Discard Certain Levels from a Factor
196		#'
197		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
198		#'
199		#' This discards the observations as well as the levels specified from a factor.
200		#'
201		#' @param x (`factor`)\cr the original factor.
202		#' @param discard (`character`)\cr which levels to discard.
203		#'
204		#' @return A modified `factor` with observations as well as levels from `discard` dropped.
205		#'
206		#' @examples
207		#' fct_discard(factor(c("a", "b", "c")), "c")
208		#'
209		#' @export
210		fct_discard <- function(x, discard) {
211	292x	checkmate::assert_factor(x)
212	292x	checkmate::assert_character(discard, any.missing = FALSE)
213	292x	new_obs <- x[!(x %in% discard)]
214	292x	new_levels <- setdiff(levels(x), discard)
215	292x	factor(new_obs, levels = new_levels)
216		}
217
218		#' Insertion of Explicit Missings in a Factor
219		#'
220		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
221		#'
222		#' This inserts explicit missings in a factor based on a condition. Additionally,
223		#' existing `NA` values will be explicitly converted to given `na_level`.
224		#'
225		#' @param x (`factor`)\cr the original factor.
226		#' @param condition (`logical`)\cr where to insert missings.
227		#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr which level to use for missings.
228		#'
229		#' @return A modified `factor` with inserted and existing `NA` converted to `na_level`.
230		#'
231		#' @seealso [forcats::fct_na_value_to_level()] which is used internally.
232		#'
233		#' @examples
234		#' fct_explicit_na_if(factor(c("a", "b", NA)), c(TRUE, FALSE, FALSE))
235		#'
236		#' @export
237		fct_explicit_na_if <- function(x, condition, na_level = "<Missing>") {
238	1x	checkmate::assert_factor(x, len = length(condition))
239	1x	checkmate::assert_logical(condition)
240	1x	x[condition] <- NA
241	1x	x <- forcats::fct_na_value_to_level(x, level = na_level)
242	1x	forcats::fct_drop(x, only = na_level)
243		}
244
245		#' Collapsing of Factor Levels and Keeping Only Those New Group Levels
246		#'
247		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
248		#'
249		#' This collapses levels and only keeps those new group levels, in the order provided.
250		#' The returned factor has levels in the order given, with the possible missing level last (this will
251		#' only be included if there are missing values).
252		#'
253		#' @param .f (`factor` or `character`)\cr original vector.
254		#' @param ... (named `character` vectors)\cr levels in each vector provided will be collapsed into
255		#' the new level given by the respective name.
256		#' @param .na_level (`string`)\cr which level to use for other levels, which should be missing in the
257		#' new factor. Note that this level must not be contained in the new levels specified in `...`.
258		#'
259		#' @return A modified `factor` with collapsed levels. Values and levels which are not included
260		#' in the given `character` vector input will be set to the missing level `.na_level`.
261		#'
262		#' @note Any existing `NA`s in the input vector will not be replaced by the missing level. If needed,
263		#' [explicit_na()] can be called separately on the result.
264		#'
265		#' @seealso [forcats::fct_collapse()], [forcats::fct_relevel()] which are used internally.
266		#'
267		#' @examples
268		#' fct_collapse_only(factor(c("a", "b", "c", "d")), TRT = "b", CTRL = c("c", "d"))
269		#'
270		#' @export
271		fct_collapse_only <- function(.f, ..., .na_level = "<Missing>") {
272	4x	new_lvls <- names(list(...))
273	4x	if (checkmate::test_subset(.na_level, new_lvls)) {
274	1x	stop(paste0(".na_level currently set to '", .na_level, "' must not be contained in the new levels"))
275		}
276	3x	x <- forcats::fct_collapse(.f, ..., other_level = .na_level)
277	3x	do.call(forcats::fct_relevel, args = c(list(.f = x), as.list(new_lvls)))
278		}
279
280		#' Ungroup Non-Numeric Statistics
281		#'
282		#' Ungroups grouped non-numeric statistics within input vectors `.formats`, `.labels`, and `.indent_mods`.
283		#'
284		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
285		#' @param x (`named list` of `numeric`)\cr list of numeric statistics containing the statistics to ungroup.
286		#'
287		#' @return A `list` with modified elements `x`, `.formats`, `.labels`, and `.indent_mods`.
288		#'
289		#' @seealso [a_summary()] which uses this function internally.
290		#'
291		#' @keywords internal
292		ungroup_stats <- function(x,
293		.formats,
294		.labels,
295		.indent_mods) {
296	224x	checkmate::assert_list(x)
297	224x	empty_pval <- "pval" %in% names(x) && length(x[["pval"]]) == 0
298	224x	empty_pval_counts <- "pval_counts" %in% names(x) && length(x[["pval_counts"]]) == 0
299	224x	x <- unlist(x, recursive = FALSE)
300
301		# If p-value is empty it is removed by unlist and needs to be re-added
302	!	if (empty_pval) x[["pval"]] <- character()
303	3x	if (empty_pval_counts) x[["pval_counts"]] <- character()
304	224x	.stats <- names(x)
305
306		# Ungroup stats
307	224x	.formats <- lapply(.stats, function(x) {
308	2049x	.formats[[if (!grepl("\\.", x)) x else regmatches(x, regexpr("\\.", x), invert = TRUE)[[1]][1]]]
309		})
310	224x	.indent_mods <- sapply(.stats, function(x) {
311	2049x	.indent_mods[[if (!grepl("\\.", x)) x else regmatches(x, regexpr("\\.", x), invert = TRUE)[[1]][1]]]
312		})
313	224x	.labels <- sapply(.stats, function(x) {
314	1998x	if (!grepl("\\.", x)) .labels[[x]] else regmatches(x, regexpr("\\.", x), invert = TRUE)[[1]][2]
315		})
316
317	224x	list(
318	224x	x = x,
319	224x	.formats = .formats,
320	224x	.labels = .labels,
321	224x	.indent_mods = .indent_mods
322		)
323		}

1		#' Helper Functions for Tabulating Survival Duration by Subgroup
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Helper functions that tabulate in a data frame statistics such as median survival
6		#' time and hazard ratio for population subgroups.
7		#'
8		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
9		#' @inheritParams survival_coxph_pairwise
10		#' @inheritParams survival_duration_subgroups
11		#' @param arm (`factor`)\cr the treatment group variable.
12		#'
13		#' @details Main functionality is to prepare data for use in a layout-creating function.
14		#'
15		#' @examples
16		#' library(dplyr)
17		#' library(forcats)
18		#'
19		#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
20		#'
21		#' # Save variable labels before data processing steps.
22		#' adtte_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adtte)
23		#'
24		#' adtte_f <- adtte %>%
25		#' filter(
26		#' PARAMCD == "OS",
27		#' ARM %in% c("B: Placebo", "A: Drug X"),
28		#' SEX %in% c("M", "F")
29		#' ) %>%
30		#' mutate(
31		#' # Reorder levels of ARM to display reference arm before treatment arm.
32		#' ARM = droplevels(fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo")),
33		#' SEX = droplevels(SEX),
34		#' is_event = CNSR == 0
35		#' )
36		#' labels <- c("ARM" = adtte_labels[["ARM"]], "SEX" = adtte_labels[["SEX"]], "is_event" = "Event Flag")
37		#' formatters::var_labels(adtte_f)[names(labels)] <- labels
38		#'
39		#' @name h_survival_duration_subgroups
40		NULL
41
42		#' @describeIn h_survival_duration_subgroups helper to prepare a data frame of median survival times by arm.
43		#'
44		#' @return
45		#' * `h_survtime_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n`, `n_events`, and `median`.
46		#'
47		#' @examples
48		#' # Extract median survival time for one group.
49		#' h_survtime_df(
50		#' tte = adtte_f$AVAL,
51		#' is_event = adtte_f$is_event,
52		#' arm = adtte_f$ARM
53		#' )
54		#'
55		#' @export
56		h_survtime_df <- function(tte, is_event, arm) {
57	55x	checkmate::assert_numeric(tte)
58	54x	checkmate::assert_logical(is_event, len = length(tte))
59	54x	assert_valid_factor(arm, len = length(tte))
60
61	54x	df_tte <- data.frame(
62	54x	tte = tte,
63	54x	is_event = is_event,
64	54x	stringsAsFactors = FALSE
65		)
66
67		# Delete NAs
68	54x	non_missing_rows <- stats::complete.cases(df_tte)
69	54x	df_tte <- df_tte[non_missing_rows, ]
70	54x	arm <- arm[non_missing_rows]
71
72	54x	lst_tte <- split(df_tte, arm)
73	54x	lst_results <- Map(function(x, arm) {
74	108x	if (nrow(x) > 0) {
75	104x	s_surv <- s_surv_time(x, .var = "tte", is_event = "is_event")
76	104x	median_est <- unname(as.numeric(s_surv$median))
77	104x	n_events <- sum(x$is_event)
78		} else {
79	4x	median_est <- NA
80	4x	n_events <- NA
81		}
82
83	108x	data.frame(
84	108x	arm = arm,
85	108x	n = nrow(x),
86	108x	n_events = n_events,
87	108x	median = median_est,
88	108x	stringsAsFactors = FALSE
89		)
90	54x	}, lst_tte, names(lst_tte))
91
92	54x	df <- do.call(rbind, args = c(lst_results, make.row.names = FALSE))
93	54x	df$arm <- factor(df$arm, levels = levels(arm))
94	54x	df
95		}
96
97		#' @describeIn h_survival_duration_subgroups summarizes median survival times by arm and across subgroups
98		#' in a data frame. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`, passed as a named list and
99		#' requires elements `tte`, `is_event`, `arm` and optionally `subgroups`. `groups_lists` optionally specifies
100		#' groupings for `subgroups` variables.
101		#'
102		#' @return
103		#' * `h_survtime_subgroups_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n`, `n_events`, `median`, `subgroup`,
104		#' `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
105		#'
106		#' @examples
107		#' # Extract median survival time for multiple groups.
108		#' h_survtime_subgroups_df(
109		#' variables = list(
110		#' tte = "AVAL",
111		#' is_event = "is_event",
112		#' arm = "ARM",
113		#' subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
114		#' ),
115		#' data = adtte_f
116		#' )
117		#'
118		#' # Define groupings for BMRKR2 levels.
119		#' h_survtime_subgroups_df(
120		#' variables = list(
121		#' tte = "AVAL",
122		#' is_event = "is_event",
123		#' arm = "ARM",
124		#' subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
125		#' ),
126		#' data = adtte_f,
127		#' groups_lists = list(
128		#' BMRKR2 = list(
129		#' "low" = "LOW",
130		#' "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
131		#' "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
132		#' )
133		#' )
134		#' )
135		#'
136		#' @export
137		h_survtime_subgroups_df <- function(variables,
138		data,
139		groups_lists = list(),
140		label_all = "All Patients") {
141	11x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$tte)
142	11x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$is_event)
143	11x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$arm)
144	11x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$subgroups, null.ok = TRUE)
145
146	11x	assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
147
148	11x	checkmate::assert_string(label_all)
149
150		# Add All Patients.
151	11x	result_all <- h_survtime_df(data[[variables$tte]], data[[variables$is_event]], data[[variables$arm]])
152	11x	result_all$subgroup <- label_all
153	11x	result_all$var <- "ALL"
154	11x	result_all$var_label <- label_all
155	11x	result_all$row_type <- "content"
156
157		# Add Subgroups.
158	11x	if (is.null(variables$subgroups)) {
159	3x	result_all
160		} else {
161	8x	l_data <- h_split_by_subgroups(data, variables$subgroups, groups_lists = groups_lists)
162	8x	l_result <- lapply(l_data, function(grp) {
163	40x	result <- h_survtime_df(grp$df[[variables$tte]], grp$df[[variables$is_event]], grp$df[[variables$arm]])
164	40x	result_labels <- grp$df_labels[rep(1, times = nrow(result)), ]
165	40x	cbind(result, result_labels)
166		})
167	8x	result_subgroups <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
168	8x	result_subgroups$row_type <- "analysis"
169	8x	rbind(
170	8x	result_all,
171	8x	result_subgroups
172		)
173		}
174		}
175
176		#' @describeIn h_survival_duration_subgroups helper to prepare a data frame with estimates of
177		#' treatment hazard ratio.
178		#'
179		#' @param strata_data (`factor`, `data.frame` or `NULL`)\cr required if stratified analysis is performed.
180		#'
181		#' @return
182		#' * `h_coxph_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `n_tot_events`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`,
183		#' `conf_level`, `pval` and `pval_label`.
184		#'
185		#' @examples
186		#' # Extract hazard ratio for one group.
187		#' h_coxph_df(adtte_f$AVAL, adtte_f$is_event, adtte_f$ARM)
188		#'
189		#' # Extract hazard ratio for one group with stratification factor.
190		#' h_coxph_df(adtte_f$AVAL, adtte_f$is_event, adtte_f$ARM, strata_data = adtte_f$STRATA1)
191		#'
192		#' @export
193		h_coxph_df <- function(tte, is_event, arm, strata_data = NULL, control = control_coxph()) {
194	58x	checkmate::assert_numeric(tte)
195	58x	checkmate::assert_logical(is_event, len = length(tte))
196	58x	assert_valid_factor(arm, n.levels = 2, len = length(tte))
197
198	58x	df_tte <- data.frame(tte = tte, is_event = is_event)
199	58x	strata_vars <- NULL
200
201	58x	if (!is.null(strata_data)) {
202	5x	if (is.data.frame(strata_data)) {
203	4x	strata_vars <- names(strata_data)
204	4x	checkmate::assert_data_frame(strata_data, nrows = nrow(df_tte))
205	4x	assert_df_with_factors(strata_data, as.list(stats::setNames(strata_vars, strata_vars)))
206		} else {
207	1x	assert_valid_factor(strata_data, len = nrow(df_tte))
208	1x	strata_vars <- "strata_data"
209		}
210	5x	df_tte[strata_vars] <- strata_data
211		}
212
213	58x	l_df <- split(df_tte, arm)
214
215	58x	if (nrow(l_df[[1]]) > 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) > 0) {
216		# Hazard ratio and CI.
217	54x	result <- s_coxph_pairwise(
218	54x	df = l_df[[2]],
219	54x	.ref_group = l_df[[1]],
220	54x	.in_ref_col = FALSE,
221	54x	.var = "tte",
222	54x	is_event = "is_event",
223	54x	strat = strata_vars,
224	54x	control = control
225		)
226
227	54x	df <- data.frame(
228		# Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
229	54x	arm = " ",
230	54x	n_tot = unname(as.numeric(result$n_tot)),
231	54x	n_tot_events = unname(as.numeric(result$n_tot_events)),
232	54x	hr = unname(as.numeric(result$hr)),
233	54x	lcl = unname(result$hr_ci[1]),
234	54x	ucl = unname(result$hr_ci[2]),
235	54x	conf_level = control[["conf_level"]],
236	54x	pval = as.numeric(result$pvalue),
237	54x	pval_label = obj_label(result$pvalue),
238	54x	stringsAsFactors = FALSE
239		)
240		} else if (
241	4x	(nrow(l_df[[1]]) == 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) > 0) \|\|
242	4x	(nrow(l_df[[1]]) > 0 && nrow(l_df[[2]]) == 0)
243		) {
244	4x	df_tte_complete <- df_tte[stats::complete.cases(df_tte), ]
245	4x	df <- data.frame(
246		# Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
247	4x	arm = " ",
248	4x	n_tot = nrow(df_tte_complete),
249	4x	n_tot_events = sum(df_tte_complete$is_event),
250	4x	hr = NA,
251	4x	lcl = NA,
252	4x	ucl = NA,
253	4x	conf_level = control[["conf_level"]],
254	4x	pval = NA,
255	4x	pval_label = NA,
256	4x	stringsAsFactors = FALSE
257		)
258		} else {
259	!	df <- data.frame(
260		# Dummy column needed downstream to create a nested header.
261	!	arm = " ",
262	!	n_tot = 0L,
263	!	n_tot_events = 0L,
264	!	hr = NA,
265	!	lcl = NA,
266	!	ucl = NA,
267	!	conf_level = control[["conf_level"]],
268	!	pval = NA,
269	!	pval_label = NA,
270	!	stringsAsFactors = FALSE
271		)
272		}
273
274	58x	df
275		}
276
277		#' @describeIn h_survival_duration_subgroups summarizes estimates of the treatment hazard ratio
278		#' across subgroups in a data frame. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in
279		#' `data`, passed as a named list and requires elements `tte`, `is_event`, `arm` and
280		#' optionally `subgroups` and `strat`. `groups_lists` optionally specifies
281		#' groupings for `subgroups` variables.
282		#'
283		#' @return
284		#' * `h_coxph_subgroups_df()` returns a `data.frame` with columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `n_tot_events`, `hr`,
285		#' `lcl`, `ucl`, `conf_level`, `pval`, `pval_label`, `subgroup`, `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
286		#'
287		#' @examples
288		#' # Extract hazard ratio for multiple groups.
289		#' h_coxph_subgroups_df(
290		#' variables = list(
291		#' tte = "AVAL",
292		#' is_event = "is_event",
293		#' arm = "ARM",
294		#' subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
295		#' ),
296		#' data = adtte_f
297		#' )
298		#'
299		#' # Define groupings of BMRKR2 levels.
300		#' h_coxph_subgroups_df(
301		#' variables = list(
302		#' tte = "AVAL",
303		#' is_event = "is_event",
304		#' arm = "ARM",
305		#' subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")
306		#' ),
307		#' data = adtte_f,
308		#' groups_lists = list(
309		#' BMRKR2 = list(
310		#' "low" = "LOW",
311		#' "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
312		#' "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
313		#' )
314		#' )
315		#' )
316		#'
317		#' # Extract hazard ratio for multiple groups with stratification factors.
318		#' h_coxph_subgroups_df(
319		#' variables = list(
320		#' tte = "AVAL",
321		#' is_event = "is_event",
322		#' arm = "ARM",
323		#' subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2"),
324		#' strat = c("STRATA1", "STRATA2")
325		#' ),
326		#' data = adtte_f
327		#' )
328		#'
329		#' @export
330		h_coxph_subgroups_df <- function(variables,
331		data,
332		groups_lists = list(),
333		control = control_coxph(),
334		label_all = "All Patients") {
335	12x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$tte)
336	12x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$is_event)
337	12x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$arm)
338	12x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$subgroups, null.ok = TRUE)
339	12x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$strat, null.ok = TRUE)
340	12x	assert_df_with_factors(data, list(val = variables$arm), min.levels = 2, max.levels = 2)
341	12x	assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
342	12x	checkmate::assert_string(label_all)
343
344		# Add All Patients.
345	12x	result_all <- h_coxph_df(
346	12x	tte = data[[variables$tte]],
347	12x	is_event = data[[variables$is_event]],
348	12x	arm = data[[variables$arm]],
349	12x	strata_data = if (is.null(variables$strat)) NULL else data[variables$strat],
350	12x	control = control
351		)
352	12x	result_all$subgroup <- label_all
353	12x	result_all$var <- "ALL"
354	12x	result_all$var_label <- label_all
355	12x	result_all$row_type <- "content"
356
357		# Add Subgroups.
358	12x	if (is.null(variables$subgroups)) {
359	3x	result_all
360		} else {
361	9x	l_data <- h_split_by_subgroups(data, variables$subgroups, groups_lists = groups_lists)
362
363	9x	l_result <- lapply(l_data, function(grp) {
364	42x	result <- h_coxph_df(
365	42x	tte = grp$df[[variables$tte]],
366	42x	is_event = grp$df[[variables$is_event]],
367	42x	arm = grp$df[[variables$arm]],
368	42x	strata_data = if (is.null(variables$strat)) NULL else grp$df[variables$strat],
369	42x	control = control
370		)
371	42x	result_labels <- grp$df_labels[rep(1, times = nrow(result)), ]
372	42x	cbind(result, result_labels)
373		})
374
375	9x	result_subgroups <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_result, make.row.names = FALSE))
376	9x	result_subgroups$row_type <- "analysis"
377
378	9x	rbind(
379	9x	result_all,
380	9x	result_subgroups
381		)
382		}
383		}
384
385		#' Split Dataframe by Subgroups
386		#'
387		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
388		#'
389		#' Split a dataframe into a non-nested list of subsets.
390		#'
391		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
392		#' @inheritParams survival_duration_subgroups
393		#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr dataset to split.
394		#' @param subgroups (`character`)\cr names of factor variables from `data` used to create subsets.
395		#' Unused levels not present in `data` are dropped. Note that the order in this vector
396		#' determines the order in the downstream table.
397		#'
398		#' @return A list with subset data (`df`) and metadata about the subset (`df_labels`).
399		#'
400		#' @details Main functionality is to prepare data for use in forest plot layouts.
401		#'
402		#' @examples
403		#' df <- data.frame(
404		#' x = c(1:5),
405		#' y = factor(c("A", "B", "A", "B", "A"), levels = c("A", "B", "C")),
406		#' z = factor(c("C", "C", "D", "D", "D"), levels = c("D", "C"))
407		#' )
408		#' formatters::var_labels(df) <- paste("label for", names(df))
409		#'
410		#' h_split_by_subgroups(
411		#' data = df,
412		#' subgroups = c("y", "z")
413		#' )
414		#'
415		#' h_split_by_subgroups(
416		#' data = df,
417		#' subgroups = c("y", "z"),
418		#' groups_lists = list(
419		#' y = list("AB" = c("A", "B"), "C" = "C")
420		#' )
421		#' )
422		#'
423		#' @export
424		h_split_by_subgroups <- function(data,
425		subgroups,
426		groups_lists = list()) {
427	46x	checkmate::assert_character(subgroups, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
428	46x	checkmate::assert_list(groups_lists, names = "named")
429	46x	checkmate::assert_subset(names(groups_lists), subgroups)
430	46x	assert_df_with_factors(data, as.list(stats::setNames(subgroups, subgroups)))
431
432	46x	data_labels <- unname(formatters::var_labels(data))
433	46x	df_subgroups <- data[, subgroups, drop = FALSE]
434	46x	subgroup_labels <- formatters::var_labels(df_subgroups, fill = TRUE)
435
436	46x	l_labels <- Map(function(grp_i, name_i) {
437	81x	existing_levels <- levels(droplevels(grp_i))
438	81x	grp_levels <- if (name_i %in% names(groups_lists)) {
439		# For this variable groupings are defined. We check which groups are contained in the data.
440	11x	group_list_i <- groups_lists[[name_i]]
441	11x	group_has_levels <- vapply(group_list_i, function(lvls) any(lvls %in% existing_levels), TRUE)
442	11x	names(which(group_has_levels))
443		} else {
444	70x	existing_levels
445		}
446	81x	df_labels <- data.frame(
447	81x	subgroup = grp_levels,
448	81x	var = name_i,
449	81x	var_label = unname(subgroup_labels[name_i]),
450	81x	stringsAsFactors = FALSE # Rationale is that subgroups may not be unique.
451		)
452	46x	}, df_subgroups, names(df_subgroups))
453
454		# Create a dataframe with one row per subgroup.
455	46x	df_labels <- do.call(rbind, args = c(l_labels, make.row.names = FALSE))
456	46x	row_label <- paste0(df_labels$var, ".", df_labels$subgroup)
457	46x	row_split_var <- factor(row_label, levels = row_label)
458
459		# Create a list of data subsets.
460	46x	lapply(split(df_labels, row_split_var), function(row_i) {
461	205x	which_row <- if (row_i$var %in% names(groups_lists)) {
462	31x	data[[row_i$var]] %in% groups_lists[[row_i$var]][[row_i$subgroup]]
463		} else {
464	174x	data[[row_i$var]] == row_i$subgroup
465		}
466	205x	df <- data[which_row, ]
467	205x	rownames(df) <- NULL
468	205x	formatters::var_labels(df) <- data_labels
469
470	205x	list(
471	205x	df = df,
472	205x	df_labels = data.frame(row_i, row.names = NULL)
473		)
474		})
475		}

1		#' Estimation of Proportions per Level of Factor
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Estimate the proportion along with confidence interval of a proportion
6		#' regarding the level of a factor.
7		#'
8		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
9		#'
10		#' @seealso Relevant description function [d_onco_rsp_label()].
11		#'
12		#' @name estimate_multinomial_rsp
13		NULL
14
15		#' Description of Standard Oncology Response
16		#'
17		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
18		#'
19		#' Describe the oncology response in a standard way.
20		#'
21		#' @param x (`character`)\cr the standard oncology code to be described.
22		#'
23		#' @return Response labels.
24		#'
25		#' @seealso [estimate_multinomial_rsp()]
26		#'
27		#' @examples
28		#' d_onco_rsp_label(
29		#' c("CR", "PR", "SD", "NON CR/PD", "PD", "NE", "Missing", "<Missing>", "NE/Missing")
30		#' )
31		#'
32		#' # Adding some values not considered in d_onco_rsp_label
33		#'
34		#' d_onco_rsp_label(
35		#' c("CR", "PR", "hello", "hi")
36		#' )
37		#'
38		#' @export
39		d_onco_rsp_label <- function(x) {
40	2x	x <- as.character(x)
41	2x	desc <- c(
42	2x	CR = "Complete Response (CR)",
43	2x	PR = "Partial Response (PR)",
44	2x	MR = "Minimal/Minor Response (MR)",
45	2x	MRD = "Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)",
46	2x	SD = "Stable Disease (SD)",
47	2x	PD = "Progressive Disease (PD)",
48	2x	`NON CR/PD` = "Non-CR or Non-PD (NON CR/PD)",
49	2x	NE = "Not Evaluable (NE)",
50	2x	`NE/Missing` = "Missing or unevaluable",
51	2x	Missing = "Missing",
52	2x	`NA` = "Not Applicable (NA)",
53	2x	ND = "Not Done (ND)"
54		)
55
56	2x	values_label <- vapply(
57	2x	X = x,
58	2x	FUN.VALUE = character(1),
59	2x	function(val) {
60	!	if (val %in% names(desc)) desc[val] else val
61		}
62		)
63
64	2x	return(factor(values_label, levels = c(intersect(desc, values_label), setdiff(values_label, desc))))
65		}
66
67		#' @describeIn estimate_multinomial_rsp Statistics function which feeds the length of `x` as number
68		#' of successes, and `.N_col` as total number of successes and failures into [s_proportion()].
69		#'
70		#' @return
71		#' * `s_length_proportion()` returns statistics from [s_proportion()].
72		#'
73		#' @examples
74		#' s_length_proportion(rep("CR", 10), .N_col = 100)
75		#' s_length_proportion(factor(character(0)), .N_col = 100)
76		#'
77		#' @export
78		s_length_proportion <- function(x,
79		.N_col, # nolint
80		...) {
81	4x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(x, classes = c("factor", "character"))
82	3x	checkmate::assert_vector(x, min.len = 0, max.len = .N_col)
83	2x	checkmate::assert_vector(unique(x), min.len = 0, max.len = 1)
84
85	1x	n_true <- length(x)
86	1x	n_false <- .N_col - n_true
87	1x	x_logical <- rep(c(TRUE, FALSE), c(n_true, n_false))
88	1x	s_proportion(df = x_logical, ...)
89		}
90
91		#' @describeIn estimate_multinomial_rsp Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
92		#' in `estimate_multinomial_response()`.
93		#'
94		#' @return
95		#' * `a_length_proportion()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
96		#'
97		#' @examples
98		#' a_length_proportion(rep("CR", 10), .N_col = 100)
99		#' a_length_proportion(factor(character(0)), .N_col = 100)
100		#'
101		#' @export
102		a_length_proportion <- make_afun(
103		s_length_proportion,
104		.formats = c(
105		n_prop = "xx (xx.x%)",
106		prop_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)"
107		)
108		)
109
110		#' @describeIn estimate_multinomial_rsp Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
111		#' and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()] and
112		#' [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
113		#'
114		#' @return
115		#' * `estimate_multinomial_response()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
116		#' or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
117		#' the statistics from `s_length_proportion()` to the table layout.
118		#'
119		#' @examples
120		#' library(dplyr)
121		#'
122		#' # Use of the layout creating function.
123		#' dta_test <- data.frame(
124		#' USUBJID = paste0("S", 1:12),
125		#' ARM = factor(rep(LETTERS[1:3], each = 4)),
126		#' AVAL = c(A = c(1, 1, 1, 1), B = c(0, 0, 1, 1), C = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
127		#' ) %>% mutate(
128		#' AVALC = factor(AVAL,
129		#' levels = c(0, 1),
130		#' labels = c("Complete Response (CR)", "Partial Response (PR)")
131		#' )
132		#' )
133		#'
134		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
135		#' split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
136		#' estimate_multinomial_response(var = "AVALC")
137		#'
138		#' tbl <- build_table(lyt, dta_test)
139		#'
140		#' html <- as_html(tbl)
141		#' html
142		#' \donttest{
143		#' Viewer(html)
144		#' }
145		#'
146		#' @export
147		estimate_multinomial_response <- function(lyt,
148		var,
149		nested = TRUE,
150		...,
151		show_labels = "hidden",
152		table_names = var,
153		.stats = "prop_ci",
154		.formats = NULL,
155		.labels = NULL,
156		.indent_mods = NULL) {
157	1x	afun <- make_afun(
158	1x	a_length_proportion,
159	1x	.stats = .stats,
160	1x	.formats = .formats,
161	1x	.labels = .labels,
162	1x	.indent_mods = .indent_mods
163		)
164	1x	lyt <- split_rows_by(lyt, var = var)
165	1x	lyt <- summarize_row_groups(lyt)
166
167	1x	analyze(
168	1x	lyt,
169	1x	vars = var,
170	1x	afun = afun,
171	1x	show_labels = show_labels,
172	1x	table_names = table_names,
173	1x	nested = nested,
174	1x	extra_args = list(...)
175		)
176		}

1		#' Helper Function for Deriving Analysis Datasets for `LBT13` and `LBT14`
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Helper function that merges `ADSL` and `ADLB` datasets so that missing lab test records are inserted in the
6		#' output dataset. Remember that `na_level` must match the needed pre-processing
7		#' done with [df_explicit_na()] to have the desired output.
8		#'
9		#' @param adsl (`data.frame`)\cr `ADSL` dataframe.
10		#' @param adlb (`data.frame`)\cr `ADLB` dataframe.
11		#' @param worst_flag (named `vector`)\cr Worst post-baseline lab flag variable.
12		#' @param by_visit (`logical`)\cr defaults to `FALSE` to generate worst grade per patient.
13		#' If worst grade per patient per visit is specified for `worst_flag`, then
14		#' `by_visit` should be `TRUE` to generate worst grade patient per visit.
15		#' @param no_fillin_visits (named `character`)\cr Visits that are not considered for post-baseline worst toxicity
16		#' grade. Defaults to `c("SCREENING", "BASELINE")`.
17		#'
18		#' @return `df` containing variables shared between `adlb` and `adsl` along with variables `PARAM`, `PARAMCD`,
19		#' `ATOXGR`, and `BTOXGR` relevant for analysis. Optionally, `AVISIT` are `AVISITN` are included when
20		#' `by_visit = TRUE` and `no_fillin_visits = c("SCREENING", "BASELINE")`.
21		#'
22		#' @details In the result data missing records will be created for the following situations:
23		#' * Patients who are present in `adsl` but have no lab data in `adlb` (both baseline and post-baseline).
24		#' * Patients who do not have any post-baseline lab values.
25		#' * Patients without any post-baseline values flagged as the worst.
26		#'
27		#' @examples
28		#' # `h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag`
29		#' adlb_out <- h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag(
30		#' tern_ex_adsl,
31		#' tern_ex_adlb,
32		#' worst_flag = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y")
33		#' )
34		#'
35		#' # `h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag` by visit example
36		#' adlb_out_by_visit <- h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag(
37		#' tern_ex_adsl,
38		#' tern_ex_adlb,
39		#' worst_flag = c("WGRLOVFL" = "Y"),
40		#' by_visit = TRUE
41		#' )
42		#'
43		#' @export
44		h_adsl_adlb_merge_using_worst_flag <- function(adsl, # nolint
45		adlb,
46		worst_flag = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y"),
47		by_visit = FALSE,
48		no_fillin_visits = c("SCREENING", "BASELINE")) {
49	5x	col_names <- names(worst_flag)
50	5x	filter_values <- worst_flag
51
52	5x	temp <- Map(
53	5x	function(x, y) which(adlb[[x]] == y),
54	5x	col_names,
55	5x	filter_values
56		)
57
58	5x	position_satisfy_filters <- Reduce(intersect, temp)
59
60	5x	adsl_adlb_common_columns <- intersect(colnames(adsl), colnames(adlb))
61	5x	columns_from_adlb <- c("USUBJID", "PARAM", "PARAMCD", "AVISIT", "AVISITN", "ATOXGR", "BTOXGR")
62
63	5x	adlb_f <- adlb[position_satisfy_filters, ] %>%
64	5x	dplyr::filter(!.data[["AVISIT"]] %in% no_fillin_visits)
65	5x	adlb_f <- adlb_f[, columns_from_adlb]
66
67	5x	avisits_grid <- adlb %>%
68	5x	dplyr::filter(!.data[["AVISIT"]] %in% no_fillin_visits) %>%
69	5x	dplyr::pull(.data[["AVISIT"]]) %>%
70	5x	unique()
71
72	5x	if (by_visit) {
73	1x	adsl_lb <- expand.grid(
74	1x	USUBJID = unique(adsl$USUBJID),
75	1x	AVISIT = avisits_grid,
76	1x	PARAMCD = unique(adlb$PARAMCD)
77		)
78
79	1x	adsl_lb <- adsl_lb %>%
80	1x	dplyr::left_join(unique(adlb[c("AVISIT", "AVISITN")]), by = "AVISIT") %>%
81	1x	dplyr::left_join(unique(adlb[c("PARAM", "PARAMCD")]), by = "PARAMCD")
82
83	1x	adsl1 <- adsl[, adsl_adlb_common_columns]
84	1x	adsl_lb <- adsl1 %>% merge(adsl_lb, by = "USUBJID")
85
86	1x	by_variables_from_adlb <- c("USUBJID", "AVISIT", "AVISITN", "PARAMCD", "PARAM")
87
88	1x	adlb_btoxgr <- adlb %>%
89	1x	dplyr::select(c("USUBJID", "PARAMCD", "BTOXGR")) %>%
90	1x	unique() %>%
91	1x	dplyr::rename("BTOXGR_MAP" = "BTOXGR")
92
93	1x	adlb_out <- merge(
94	1x	adlb_f,
95	1x	adsl_lb,
96	1x	by = by_variables_from_adlb,
97	1x	all = TRUE,
98	1x	sort = FALSE
99		)
100	1x	adlb_out <- adlb_out %>%
101	1x	dplyr::left_join(adlb_btoxgr, by = c("USUBJID", "PARAMCD")) %>%
102	1x	dplyr::mutate(BTOXGR = .data$BTOXGR_MAP) %>%
103	1x	dplyr::select(-"BTOXGR_MAP")
104
105	1x	adlb_var_labels <- c(
106	1x	formatters::var_labels(adlb[by_variables_from_adlb]),
107	1x	formatters::var_labels(adlb[columns_from_adlb[!columns_from_adlb %in% by_variables_from_adlb]]),
108	1x	formatters::var_labels(adsl[adsl_adlb_common_columns[adsl_adlb_common_columns != "USUBJID"]])
109		)
110		} else {
111	4x	adsl_lb <- expand.grid(
112	4x	USUBJID = unique(adsl$USUBJID),
113	4x	PARAMCD = unique(adlb$PARAMCD)
114		)
115
116	4x	adsl_lb <- adsl_lb %>% dplyr::left_join(unique(adlb[c("PARAM", "PARAMCD")]), by = "PARAMCD")
117
118	4x	adsl1 <- adsl[, adsl_adlb_common_columns]
119	4x	adsl_lb <- adsl1 %>% merge(adsl_lb, by = "USUBJID")
120
121	4x	by_variables_from_adlb <- c("USUBJID", "PARAMCD", "PARAM")
122
123	4x	adlb_out <- merge(
124	4x	adlb_f,
125	4x	adsl_lb,
126	4x	by = by_variables_from_adlb,
127	4x	all = TRUE,
128	4x	sort = FALSE
129		)
130
131	4x	adlb_var_labels <- c(
132	4x	formatters::var_labels(adlb[by_variables_from_adlb]),
133	4x	formatters::var_labels(adlb[columns_from_adlb[!columns_from_adlb %in% by_variables_from_adlb]]),
134	4x	formatters::var_labels(adsl[adsl_adlb_common_columns[adsl_adlb_common_columns != "USUBJID"]])
135		)
136		}
137
138	5x	adlb_out$ATOXGR <- as.factor(adlb_out$ATOXGR)
139	5x	adlb_out$BTOXGR <- as.factor(adlb_out$BTOXGR)
140
141	5x	formatters::var_labels(adlb_out) <- adlb_var_labels
142
143	5x	adlb_out
144		}

1		#' Split Function to Configure Risk Difference Column
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Wrapper function for [rtables::add_combo_levels()] which configures settings for the risk difference
6		#' column to be added to an `rtables` object. To add a risk difference column to a table, this function
7		#' should be used as `split_fun` in calls to [rtables::split_cols_by()], followed by setting argument
8		#' `riskdiff` to `TRUE` in all following analyze function calls.
9		#'
10		#' @param arm_x (`character`)\cr Name of reference arm to use in risk difference calculations.
11		#' @param arm_y (`character`)\cr Name of arm to compare to reference arm in risk difference calculations.
12		#' @param col_label (`character`)\cr Label to use when rendering the risk difference column within the table.
13		#' @param pct (`flag`)\cr whether output should be returned as percentages. Defaults to `TRUE`.
14		#'
15		#' @return A closure suitable for use as a split function (`split_fun`) within [rtables::split_cols_by()]
16		#' when creating a table layout.
17		#'
18		#' @seealso [stat_propdiff_ci()] for details on risk difference calculation.
19		#'
20		#' @examples
21		#' adae <- tern_ex_adae
22		#' adae$AESEV <- factor(adae$AESEV)
23		#'
24		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
25		#' split_cols_by("ARMCD", split_fun = add_riskdiff(arm_x = "ARM A", arm_y = "ARM B")) %>%
26		#' count_occurrences_by_grade(
27		#' var = "AESEV",
28		#' riskdiff = TRUE
29		#' )
30		#'
31		#' tbl <- build_table(lyt, df = adae)
32		#' tbl
33		#'
34		#' @export
35		add_riskdiff <- function(arm_x,
36		arm_y,
37		col_label = "Risk Difference (%) (95% CI)",
38		pct = TRUE) {
39	6x	sapply(c(arm_x, arm_y, col_label), checkmate::assert_character, len = 1)
40	6x	combodf <- tibble::tribble(
41	6x	~valname, ~label, ~levelcombo, ~exargs,
42	6x	paste("riskdiff", arm_x, arm_y, sep = "_"), col_label, c(arm_x, arm_y), list()
43		)
44	6x	if (pct) combodf$valname <- paste0(combodf$valname, "_pct")
45	6x	add_combo_levels(combodf)
46		}
47
48		#' Analysis Function to Calculate Risk Difference Column Values
49		#'
50		#' In the risk difference column, this function uses the statistics function associated with `afun` to
51		#' calculates risk difference values from arm X (reference group) and arm Y. These arms are specified
52		#' when configuring the risk difference column which is done using the [add_riskdiff()] split function in
53		#' the previous call to [rtables::split_cols_by()]. For all other columns, applies `afun` as usual. This
54		#' function utilizes the [stat_propdiff_ci()] function to perform risk difference calculations.
55		#'
56		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
57		#' @param afun (named `list`)\cr A named list containing one name-value pair where the name corresponds to
58		#' the name of the statistics function that should be used in calculations and the value is the corresponding
59		#' analysis function.
60		#' @param s_args (named `list`)\cr Additional arguments to be passed to the statistics function and analysis
61		#' function supplied in `afun`.
62		#'
63		#' @return A list of formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
64		#'
65		#' @seealso
66		#' * [stat_propdiff_ci()] for details on risk difference calculation.
67		#' * Split function [add_riskdiff()] which, when used as `split_fun` within [rtables::split_cols_by()] with
68		#' `riskdiff` argument set to `TRUE` in subsequent analyze functions calls, adds a risk difference column
69		#' to a table layout.
70		#'
71		#' @keywords internal
72		afun_riskdiff <- function(df,
73		labelstr = "",
74		.var,
75		.N_col, # nolint
76		.N_row, # nolint
77		.df_row,
78		.spl_context,
79		.all_col_counts,
80		.stats,
81		.indent_mods,
82		afun,
83		s_args = list()) {
84	36x	if (!any(grepl("riskdiff", names(.spl_context)))) {
85	!	stop(
86	!	"Please set up levels to use in risk difference calculations using the `add_riskdiff` ",
87	!	"split function within `split_cols_by`. See ?add_riskdiff for details."
88		)
89		}
90	36x	checkmate::assert_list(afun, len = 1, types = "function")
91	36x	checkmate::assert_named(afun)
92
93	36x	afun_args <- list(.var = .var, .df_row = .df_row, .N_row = .N_row, denom = "N_col", labelstr = labelstr)
94	36x	afun_args <- afun_args[intersect(names(afun_args), names(as.list(args(afun[[1]]))))]
95	!	if ("denom" %in% names(s_args)) afun_args[["denom"]] <- NULL
96
97	36x	cur_split <- tail(.spl_context$cur_col_split_val[[1]], 1)
98	36x	if (!grepl("^riskdiff", cur_split)) {
99		# Apply basic afun (no risk difference) in all other columns
100	27x	do.call(afun[[1]], args = c(list(df = df, .N_col = .N_col), afun_args, s_args))
101		} else {
102	9x	arm_x <- strsplit(cur_split, "_")[[1]][2]
103	9x	arm_y <- strsplit(cur_split, "_")[[1]][3]
104	9x	if (length(.spl_context$cur_col_split[[1]]) > 1) { # Different split name for nested column splits
105	!	arm_spl_x <- gsub("riskdiff", "", paste0(strsplit(.spl_context$cur_col_id[1], "_")[[1]][c(1, 2)], collapse = ""))
106	!	arm_spl_y <- gsub("riskdiff", "", paste0(strsplit(.spl_context$cur_col_id[1], "_")[[1]][c(1, 3)], collapse = ""))
107		} else {
108	9x	arm_spl_x <- arm_x
109	9x	arm_spl_y <- arm_y
110		}
111	9x	N_col_x <- .all_col_counts[[arm_spl_x]] # nolint
112	9x	N_col_y <- .all_col_counts[[arm_spl_y]] # nolint
113	9x	cur_var <- tail(.spl_context$cur_col_split[[1]], 1)
114
115		# Apply statistics function to arm X and arm Y data
116	9x	s_x <- do.call(names(afun), args = c(list(df = df[df[[cur_var]] == arm_x, ], .N_col = N_col_x), afun_args, s_args))
117	9x	s_y <- do.call(names(afun), args = c(list(df = df[df[[cur_var]] == arm_y, ], .N_col = N_col_y), afun_args, s_args))
118
119		# Get statistic name and row names
120	9x	stat <- ifelse("count_fraction" %in% names(s_x), "count_fraction", "unique")
121	9x	if ("flag_variables" %in% names(s_args)) {
122	1x	var_nms <- s_args$flag_variables
123	8x	} else if (!is.null(names(s_x[[stat]]))) {
124	2x	var_nms <- names(s_x[[stat]])
125		} else {
126	6x	var_nms <- ""
127	6x	s_x[[stat]] <- list(s_x[[stat]])
128	6x	s_y[[stat]] <- list(s_y[[stat]])
129		}
130
131		# Calculate risk difference for each row, repeated if multiple statistics in table
132	9x	pct <- tail(strsplit(cur_split, "_")[[1]], 1) == "pct"
133	9x	rd_ci <- rep(stat_propdiff_ci(
134	9x	lapply(s_x[[stat]], `[`, 1), lapply(s_y[[stat]], `[`, 1),
135	9x	N_col_x, N_col_y,
136	9x	list_names = var_nms,
137	9x	pct = pct
138	9x	), max(1, length(.stats)))
139
140	9x	in_rows(.list = rd_ci, .formats = "xx.x (xx.x - xx.x)", .indent_mods = .indent_mods)
141		}
142		}

1		#' Cox Proportional Hazards Regression
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Fits a Cox regression model and estimates hazard ratio to describe the effect size in a survival analysis.
6		#'
7		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
8		#'
9		#' @details Cox models are the most commonly used methods to estimate the magnitude of
10		#' the effect in survival analysis. It assumes proportional hazards: the ratio
11		#' of the hazards between groups (e.g., two arms) is constant over time.
12		#' This ratio is referred to as the "hazard ratio" (HR) and is one of the
13		#' most commonly reported metrics to describe the effect size in survival
14		#' analysis (NEST Team, 2020).
15		#'
16		#' @seealso [fit_coxreg] for relevant fitting functions, [h_cox_regression] for relevant
17		#' helper functions, and [tidy_coxreg] for custom tidy methods.
18		#'
19		#' @examples
20		#' library(survival)
21		#'
22		#' # Testing dataset [survival::bladder].
23		#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
24		#' dta_bladder <- with(
25		#' data = bladder[bladder$enum < 5, ],
26		#' tibble::tibble(
27		#' TIME = stop,
28		#' STATUS = event,
29		#' ARM = as.factor(rx),
30		#' COVAR1 = as.factor(enum) %>% formatters::with_label("A Covariate Label"),
31		#' COVAR2 = factor(
32		#' sample(as.factor(enum)),
33		#' levels = 1:4, labels = c("F", "F", "M", "M")
34		#' ) %>% formatters::with_label("Sex (F/M)")
35		#' )
36		#' )
37		#' dta_bladder$AGE <- sample(20:60, size = nrow(dta_bladder), replace = TRUE)
38		#' dta_bladder$STUDYID <- factor("X")
39		#'
40		#' plot(
41		#' survfit(Surv(TIME, STATUS) ~ ARM + COVAR1, data = dta_bladder),
42		#' lty = 2:4,
43		#' xlab = "Months",
44		#' col = c("blue1", "blue2", "blue3", "blue4", "red1", "red2", "red3", "red4")
45		#' )
46		#'
47		#' @name cox_regression
48		NULL
49
50		#' @describeIn cox_regression Statistics function that transforms results tabulated
51		#' from [fit_coxreg_univar()] or [fit_coxreg_multivar()] into a list.
52		#'
53		#' @param model_df (`data.frame`)\cr contains the resulting model fit from a [fit_coxreg]
54		#' function with tidying applied via [broom::tidy()].
55		#' @param .stats (`character`)\cr the name of statistics to be reported among:
56		#' * `n`: number of observations (univariate only)
57		#' * `hr`: hazard ratio
58		#' * `ci`: confidence interval
59		#' * `pval`: p-value of the treatment effect
60		#' * `pval_inter`: p-value of the interaction effect between the treatment and the covariate (univariate only)
61		#' @param .which_vars (`character`)\cr which rows should statistics be returned for from the given model.
62		#' Defaults to "all". Other options include "var_main" for main effects, `"inter"` for interaction effects,
63		#' and `"multi_lvl"` for multivariate model covariate level rows. When `.which_vars` is "all" specific
64		#' variables can be selected by specifying `.var_nms`.
65		#' @param .var_nms (`character`)\cr the `term` value of rows in `df` for which `.stats` should be returned. Typically
66		#' this is the name of a variable. If using variable labels, `var` should be a vector of both the desired
67		#' variable name and the variable label in that order to see all `.stats` related to that variable. When `.which_vars`
68		#' is `"var_main"` `.var_nms` should be only the variable name.
69		#'
70		#' @return
71		#' * `s_coxreg()` returns the selected statistic for from the Cox regression model for the selected variable(s).
72		#'
73		#' @examples
74		#' # s_coxreg
75		#'
76		#' # Univariate
77		#' u1_variables <- list(
78		#' time = "TIME", event = "STATUS", arm = "ARM", covariates = c("COVAR1", "COVAR2")
79		#' )
80		#' univar_model <- fit_coxreg_univar(variables = u1_variables, data = dta_bladder)
81		#' df1 <- broom::tidy(univar_model)
82		#' s_coxreg(model_df = df1, .stats = "hr")
83		#'
84		#' # Univariate with interactions
85		#' univar_model_inter <- fit_coxreg_univar(
86		#' variables = u1_variables, control = control_coxreg(interaction = TRUE), data = dta_bladder
87		#' )
88		#' df1_inter <- broom::tidy(univar_model_inter)
89		#' s_coxreg(model_df = df1_inter, .stats = "hr", .which_vars = "inter", .var_nms = "COVAR1")
90		#'
91		#' # Univariate without treatment arm - only "COVAR2" covariate effects
92		#' u2_variables <- list(time = "TIME", event = "STATUS", covariates = c("COVAR1", "COVAR2"))
93		#' univar_covs_model <- fit_coxreg_univar(variables = u2_variables, data = dta_bladder)
94		#' df1_covs <- broom::tidy(univar_covs_model)
95		#' s_coxreg(model_df = df1_covs, .stats = "hr", .var_nms = c("COVAR2", "Sex (F/M)"))
96		#'
97		#' # Multivariate.
98		#' m1_variables <- list(
99		#' time = "TIME", event = "STATUS", arm = "ARM", covariates = c("COVAR1", "COVAR2")
100		#' )
101		#' multivar_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(variables = m1_variables, data = dta_bladder)
102		#' df2 <- broom::tidy(multivar_model)
103		#' s_coxreg(model_df = df2, .stats = "pval", .which_vars = "var_main", .var_nms = "COVAR1")
104		#' s_coxreg(
105		#' model_df = df2, .stats = "pval", .which_vars = "multi_lvl",
106		#' .var_nms = c("COVAR1", "A Covariate Label")
107		#' )
108		#'
109		#' # Multivariate without treatment arm - only "COVAR1" main effect
110		#' m2_variables <- list(time = "TIME", event = "STATUS", covariates = c("COVAR1", "COVAR2"))
111		#' multivar_covs_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(variables = m2_variables, data = dta_bladder)
112		#' df2_covs <- broom::tidy(multivar_covs_model)
113		#' s_coxreg(model_df = df2_covs, .stats = "hr")
114		#'
115		#' @export
116		s_coxreg <- function(model_df, .stats, .which_vars = "all", .var_nms = NULL) {
117	194x	assert_df_with_variables(model_df, list(term = "term", stat = .stats))
118	194x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(model_df$term, classes = c("factor", "character"))
119	194x	model_df$term <- as.character(model_df$term)
120	194x	.var_nms <- .var_nms[!is.na(.var_nms)]
121
122	192x	if (length(.var_nms) > 0) model_df <- model_df[model_df$term %in% .var_nms, ]
123	39x	if (.which_vars == "multi_lvl") model_df$term <- tail(.var_nms, 1)
124
125		# We need a list with names corresponding to the stats to display of equal length to the list of stats.
126	194x	y <- split(model_df, f = model_df$term, drop = FALSE)
127	194x	y <- stats::setNames(y, nm = rep(.stats, length(y)))
128
129	194x	if (.which_vars == "var_main") {
130	84x	y <- lapply(y, function(x) x[1, ]) # only main effect
131	110x	} else if (.which_vars %in% c("inter", "multi_lvl")) {
132	80x	y <- lapply(y, function(x) if (nrow(y[[1]]) > 1) x[-1, ] else x) # exclude main effect
133		}
134
135	194x	lapply(
136	194x	X = y,
137	194x	FUN = function(x) {
138	198x	z <- as.list(x[[.stats]])
139	198x	stats::setNames(z, nm = x$term_label)
140		}
141		)
142		}
143
144		#' @describeIn cox_regression Analysis function which is used as `afun` in [rtables::analyze()]
145		#' and `cfun` in [rtables::summarize_row_groups()] within `summarize_coxreg()`.
146		#'
147		#' @param eff (`flag`)\cr whether treatment effect should be calculated. Defaults to `FALSE`.
148		#' @param var_main (`flag`)\cr whether main effects should be calculated. Defaults to `FALSE`.
149		#' @param na_level (`string`)\cr custom string to replace all `NA` values with. Defaults to `""`.
150		#' @param cache_env (`environment`)\cr an environment object used to cache the regression model in order to
151		#' avoid repeatedly fitting the same model for every row in the table. Defaults to `NULL` (no caching).
152		#' @param varlabels (`list`)\cr a named list corresponds to the names of variables found in data, passed
153		#' as a named list and corresponding to time, event, arm, strata, and covariates terms. If arm is missing
154		#' from variables, then only Cox model(s) including the covariates will be fitted and the corresponding
155		#' effect estimates will be tabulated later.
156		#'
157		#' @return
158		#' * `a_coxreg()` returns formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
159		#'
160		#' @examples
161		#' a_coxreg(
162		#' df = dta_bladder,
163		#' labelstr = "Label 1",
164		#' variables = u1_variables,
165		#' .spl_context = list(value = "COVAR1"),
166		#' .stats = "n",
167		#' .formats = "xx"
168		#' )
169		#'
170		#' a_coxreg(
171		#' df = dta_bladder,
172		#' labelstr = "",
173		#' variables = u1_variables,
174		#' .spl_context = list(value = "COVAR2"),
175		#' .stats = "pval",
176		#' .formats = "xx.xxxx"
177		#' )
178		#'
179		#' @export
180		a_coxreg <- function(df,
181		labelstr,
182		eff = FALSE,
183		var_main = FALSE,
184		multivar = FALSE,
185		variables,
186		at = list(),
187		control = control_coxreg(),
188		.spl_context,
189		.stats,
190		.formats,
191		.indent_mods = NULL,
192		na_level = "",
193		cache_env = NULL) {
194	191x	cov_no_arm <- !multivar && !"arm" %in% names(variables) && control$interaction # special case: univar no arm
195	191x	cov <- tail(.spl_context$value, 1) # current variable/covariate
196	191x	var_lbl <- formatters::var_labels(df)[cov] # check for df labels
197	191x	if (length(labelstr) > 1) {
198	!	labelstr <- if (cov %in% names(labelstr)) labelstr[[cov]] else var_lbl # use df labels if none
199	191x	} else if (!is.na(var_lbl) && labelstr == cov && cov %in% variables$covariates) {
200	62x	labelstr <- var_lbl
201		}
202	191x	if (eff \|\| multivar \|\| cov_no_arm) {
203	82x	control$interaction <- FALSE
204		} else {
205	109x	variables$covariates <- cov
206	40x	if (var_main) control$interaction <- TRUE
207		}
208
209	191x	if (is.null(cache_env[[cov]])) {
210	30x	if (!multivar) {
211	23x	model <- fit_coxreg_univar(variables = variables, data = df, at = at, control = control) %>% broom::tidy()
212		} else {
213	7x	model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(variables = variables, data = df, control = control) %>% broom::tidy()
214		}
215	30x	cache_env[[cov]] <- model
216		} else {
217	161x	model <- cache_env[[cov]]
218		}
219	109x	if (!multivar && !var_main) model[, "pval_inter"] <- NA_real_
220
221	191x	if (cov_no_arm \|\| (!cov_no_arm && !"arm" %in% names(variables) && is.numeric(df[[cov]]))) {
222	15x	multivar <- TRUE
223	3x	if (!cov_no_arm) var_main <- TRUE
224		}
225
226	191x	vars_coxreg <- list(which_vars = "all", var_nms = NULL)
227	191x	if (eff) {
228	40x	if (multivar && !var_main) { # multivar treatment level
229	6x	var_lbl_arm <- formatters::var_labels(df)[[variables$arm]]
230	6x	vars_coxreg[c("var_nms", "which_vars")] <- list(c(variables$arm, var_lbl_arm), "multi_lvl")
231		} else { # treatment effect
232	34x	vars_coxreg["var_nms"] <- variables$arm
233	6x	if (var_main) vars_coxreg["which_vars"] <- "var_main"
234		}
235		} else {
236	151x	if (!multivar \|\| (multivar && var_main && !is.numeric(df[[cov]]))) { # covariate effect/level
237	118x	vars_coxreg[c("var_nms", "which_vars")] <- list(cov, "var_main")
238	33x	} else if (multivar) { # multivar covariate level
239	33x	vars_coxreg[c("var_nms", "which_vars")] <- list(c(cov, var_lbl), "multi_lvl")
240	6x	if (var_main) model[cov, .stats] <- NA_real_
241		}
242	40x	if (!multivar && !var_main && control$interaction) vars_coxreg["which_vars"] <- "inter" # interaction effect
243		}
244	191x	var_vals <- s_coxreg(model, .stats, .which_vars = vars_coxreg$which_vars, .var_nms = vars_coxreg$var_nms)[[1]]
245	191x	var_names <- if (all(grepl("\\(reference = ", names(var_vals))) && labelstr != tail(.spl_context$value, 1)) {
246	21x	paste(c(labelstr, tail(strsplit(names(var_vals), " ")[[1]], 3)), collapse = " ") # "reference" main effect labels
247	191x	} else if ((!multivar && !eff && !(!var_main && control$interaction) && nchar(labelstr) > 0) \|\|
248	191x	(multivar && var_main && is.numeric(df[[cov]]))) {
249	47x	labelstr # other main effect labels
250	191x	} else if (multivar && !eff && !var_main && is.numeric(df[[cov]])) {
251	6x	"All" # multivar numeric covariate
252		} else {
253	117x	names(var_vals)
254		}
255	191x	in_rows(
256	191x	.list = var_vals, .names = var_names, .labels = var_names, .indent_mods = .indent_mods,
257	191x	.formats = stats::setNames(rep(.formats, length(var_names)), var_names),
258	191x	.format_na_strs = stats::setNames(rep(na_level, length(var_names)), var_names)
259		)
260		}
261
262		#' @describeIn cox_regression Layout-creating function which creates a Cox regression summary table
263		#' layout. This function is a wrapper for several `rtables` layouting functions. This function
264		#' is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze_colvars()] and [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
265		#'
266		#' @inheritParams fit_coxreg_univar
267		#' @param multivar (`flag`)\cr Defaults to `FALSE`. If `TRUE` multivariate Cox regression will run, otherwise
268		#' univariate Cox regression will run.
269		#' @param common_var (`character`)\cr the name of a factor variable in the dataset which takes the same value
270		#' for all rows. This should be created during pre-processing if no such variable currently exists.
271		#' @param .section_div (`character`)\cr string which should be repeated as a section divider between sections.
272		#' Defaults to `NA` for no section divider. If a vector of two strings are given, the first will be used between
273		#' treatment and covariate sections and the second between different covariates.
274		#'
275		#' @return
276		#' * `summarize_coxreg()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
277		#' or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add a Cox regression table
278		#' containing the chosen statistics to the table layout.
279		#'
280		#' @seealso [fit_coxreg_univar()] and [fit_coxreg_multivar()] which also take the `variables`, `data`,
281		#' `at` (univariate only), and `control` arguments but return unformatted univariate and multivariate
282		#' Cox regression models, respectively.
283		#'
284		#' @examples
285		#' # summarize_coxreg
286		#'
287		#' result_univar <- basic_table() %>%
288		#' summarize_coxreg(variables = u1_variables) %>%
289		#' build_table(dta_bladder)
290		#' result_univar
291		#'
292		#' result_multivar <- basic_table() %>%
293		#' summarize_coxreg(
294		#' variables = m1_variables,
295		#' multivar = TRUE,
296		#' ) %>%
297		#' build_table(dta_bladder)
298		#' result_multivar
299		#'
300		#' result_univar_covs <- basic_table() %>%
301		#' summarize_coxreg(
302		#' variables = u2_variables,
303		#' ) %>%
304		#' build_table(dta_bladder)
305		#' result_univar_covs
306		#'
307		#' result_multivar_covs <- basic_table() %>%
308		#' summarize_coxreg(
309		#' variables = m2_variables,
310		#' multivar = TRUE,
311		#' varlabels = c("Covariate 1", "Covariate 2") # custom labels
312		#' ) %>%
313		#' build_table(dta_bladder)
314		#' result_multivar_covs
315		#'
316		#' @export
317		summarize_coxreg <- function(lyt,
318		variables,
319		control = control_coxreg(),
320		at = list(),
321		multivar = FALSE,
322		common_var = "STUDYID",
323		.stats = c("n", "hr", "ci", "pval", "pval_inter"),
324		.formats = c(
325		n = "xx", hr = "xx.xx", ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
326		pval = "x.xxxx \| (<0.0001)", pval_inter = "x.xxxx \| (<0.0001)"
327		),
328		varlabels = NULL,
329		.indent_mods = NULL,
330		na_level = "",
331		.section_div = NA_character_) {
332	11x	if (multivar && control$interaction) {
333	1x	warning(paste(
334	1x	"Interactions are not available for multivariate cox regression using summarize_coxreg.",
335	1x	"The model will be calculated without interaction effects."
336		))
337		}
338	11x	if (control$interaction && !"arm" %in% names(variables)) {
339	1x	stop("To include interactions please specify 'arm' in variables.")
340		}
341
342	10x	.stats <- if (!"arm" %in% names(variables) \|\| multivar) { # only valid statistics
343	4x	intersect(c("hr", "ci", "pval"), .stats)
344	10x	} else if (control$interaction) {
345	4x	intersect(c("n", "hr", "ci", "pval", "pval_inter"), .stats)
346		} else {
347	2x	intersect(c("n", "hr", "ci", "pval"), .stats)
348		}
349	10x	stat_labels <- c(
350	10x	n = "n", hr = "Hazard Ratio", ci = paste0(control$conf_level * 100, "% CI"),
351	10x	pval = "p-value", pval_inter = "Interaction p-value"
352		)
353	10x	stat_labels <- stat_labels[names(stat_labels) %in% .stats]
354	10x	.formats <- .formats[names(.formats) %in% .stats]
355	10x	env <- new.env() # create caching environment
356
357	10x	lyt <- lyt %>%
358	10x	split_cols_by_multivar(
359	10x	vars = rep(common_var, length(.stats)),
360	10x	varlabels = stat_labels,
361	10x	extra_args = list(
362	10x	.stats = .stats, .formats = .formats, .indent_mods = .indent_mods, na_level = rep(na_level, length(.stats)),
363	10x	cache_env = replicate(length(.stats), list(env))
364		)
365		)
366
367	10x	if ("arm" %in% names(variables)) { # treatment effect
368	8x	lyt <- lyt %>%
369	8x	split_rows_by(
370	8x	common_var,
371	8x	split_label = "Treatment:",
372	8x	label_pos = "visible",
373	8x	child_labels = "hidden",
374	8x	section_div = head(.section_div, 1)
375		)
376	8x	if (!multivar) {
377	6x	lyt <- lyt %>%
378	6x	analyze_colvars(
379	6x	afun = a_coxreg,
380	6x	extra_args = list(
381	6x	variables = variables, control = control, multivar = multivar, eff = TRUE, var_main = multivar,
382	6x	labelstr = ""
383		)
384		)
385		} else { # treatment level effects
386	2x	lyt <- lyt %>%
387	2x	summarize_row_groups(
388	2x	cfun = a_coxreg,
389	2x	extra_args = list(
390	2x	variables = variables, control = control, multivar = multivar, eff = TRUE, var_main = multivar
391		)
392		) %>%
393	2x	analyze_colvars(
394	2x	afun = a_coxreg,
395	2x	extra_args = list(eff = TRUE, control = control, variables = variables, multivar = multivar, labelstr = "")
396		)
397		}
398		}
399
400	10x	if ("covariates" %in% names(variables)) { # covariate main effects
401	10x	lyt <- lyt %>%
402	10x	split_rows_by_multivar(
403	10x	vars = variables$covariates,
404	10x	varlabels = varlabels,
405	10x	split_label = "Covariate:",
406	10x	nested = FALSE,
407	10x	child_labels = if (multivar \|\| control$interaction \|\| !"arm" %in% names(variables)) "default" else "hidden",
408	10x	section_div = tail(.section_div, 1)
409		)
410	10x	if (multivar \|\| control$interaction \|\| !"arm" %in% names(variables)) {
411	8x	lyt <- lyt %>%
412	8x	summarize_row_groups(
413	8x	cfun = a_coxreg,
414	8x	extra_args = list(
415	8x	variables = variables, at = at, control = control, multivar = multivar,
416	8x	var_main = if (multivar) multivar else control$interaction
417		)
418		)
419		} else {
420	!	if (!is.null(varlabels)) names(varlabels) <- variables$covariates
421	2x	lyt <- lyt %>%
422	2x	analyze_colvars(
423	2x	afun = a_coxreg,
424	2x	extra_args = list(
425	2x	variables = variables, at = at, control = control, multivar = multivar,
426	2x	var_main = if (multivar) multivar else control$interaction,
427	2x	labelstr = if (is.null(varlabels)) "" else varlabels
428		)
429		)
430		}
431
432	2x	if (!"arm" %in% names(variables)) control$interaction <- TRUE # special case: univar no arm
433	10x	if (multivar \|\| control$interaction) { # covariate level effects
434	8x	lyt <- lyt %>%
435	8x	analyze_colvars(
436	8x	afun = a_coxreg,
437	8x	extra_args = list(variables = variables, at = at, control = control, multivar = multivar, labelstr = "")
438		)
439		}
440		}
441
442	10x	lyt
443		}

1		#' Cox Regression Helper: Interactions
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Test and estimate the effect of a treatment in interaction with a covariate.
6		#' The effect is estimated as the HR of the tested treatment for a given level
7		#' of the covariate, in comparison to the treatment control.
8		#'
9		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
10		#' @param x (`numeric` or `factor`)\cr the values of the covariate to be tested.
11		#' @param effect (`string`)\cr the name of the effect to be tested and estimated.
12		#' @param covar (`string`)\cr the name of the covariate in the model.
13		#' @param mod (`coxph`)\cr the Cox regression model.
14		#' @param label (`string`)\cr the label to be returned as `term_label`.
15		#' @param control (`list`)\cr a list of controls as returned by [control_coxreg()].
16		#' @param ... see methods.
17		#'
18		#' @examples
19		#' library(survival)
20		#'
21		#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
22		#'
23		#' # Testing dataset [survival::bladder].
24		#' dta_bladder <- with(
25		#' data = bladder[bladder$enum < 5, ],
26		#' data.frame(
27		#' time = stop,
28		#' status = event,
29		#' armcd = as.factor(rx),
30		#' covar1 = as.factor(enum),
31		#' covar2 = factor(
32		#' sample(as.factor(enum)),
33		#' levels = 1:4,
34		#' labels = c("F", "F", "M", "M")
35		#' )
36		#' )
37		#' )
38		#' labels <- c("armcd" = "ARM", "covar1" = "A Covariate Label", "covar2" = "Sex (F/M)")
39		#' formatters::var_labels(dta_bladder)[names(labels)] <- labels
40		#' dta_bladder$age <- sample(20:60, size = nrow(dta_bladder), replace = TRUE)
41		#'
42		#' plot(
43		#' survfit(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd + covar1, data = dta_bladder),
44		#' lty = 2:4,
45		#' xlab = "Months",
46		#' col = c("blue1", "blue2", "blue3", "blue4", "red1", "red2", "red3", "red4")
47		#' )
48		#'
49		#' @name cox_regression_inter
50		NULL
51
52		#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter S3 generic helper function to determine interaction effect.
53		#'
54		#' @return
55		#' * `h_coxreg_inter_effect()` returns a `data.frame` of covariate interaction effects consisting of the following
56		#' variables: `effect`, `term`, `term_label`, `level`, `n`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `pval`, and `pval_inter`.
57		#'
58		#' @export
59		h_coxreg_inter_effect <- function(x,
60		effect,
61		covar,
62		mod,
63		label,
64		control,
65		...) {
66	26x	UseMethod("h_coxreg_inter_effect", x)
67		}
68
69		#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter Method for `numeric` class. Estimates the interaction with a `numeric` covariate.
70		#'
71		#' @method h_coxreg_inter_effect numeric
72		#'
73		#' @param at (`list`)\cr a list with items named after the covariate, every
74		#' item is a vector of levels at which the interaction should be estimated.
75		#'
76		#' @export
77		h_coxreg_inter_effect.numeric <- function(x,
78		effect,
79		covar,
80		mod,
81		label,
82		control,
83		at,
84		...) {
85	7x	betas <- stats::coef(mod)
86	7x	attrs <- attr(stats::terms(mod), "term.labels")
87	7x	term_indices <- grep(
88	7x	pattern = effect,
89	7x	x = attrs[!grepl("strata\\(", attrs)]
90		)
91	7x	checkmate::assert_vector(term_indices, len = 2)
92	7x	betas <- betas[term_indices]
93	7x	betas_var <- diag(stats::vcov(mod))[term_indices]
94	7x	betas_cov <- stats::vcov(mod)[term_indices[1], term_indices[2]]
95	7x	xval <- if (is.null(at[[covar]])) {
96	6x	stats::median(x)
97		} else {
98	1x	at[[covar]]
99		}
100	7x	effect_index <- !grepl(covar, names(betas))
101	7x	coef_hat <- betas[effect_index] + xval * betas[!effect_index]
102	7x	coef_se <- sqrt(
103	7x	betas_var[effect_index] +
104	7x	xval ^ 2 * betas_var[!effect_index] + # styler: off
105	7x	2 * xval * betas_cov
106		)
107	7x	q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + control$conf_level) / 2)
108	7x	data.frame(
109	7x	effect = "Covariate:",
110	7x	term = rep(covar, length(xval)),
111	7x	term_label = paste0(" ", xval),
112	7x	level = as.character(xval),
113	7x	n = NA,
114	7x	hr = exp(coef_hat),
115	7x	lcl = exp(coef_hat - q_norm * coef_se),
116	7x	ucl = exp(coef_hat + q_norm * coef_se),
117	7x	pval = NA,
118	7x	pval_inter = NA,
119	7x	stringsAsFactors = FALSE
120		)
121		}
122
123		#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter Method for `factor` class. Estimate the interaction with a `factor` covariate.
124		#'
125		#' @method h_coxreg_inter_effect factor
126		#'
127		#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr the data frame on which the model was fit.
128		#'
129		#' @export
130		h_coxreg_inter_effect.factor <- function(x,
131		effect,
132		covar,
133		mod,
134		label,
135		control,
136		data,
137		...) {
138	15x	lvl_given <- levels(x)
139	15x	y <- h_coxreg_inter_estimations(
140	15x	variable = effect, given = covar,
141	15x	lvl_var = levels(data[[effect]]),
142	15x	lvl_given = lvl_given,
143	15x	mod = mod,
144	15x	conf_level = 0.95
145	15x	)[[1]]
146
147	15x	data.frame(
148	15x	effect = "Covariate:",
149	15x	term = rep(covar, nrow(y)),
150	15x	term_label = paste0(" ", lvl_given),
151	15x	level = lvl_given,
152	15x	n = NA,
153	15x	hr = y[, "hr"],
154	15x	lcl = y[, "lcl"],
155	15x	ucl = y[, "ucl"],
156	15x	pval = NA,
157	15x	pval_inter = NA,
158	15x	stringsAsFactors = FALSE
159		)
160		}
161
162		#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter Method for `character` class. Estimate the interaction with a `character` covariate.
163		#' This makes an automatic conversion to `factor` and then forwards to the method for factors.
164		#'
165		#' @method h_coxreg_inter_effect character
166		#'
167		#' @note
168		#' * Automatic conversion of character to factor does not guarantee results can be generated correctly. It is
169		#' therefore better to always pre-process the dataset such that factors are manually created from character
170		#' variables before passing the dataset to [rtables::build_table()].
171		#'
172		#' @export
173		h_coxreg_inter_effect.character <- function(x,
174		effect,
175		covar,
176		mod,
177		label,
178		control,
179		data,
180		...) {
181	4x	y <- as.factor(x)
182
183	4x	h_coxreg_inter_effect(
184	4x	x = y,
185	4x	effect = effect,
186	4x	covar = covar,
187	4x	mod = mod,
188	4x	label = label,
189	4x	control = control,
190	4x	data = data,
191		...
192		)
193		}
194
195		#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter A higher level function to get
196		#' the results of the interaction test and the estimated values.
197		#'
198		#' @return
199		#' * `h_coxreg_extract_interaction()` returns the result of an interaction test and the estimated values. If
200		#' no interaction, [h_coxreg_univar_extract()] is applied instead.
201		#'
202		#' @examples
203		#' mod <- coxph(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd * covar1, data = dta_bladder)
204		#' h_coxreg_extract_interaction(
205		#' mod = mod, effect = "armcd", covar = "covar1", data = dta_bladder,
206		#' control = control_coxreg()
207		#' )
208		#'
209		#' @export
210		h_coxreg_extract_interaction <- function(effect,
211		covar,
212		mod,
213		data,
214		at,
215		control) {
216	27x	if (!any(attr(stats::terms(mod), "order") == 2)) {
217	10x	y <- h_coxreg_univar_extract(
218	10x	effect = effect, covar = covar, mod = mod, data = data, control = control
219		)
220	10x	y$pval_inter <- NA
221	10x	y
222		} else {
223	17x	test_statistic <- c(wald = "Wald", likelihood = "LR")[control$pval_method]
224
225		# Test the main treatment effect.
226	17x	mod_aov <- muffled_car_anova(mod, test_statistic)
227	17x	sum_anova <- broom::tidy(mod_aov)
228	17x	pval <- sum_anova[sum_anova$term == effect, ][["p.value"]]
229
230		# Test the interaction effect.
231	17x	pval_inter <- sum_anova[grep(":", sum_anova$term), ][["p.value"]]
232	17x	covar_test <- data.frame(
233	17x	effect = "Covariate:",
234	17x	term = covar,
235	17x	term_label = unname(labels_or_names(data[covar])),
236	17x	level = "",
237	17x	n = mod$n, hr = NA, lcl = NA, ucl = NA, pval = pval,
238	17x	pval_inter = pval_inter,
239	17x	stringsAsFactors = FALSE
240		)
241		# Estimate the interaction.
242	17x	y <- h_coxreg_inter_effect(
243	17x	data[[covar]],
244	17x	covar = covar,
245	17x	effect = effect,
246	17x	mod = mod,
247	17x	label = unname(labels_or_names(data[covar])),
248	17x	at = at,
249	17x	control = control,
250	17x	data = data
251		)
252	17x	rbind(covar_test, y)
253		}
254		}
255
256		#' @describeIn cox_regression_inter Hazard ratio estimation in interactions.
257		#'
258		#' @param variable,given (`string`)\cr the name of variables in interaction. We seek the estimation
259		#' of the levels of `variable` given the levels of `given`.
260		#' @param lvl_var,lvl_given (`character`)\cr corresponding levels has given by [levels()].
261		#' @param mod (`coxph`)\cr a fitted Cox regression model (see [survival::coxph()]).
262		#'
263		#' @details Given the cox regression investigating the effect of Arm (A, B, C; reference A)
264		#' and Sex (F, M; reference Female) and the model being abbreviated: y ~ Arm + Sex + Arm:Sex.
265		#' The cox regression estimates the coefficients along with a variance-covariance matrix for:
266		#'
267		#' - b1 (arm b), b2 (arm c)
268		#' - b3 (sex m)
269		#' - b4 (arm b: sex m), b5 (arm c: sex m)
270		#'
271		#' The estimation of the Hazard Ratio for arm C/sex M is given in reference
272		#' to arm A/Sex M by exp(b2 + b3 + b5)/ exp(b3) = exp(b2 + b5).
273		#' The interaction coefficient is deduced by b2 + b5 while the standard error
274		#' is obtained as $sqrt(Var b2 + Var b5 + 2 * covariance (b2,b5))$.
275		#'
276		#' @return
277		#' * `h_coxreg_inter_estimations()` returns a list of matrices (one per level of variable) with rows corresponding
278		#' to the combinations of `variable` and `given`, with columns:
279		#' * `coef_hat`: Estimation of the coefficient.
280		#' * `coef_se`: Standard error of the estimation.
281		#' * `hr`: Hazard ratio.
282		#' * `lcl, ucl`: Lower/upper confidence limit of the hazard ratio.
283		#'
284		#' @examples
285		#' mod <- coxph(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd * covar1, data = dta_bladder)
286		#' result <- h_coxreg_inter_estimations(
287		#' variable = "armcd", given = "covar1",
288		#' lvl_var = levels(dta_bladder$armcd),
289		#' lvl_given = levels(dta_bladder$covar1),
290		#' mod = mod, conf_level = .95
291		#' )
292		#' result
293		#'
294		#' @export
295		h_coxreg_inter_estimations <- function(variable,
296		given,
297		lvl_var,
298		lvl_given,
299		mod,
300		conf_level = 0.95) {
301	16x	var_lvl <- paste0(variable, lvl_var[-1]) # [-1]: reference level
302	16x	giv_lvl <- paste0(given, lvl_given)
303	16x	design_mat <- expand.grid(variable = var_lvl, given = giv_lvl)
304	16x	design_mat <- design_mat[order(design_mat$variable, design_mat$given), ]
305	16x	design_mat <- within(
306	16x	data = design_mat,
307	16x	expr = {
308	16x	inter <- paste0(variable, ":", given)
309	16x	rev_inter <- paste0(given, ":", variable)
310		}
311		)
312	16x	split_by_variable <- design_mat$variable
313	16x	interaction_names <- paste(design_mat$variable, design_mat$given, sep = "/")
314
315	16x	mmat <- stats::model.matrix(mod)[1, ]
316	16x	mmat[!mmat == 0] <- 0
317
318	16x	design_mat <- apply(
319	16x	X = design_mat, MARGIN = 1, FUN = function(x) {
320	46x	mmat[names(mmat) %in% x[-which(names(x) == "given")]] <- 1
321	46x	mmat
322		}
323		)
324	16x	colnames(design_mat) <- interaction_names
325
326	16x	coef <- stats::coef(mod)
327	16x	vcov <- stats::vcov(mod)
328	16x	betas <- as.matrix(coef)
329	16x	coef_hat <- t(design_mat) %*% betas
330	16x	dimnames(coef_hat)[2] <- "coef"
331	16x	coef_se <- apply(
332	16x	design_mat, 2,
333	16x	function(x) {
334	46x	vcov_el <- as.logical(x)
335	46x	y <- vcov[vcov_el, vcov_el]
336	46x	y <- sum(y)
337	46x	y <- sqrt(y)
338	46x	return(y)
339		}
340		)
341	16x	q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
342	16x	y <- cbind(coef_hat, `se(coef)` = coef_se)
343	16x	y <- apply(y, 1, function(x) {
344	46x	x["hr"] <- exp(x["coef"])
345	46x	x["lcl"] <- exp(x["coef"] - q_norm * x["se(coef)"])
346	46x	x["ucl"] <- exp(x["coef"] + q_norm * x["se(coef)"])
347	46x	x
348		})
349	16x	y <- t(y)
350	16x	y <- by(y, split_by_variable, identity)
351	16x	y <- lapply(y, as.matrix)
352	16x	attr(y, "details") <- paste0(
353	16x	"Estimations of ", variable,
354	16x	" hazard ratio given the level of ", given, " compared to ",
355	16x	variable, " level ", lvl_var[1], "."
356		)
357	16x	y
358		}

1		#' Helper Functions for Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern (STEP) Calculations
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Helper functions that are used internally for the STEP calculations.
6		#'
7		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
8		#'
9		#' @name h_step
10		#' @include control_step.R
11		NULL
12
13		#' @describeIn h_step creates the windows for STEP, based on the control settings
14		#' provided.
15		#'
16		#' @param x (`numeric`)\cr biomarker value(s) to use (without `NA`).
17		#' @param control (named `list`)\cr output from `control_step()`.
18		#'
19		#' @return
20		#' * `h_step_window()` returns a list containing the window-selection matrix `sel`
21		#' and the interval information matrix `interval`.
22		#'
23		#' @export
24		h_step_window <- function(x,
25		control = control_step()) {
26	12x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
27	12x	checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")
28
29	12x	sel <- matrix(FALSE, length(x), control$num_points)
30	12x	out <- matrix(0, control$num_points, 3)
31	12x	colnames(out) <- paste("Interval", c("Center", "Lower", "Upper"))
32	12x	if (control$use_percentile) {
33		# Create windows according to percentile cutoffs.
34	9x	out <- cbind(out, out)
35	9x	colnames(out)[1:3] <- paste("Percentile", c("Center", "Lower", "Upper"))
36	9x	xs <- seq(0, 1, length = control$num_points + 2)[-1]
37	9x	for (i in seq_len(control$num_points)) {
38	185x	out[i, 2:3] <- c(
39	185x	max(xs[i] - control$bandwidth, 0),
40	185x	min(xs[i] + control$bandwidth, 1)
41		)
42	185x	out[i, 5:6] <- stats::quantile(x, out[i, 2:3])
43	185x	sel[, i] <- x >= out[i, 5] & x <= out[i, 6]
44		}
45		# Center is the middle point of the percentile window.
46	9x	out[, 1] <- xs[-control$num_points - 1]
47	9x	out[, 4] <- stats::quantile(x, out[, 1])
48		} else {
49		# Create windows according to cutoffs.
50	3x	m <- c(min(x), max(x))
51	3x	xs <- seq(m[1], m[2], length = control$num_points + 2)[-1]
52	3x	for (i in seq_len(control$num_points)) {
53	11x	out[i, 2:3] <- c(
54	11x	max(xs[i] - control$bandwidth, m[1]),
55	11x	min(xs[i] + control$bandwidth, m[2])
56		)
57	11x	sel[, i] <- x >= out[i, 2] & x <= out[i, 3]
58		}
59		# Center is the same as the point for predicting.
60	3x	out[, 1] <- xs[-control$num_points - 1]
61		}
62	12x	list(sel = sel, interval = out)
63		}
64
65		#' @describeIn h_step calculates the estimated treatment effect estimate
66		#' on the linear predictor scale and corresponding standard error from a STEP `model` fitted
67		#' on `data` given `variables` specification, for a single biomarker value `x`.
68		#' This works for both `coxph` and `glm` models, i.e. for calculating log hazard ratio or log odds
69		#' ratio estimates.
70		#'
71		#' @param model the regression model object.
72		#'
73		#' @return
74		#' * `h_step_trt_effect()` returns a vector with elements `est` and `se`.
75		#'
76		#' @export
77		h_step_trt_effect <- function(data,
78		model,
79		variables,
80		x) {
81	208x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(model, c("coxph", "glm"))
82	208x	checkmate::assert_number(x)
83	208x	assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
84	208x	checkmate::assert_factor(data[[variables$arm]], n.levels = 2)
85
86	208x	newdata <- data[c(1, 1), ]
87	208x	newdata[, variables$biomarker] <- x
88	208x	newdata[, variables$arm] <- levels(data[[variables$arm]])
89	208x	model_terms <- stats::delete.response(stats::terms(model))
90	208x	model_frame <- stats::model.frame(model_terms, data = newdata, xlev = model$xlevels)
91	208x	mat <- stats::model.matrix(model_terms, data = model_frame, contrasts.arg = model$contrasts)
92	208x	coefs <- stats::coef(model)
93		# Note: It is important to use the coef subset from matrix, otherwise intercept and
94		# strata are included for coxph() models.
95	208x	mat <- mat[, names(coefs)]
96	208x	mat_diff <- diff(mat)
97	208x	est <- mat_diff %*% coefs
98	208x	var <- mat_diff %% stats::vcov(model) %% t(mat_diff)
99	208x	se <- sqrt(var)
100	208x	c(
101	208x	est = est,
102	208x	se = se
103		)
104		}
105
106		#' @describeIn h_step builds the model formula used in survival STEP calculations.
107		#'
108		#' @return
109		#' * `h_step_survival_formula()` returns a model formula.
110		#'
111		#' @export
112		h_step_survival_formula <- function(variables,
113		control = control_step()) {
114	10x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates, null.ok = TRUE)
115
116	10x	assert_list_of_variables(variables[c("arm", "biomarker", "event", "time")])
117	10x	form <- paste0("Surv(", variables$time, ", ", variables$event, ") ~ ", variables$arm)
118	10x	if (control$degree > 0) {
119	5x	form <- paste0(form, " * stats::poly(", variables$biomarker, ", degree = ", control$degree, ", raw = TRUE)")
120		}
121	10x	if (!is.null(variables$covariates)) {
122	6x	form <- paste(form, "+", paste(variables$covariates, collapse = "+"))
123		}
124	10x	if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
125	2x	form <- paste0(form, " + strata(", paste0(variables$strata, collapse = ", "), ")")
126		}
127	10x	stats::as.formula(form)
128		}
129
130		#' @describeIn h_step estimates the model with `formula` built based on
131		#' `variables` in `data` for a given `subset` and `control` parameters for the
132		#' Cox regression.
133		#'
134		#' @param formula (`formula`)\cr the regression model formula.
135		#' @param subset (`logical`)\cr subset vector.
136		#'
137		#' @return
138		#' * `h_step_survival_est()` returns a matrix of number of observations `n`,
139		#' `events`, log hazard ratio estimates `loghr`, standard error `se`,
140		#' and Wald confidence interval bounds `ci_lower` and `ci_upper`. One row is
141		#' included for each biomarker value in `x`.
142		#'
143		#' @export
144		h_step_survival_est <- function(formula,
145		data,
146		variables,
147		x,
148		subset = rep(TRUE, nrow(data)),
149		control = control_coxph()) {
150	55x	checkmate::assert_formula(formula)
151	55x	assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
152	55x	checkmate::assert_logical(subset, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
153	55x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
154	55x	checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")
155
156		# Note: `subset` in `coxph` needs to be an expression referring to `data` variables.
157	55x	data$.subset <- subset
158	55x	coxph_warnings <- NULL
159	55x	tryCatch(
160	55x	withCallingHandlers(
161	55x	expr = {
162	55x	fit <- survival::coxph(
163	55x	formula = formula,
164	55x	data = data,
165	55x	subset = .subset,
166	55x	ties = control$ties
167		)
168		},
169	55x	warning = function(w) {
170	1x	coxph_warnings <<- c(coxph_warnings, w)
171	1x	invokeRestart("muffleWarning")
172		}
173		),
174	55x	finally = {
175		}
176		)
177	55x	if (!is.null(coxph_warnings)) {
178	1x	warning(paste(
179	1x	"Fit warnings occurred, please consider using a simpler model, or",
180	1x	"larger `bandwidth`, less `num_points` in `control_step()` settings"
181		))
182		}
183		# Produce a matrix with one row per `x` and columns `est` and `se`.
184	55x	estimates <- t(vapply(
185	55x	X = x,
186	55x	FUN = h_step_trt_effect,
187	55x	FUN.VALUE = c(1, 2),
188	55x	data = data,
189	55x	model = fit,
190	55x	variables = variables
191		))
192	55x	q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + control$conf_level) / 2)
193	55x	cbind(
194	55x	n = fit$n,
195	55x	events = fit$nevent,
196	55x	loghr = estimates[, "est"],
197	55x	se = estimates[, "se"],
198	55x	ci_lower = estimates[, "est"] - q_norm * estimates[, "se"],
199	55x	ci_upper = estimates[, "est"] + q_norm * estimates[, "se"]
200		)
201		}
202
203		#' @describeIn h_step builds the model formula used in response STEP calculations.
204		#'
205		#' @return
206		#' * `h_step_rsp_formula()` returns a model formula.
207		#'
208		#' @export
209		h_step_rsp_formula <- function(variables,
210		control = c(control_step(), control_logistic())) {
211	14x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates, null.ok = TRUE)
212	14x	assert_list_of_variables(variables[c("arm", "biomarker", "response")])
213	14x	response_definition <- sub(
214	14x	pattern = "response",
215	14x	replacement = variables$response,
216	14x	x = control$response_definition,
217	14x	fixed = TRUE
218		)
219	14x	form <- paste0(response_definition, " ~ ", variables$arm)
220	14x	if (control$degree > 0) {
221	8x	form <- paste0(form, " * stats::poly(", variables$biomarker, ", degree = ", control$degree, ", raw = TRUE)")
222		}
223	14x	if (!is.null(variables$covariates)) {
224	8x	form <- paste(form, "+", paste(variables$covariates, collapse = "+"))
225		}
226	14x	if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
227	5x	strata_arg <- if (length(variables$strata) > 1) {
228	2x	paste0("I(interaction(", paste0(variables$strata, collapse = ", "), "))")
229		} else {
230	3x	variables$strata
231		}
232	5x	form <- paste0(form, "+ strata(", strata_arg, ")")
233		}
234	14x	stats::as.formula(form)
235		}
236
237		#' @describeIn h_step estimates the model with `formula` built based on
238		#' `variables` in `data` for a given `subset` and `control` parameters for the
239		#' logistic regression.
240		#'
241		#' @param formula (`formula`)\cr the regression model formula.
242		#' @param subset (`logical`)\cr subset vector.
243		#'
244		#' @return
245		#' * `h_step_rsp_est()` returns a matrix of number of observations `n`, log odds
246		#' ratio estimates `logor`, standard error `se`, and Wald confidence interval bounds
247		#' `ci_lower` and `ci_upper`. One row is included for each biomarker value in `x`.
248		#'
249		#' @export
250		h_step_rsp_est <- function(formula,
251		data,
252		variables,
253		x,
254		subset = rep(TRUE, nrow(data)),
255		control = control_logistic()) {
256	58x	checkmate::assert_formula(formula)
257	58x	assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
258	58x	checkmate::assert_logical(subset, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
259	58x	checkmate::assert_numeric(x, min.len = 1, any.missing = FALSE)
260	58x	checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")
261		# Note: `subset` in `glm` needs to be an expression referring to `data` variables.
262	58x	data$.subset <- subset
263	58x	fit_warnings <- NULL
264	58x	tryCatch(
265	58x	withCallingHandlers(
266	58x	expr = {
267	58x	fit <- if (is.null(variables$strata)) {
268	54x	stats::glm(
269	54x	formula = formula,
270	54x	data = data,
271	54x	subset = .subset,
272	54x	family = stats::binomial("logit")
273		)
274		} else {
275		# clogit needs coxph and strata imported
276	4x	survival::clogit(
277	4x	formula = formula,
278	4x	data = data,
279	4x	subset = .subset
280		)
281		}
282		},
283	58x	warning = function(w) {
284	19x	fit_warnings <<- c(fit_warnings, w)
285	19x	invokeRestart("muffleWarning")
286		}
287		),
288	58x	finally = {
289		}
290		)
291	58x	if (!is.null(fit_warnings)) {
292	13x	warning(paste(
293	13x	"Fit warnings occurred, please consider using a simpler model, or",
294	13x	"larger `bandwidth`, less `num_points` in `control_step()` settings"
295		))
296		}
297		# Produce a matrix with one row per `x` and columns `est` and `se`.
298	58x	estimates <- t(vapply(
299	58x	X = x,
300	58x	FUN = h_step_trt_effect,
301	58x	FUN.VALUE = c(1, 2),
302	58x	data = data,
303	58x	model = fit,
304	58x	variables = variables
305		))
306	58x	q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + control$conf_level) / 2)
307	58x	cbind(
308	58x	n = length(fit$y),
309	58x	logor = estimates[, "est"],
310	58x	se = estimates[, "se"],
311	58x	ci_lower = estimates[, "est"] - q_norm * estimates[, "se"],
312	58x	ci_upper = estimates[, "est"] + q_norm * estimates[, "se"]
313		)
314		}

1		#' Patient Counts for Laboratory Events (Worsen From Baseline) by Highest Grade Post-Baseline
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Patient count and fraction for laboratory events (worsen from baseline) shift table.
6		#'
7		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
8		#'
9		#' @seealso Relevant helper functions [h_adlb_worsen()] and [h_worsen_counter()]
10		#'
11		#' @name abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen
12		NULL
13
14		#' Helper Function to Prepare `ADLB` with Worst Labs
15		#'
16		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
17		#'
18		#' Helper function to prepare a `df` for generate the patient count shift table
19		#'
20		#' @param adlb (`data.frame`)\cr `ADLB` dataframe
21		#' @param worst_flag_low (named `vector`)\cr Worst low post-baseline lab grade flag variable
22		#' @param worst_flag_high (named `vector`)\cr Worst high post-baseline lab grade flag variable
23		#' @param direction_var (`string`)\cr Direction variable specifying the direction of the shift table of interest.
24		#' Only lab records flagged by `L`, `H` or `B` are included in the shift table.
25		#' * `L`: low direction only
26		#' * `H`: high direction only
27		#' * `B`: both low and high directions
28		#'
29		#' @return `h_adlb_worsen()` returns the `adlb` `data.frame` containing only the
30		#' worst labs specified according to `worst_flag_low` or `worst_flag_high` for the
31		#' direction specified according to `direction_var`. For instance, for a lab that is
32		#' needed for the low direction only, only records flagged by `worst_flag_low` are
33		#' selected. For a lab that is needed for both low and high directions, the worst
34		#' low records are selected for the low direction, and the worst high record are selected
35		#' for the high direction.
36		#'
37		#' @seealso [abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen]
38		#'
39		#' @examples
40		#' library(dplyr)
41		#'
42		#' # The direction variable, GRADDR, is based on metadata
43		#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>%
44		#' mutate(
45		#' GRADDR = case_when(
46		#' PARAMCD == "ALT" ~ "B",
47		#' PARAMCD == "CRP" ~ "L",
48		#' PARAMCD == "IGA" ~ "H"
49		#' )
50		#' ) %>%
51		#' filter(SAFFL == "Y" & ONTRTFL == "Y" & GRADDR != "")
52		#'
53		#' df <- h_adlb_worsen(
54		#' adlb,
55		#' worst_flag_low = c("WGRLOFL" = "Y"),
56		#' worst_flag_high = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y"),
57		#' direction_var = "GRADDR"
58		#' )
59		#'
60		#' @export
61		h_adlb_worsen <- function(adlb,
62		worst_flag_low = NULL,
63		worst_flag_high = NULL,
64		direction_var) {
65	5x	checkmate::assert_string(direction_var)
66	5x	checkmate::assert_subset(as.character(unique(adlb[[direction_var]])), c("B", "L", "H"))
67	5x	assert_df_with_variables(adlb, list("Col" = direction_var))
68
69	5x	if (any(unique(adlb[[direction_var]]) == "H")) {
70	4x	assert_df_with_variables(adlb, list("High" = names(worst_flag_high)))
71		}
72
73	5x	if (any(unique(adlb[[direction_var]]) == "L")) {
74	4x	assert_df_with_variables(adlb, list("Low" = names(worst_flag_low)))
75		}
76
77	5x	if (any(unique(adlb[[direction_var]]) == "B")) {
78	3x	assert_df_with_variables(
79	3x	adlb,
80	3x	list(
81	3x	"Low" = names(worst_flag_low),
82	3x	"High" = names(worst_flag_high)
83		)
84		)
85		}
86
87		# extract patients with worst post-baseline lab, either low or high or both
88	5x	worst_flag <- c(worst_flag_low, worst_flag_high)
89	5x	col_names <- names(worst_flag)
90	5x	filter_values <- worst_flag
91	5x	temp <- Map(
92	5x	function(x, y) which(adlb[[x]] == y),
93	5x	col_names,
94	5x	filter_values
95		)
96	5x	position_satisfy_filters <- Reduce(union, temp)
97
98		# select variables of interest
99	5x	adlb_f <- adlb[position_satisfy_filters, ]
100
101		# generate subsets for different directionality
102	5x	adlb_f_h <- adlb_f[which(adlb_f[[direction_var]] == "H"), ]
103	5x	adlb_f_l <- adlb_f[which(adlb_f[[direction_var]] == "L"), ]
104	5x	adlb_f_b <- adlb_f[which(adlb_f[[direction_var]] == "B"), ]
105
106		# for labs requiring both high and low, data is duplicated and will be stacked on top of each other
107	5x	adlb_f_b_h <- adlb_f_b
108	5x	adlb_f_b_l <- adlb_f_b
109
110		# extract data with worst lab
111	5x	if (!is.null(worst_flag_high) && !is.null(worst_flag_low)) {
112		# change H to High, L to Low
113	3x	adlb_f_h[[direction_var]] <- rep("High", nrow(adlb_f_h))
114	3x	adlb_f_l[[direction_var]] <- rep("Low", nrow(adlb_f_l))
115
116		# change, B to High and Low
117	3x	adlb_f_b_h[[direction_var]] <- rep("High", nrow(adlb_f_b_h))
118	3x	adlb_f_b_l[[direction_var]] <- rep("Low", nrow(adlb_f_b_l))
119
120	3x	adlb_out_h <- adlb_f_h[which(adlb_f_h[[names(worst_flag_high)]] == worst_flag_high), ]
121	3x	adlb_out_b_h <- adlb_f_b_h[which(adlb_f_b_h[[names(worst_flag_high)]] == worst_flag_high), ]
122	3x	adlb_out_l <- adlb_f_l[which(adlb_f_l[[names(worst_flag_low)]] == worst_flag_low), ]
123	3x	adlb_out_b_l <- adlb_f_b_l[which(adlb_f_b_l[[names(worst_flag_low)]] == worst_flag_low), ]
124
125	3x	out <- rbind(adlb_out_h, adlb_out_b_h, adlb_out_l, adlb_out_b_l)
126	2x	} else if (!is.null(worst_flag_high)) {
127	1x	adlb_f_h[[direction_var]] <- rep("High", nrow(adlb_f_h))
128	1x	adlb_f_b_h[[direction_var]] <- rep("High", nrow(adlb_f_b_h))
129
130	1x	adlb_out_h <- adlb_f_h[which(adlb_f_h[[names(worst_flag_high)]] == worst_flag_high), ]
131	1x	adlb_out_b_h <- adlb_f_b_h[which(adlb_f_b_h[[names(worst_flag_high)]] == worst_flag_high), ]
132
133	1x	out <- rbind(adlb_out_h, adlb_out_b_h)
134	1x	} else if (!is.null(worst_flag_low)) {
135	1x	adlb_f_l[[direction_var]] <- rep("Low", nrow(adlb_f_l))
136	1x	adlb_f_b_l[[direction_var]] <- rep("Low", nrow(adlb_f_b_l))
137
138	1x	adlb_out_l <- adlb_f_l[which(adlb_f_l[[names(worst_flag_low)]] == worst_flag_low), ]
139	1x	adlb_out_b_l <- adlb_f_b_l[which(adlb_f_b_l[[names(worst_flag_low)]] == worst_flag_low), ]
140
141	1x	out <- rbind(adlb_out_l, adlb_out_b_l)
142		}
143
144		# label
145	5x	formatters::var_labels(out) <- formatters::var_labels(adlb_f, fill = FALSE)
146		# NA
147	5x	out
148		}
149
150		#' Helper Function to Analyze Patients for [s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()]
151		#'
152		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
153		#'
154		#' Helper function to count the number of patients and the fraction of patients according to
155		#' highest post-baseline lab grade variable `.var`, baseline lab grade variable `baseline_var`,
156		#' and the direction of interest specified in `direction_var`.
157		#'
158		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
159		#' @inheritParams h_adlb_worsen
160		#' @param baseline_var (`string`)\cr baseline lab grade variable
161		#'
162		#' @return `h_worsen_counter()` returns the counts and fraction of patients
163		#' whose worst post-baseline lab grades are worse than their baseline grades, for
164		#' post-baseline worst grades "1", "2", "3", "4" and "Any".
165		#'
166		#' @seealso [abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen]
167		#'
168		#' @examples
169		#' library(dplyr)
170		#'
171		#' # The direction variable, GRADDR, is based on metadata
172		#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>%
173		#' mutate(
174		#' GRADDR = case_when(
175		#' PARAMCD == "ALT" ~ "B",
176		#' PARAMCD == "CRP" ~ "L",
177		#' PARAMCD == "IGA" ~ "H"
178		#' )
179		#' ) %>%
180		#' filter(SAFFL == "Y" & ONTRTFL == "Y" & GRADDR != "")
181		#'
182		#' df <- h_adlb_worsen(
183		#' adlb,
184		#' worst_flag_low = c("WGRLOFL" = "Y"),
185		#' worst_flag_high = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y"),
186		#' direction_var = "GRADDR"
187		#' )
188		#'
189		#' # `h_worsen_counter`
190		#' h_worsen_counter(
191		#' df %>% filter(PARAMCD == "CRP" & GRADDR == "Low"),
192		#' id = "USUBJID",
193		#' .var = "ATOXGR",
194		#' baseline_var = "BTOXGR",
195		#' direction_var = "GRADDR"
196		#' )
197		#'
198		#' @export
199		h_worsen_counter <- function(df, id, .var, baseline_var, direction_var) {
200	17x	checkmate::assert_string(id)
201	17x	checkmate::assert_string(.var)
202	17x	checkmate::assert_string(baseline_var)
203	17x	checkmate::assert_scalar(unique(df[[direction_var]]))
204	17x	checkmate::assert_subset(unique(df[[direction_var]]), c("High", "Low"))
205	17x	assert_df_with_variables(df, list(val = c(id, .var, baseline_var, direction_var)))
206
207		# remove post-baseline missing
208	17x	df <- df[df[[.var]] != "<Missing>", ]
209
210		# obtain directionality
211	17x	direction <- unique(df[[direction_var]])
212
213	17x	if (direction == "Low") {
214	10x	grade <- -1:-4
215	10x	worst_grade <- -4
216	7x	} else if (direction == "High") {
217	7x	grade <- 1:4
218	7x	worst_grade <- 4
219		}
220
221	17x	if (nrow(df) > 0) {
222	17x	by_grade <- lapply(grade, function(i) {
223		# filter baseline values that is less than i or <Missing>
224	68x	df_temp <- df[df[[baseline_var]] %in% c((i + sign(i) * -1):(-1 * worst_grade), "<Missing>"), ]
225		# num: number of patients with post-baseline worst lab equal to i
226	68x	num <- length(unique(df_temp[df_temp[[.var]] %in% i, id, drop = TRUE]))
227		# denom: number of patients with baseline values less than i or <missing> and post-baseline in the same direction
228	68x	denom <- length(unique(df_temp[[id]]))
229	68x	rm(df_temp)
230	68x	c(num = num, denom = denom)
231		})
232		} else {
233	!	by_grade <- lapply(1, function(i) {
234	!	c(num = 0, denom = 0)
235		})
236		}
237
238	17x	names(by_grade) <- as.character(seq_along(by_grade))
239
240		# baseline grade less 4 or missing
241	17x	df_temp <- df[!df[[baseline_var]] %in% worst_grade, ]
242
243		# denom: number of patients with baseline values less than 4 or <missing> and post-baseline in the same direction
244	17x	denom <- length(unique(df_temp[, id, drop = TRUE]))
245
246		# condition 1: missing baseline and in the direction of abnormality
247	17x	con1 <- which(df_temp[[baseline_var]] == "<Missing>" & df_temp[[.var]] %in% grade)
248	17x	df_temp_nm <- df_temp[which(df_temp[[baseline_var]] != "<Missing>" & df_temp[[.var]] %in% grade), ]
249
250		# condition 2: if post-baseline values are present then post-baseline values must be worse than baseline
251	17x	if (direction == "Low") {
252	10x	con2 <- which(as.numeric(as.character(df_temp_nm[[.var]])) < as.numeric(as.character(df_temp_nm[[baseline_var]])))
253		} else {
254	7x	con2 <- which(as.numeric(as.character(df_temp_nm[[.var]])) > as.numeric(as.character(df_temp_nm[[baseline_var]])))
255		}
256
257		# number of patients satisfy either conditions 1 or 2
258	17x	num <- length(unique(df_temp[union(con1, con2), id, drop = TRUE]))
259
260	17x	list(fraction = c(by_grade, list("Any" = c(num = num, denom = denom))))
261		}
262
263		#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen Statistics function for patients whose worst post-baseline
264		#' lab grades are worse than their baseline grades.
265		#'
266		#' @param variables (named `list` of `string`)\cr list of additional analysis variables including:
267		#' * `id` (`string`)\cr subject variable name.
268		#' * `baseline_var` (`string`)\cr name of the data column containing baseline toxicity variable.
269		#' * `direction_var` (`string`)\cr see `direction_var` for more details.
270		#'
271		#' @return
272		#' * `s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()` returns the counts and fraction of patients whose worst
273		#' post-baseline lab grades are worse than their baseline grades, for post-baseline worst grades
274		#' "1", "2", "3", "4" and "Any".
275		#'
276		#' @examples
277		#' library(dplyr)
278		#'
279		#' # The direction variable, GRADDR, is based on metadata
280		#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>%
281		#' mutate(
282		#' GRADDR = case_when(
283		#' PARAMCD == "ALT" ~ "B",
284		#' PARAMCD == "CRP" ~ "L",
285		#' PARAMCD == "IGA" ~ "H"
286		#' )
287		#' ) %>%
288		#' filter(SAFFL == "Y" & ONTRTFL == "Y" & GRADDR != "")
289		#'
290		#' df <- h_adlb_worsen(
291		#' adlb,
292		#' worst_flag_low = c("WGRLOFL" = "Y"),
293		#' worst_flag_high = c("WGRHIFL" = "Y"),
294		#' direction_var = "GRADDR"
295		#' )
296		#'
297		#' @keywords internal
298		s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline <- function(df, # nolint
299		.var = "ATOXGR",
300		variables = list(
301		id = "USUBJID",
302		baseline_var = "BTOXGR",
303		direction_var = "GRADDR"
304		)) {
305	1x	checkmate::assert_string(.var)
306	1x	checkmate::assert_set_equal(names(variables), c("id", "baseline_var", "direction_var"))
307	1x	checkmate::assert_string(variables$id)
308	1x	checkmate::assert_string(variables$baseline_var)
309	1x	checkmate::assert_string(variables$direction_var)
310	1x	assert_df_with_variables(df, c(aval = .var, variables[1:3]))
311	1x	assert_list_of_variables(variables)
312
313	1x	h_worsen_counter(df, variables$id, .var, variables$baseline_var, variables$direction_var)
314		}
315
316
317		#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun`
318		#' in `count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()`.
319		#'
320		#' @return
321		#' * `a_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()` returns the corresponding list with
322		#' formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
323		#'
324		#' @keywords internal
325		a_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline <- make_afun( # nolint
326		s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline,
327		.formats = c(fraction = format_fraction),
328		.ungroup_stats = "fraction"
329		)
330
331		#' @describeIn abnormal_by_worst_grade_worsen Layout-creating function which can take statistics function
332		#' arguments and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
333		#'
334		#' @return
335		#' * `count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting
336		#' functions, or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted
337		#' rows containing the statistics from `s_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline()` to the table layout.
338		#'
339		#' @examples
340		#' basic_table() %>%
341		#' split_cols_by("ARMCD") %>%
342		#' add_colcounts() %>%
343		#' split_rows_by("PARAMCD") %>%
344		#' split_rows_by("GRADDR") %>%
345		#' count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline(
346		#' var = "ATOXGR",
347		#' variables = list(
348		#' id = "USUBJID",
349		#' baseline_var = "BTOXGR",
350		#' direction_var = "GRADDR"
351		#' )
352		#' ) %>%
353		#' append_topleft("Direction of Abnormality") %>%
354		#' build_table(df = df, alt_counts_df = tern_ex_adsl)
355		#'
356		#' @export
357		count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline <- function(lyt, # nolint
358		var,
359		nested = TRUE,
360		...,
361		table_names = NULL,
362		.stats = NULL,
363		.formats = NULL,
364		.labels = NULL,
365		.indent_mods = NULL) {
366	1x	checkmate::assert_string(var)
367
368	1x	afun <- make_afun(
369	1x	a_count_abnormal_lab_worsen_by_baseline,
370	1x	.stats = .stats,
371	1x	.formats = .formats,
372	1x	.labels = .labels,
373	1x	.indent_mods = .indent_mods
374		)
375
376	1x	lyt <- analyze(
377	1x	lyt = lyt,
378	1x	vars = var,
379	1x	afun = afun,
380	1x	nested = nested,
381	1x	extra_args = list(...),
382	1x	show_labels = "hidden"
383		)
384
385	1x	lyt
386		}

1		#' Helper Function to create a new `SMQ` variable in `ADAE` by stacking `SMQ` and/or `CQ` records.
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Helper Function to create a new `SMQ` variable in `ADAE` that consists of all adverse events belonging to
6		#' selected Standardized/Customized queries. The new dataset will only contain records of the adverse events
7		#' belonging to any of the selected baskets. Remember that `na_level` must match the needed pre-processing
8		#' done with [df_explicit_na()] to have the desired output.
9		#'
10		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
11		#' @param baskets (`character`)\cr variable names of the selected Standardized/Customized queries.
12		#' @param smq_varlabel (`string`)\cr a label for the new variable created.
13		#' @param keys (`character`)\cr names of the key variables to be returned along with the new variable created.
14		#' @param aag_summary (`data.frame`)\cr containing the `SMQ` baskets and the levels of interest for the final `SMQ`
15		#' variable. This is useful when there are some levels of interest that are not observed in the `df` dataset.
16		#' The two columns of this dataset should be named `basket` and `basket_name`.
17		#'
18		#' @return `data.frame` with variables in `keys` taken from `df` and new variable `SMQ` containing
19		#' records belonging to the baskets selected via the `baskets` argument.
20		#'
21		#' @examples
22		#' adae <- tern_ex_adae[1:20, ] %>% df_explicit_na()
23		#' h_stack_by_baskets(df = adae)
24		#'
25		#' aag <- data.frame(
26		#' NAMVAR = c("CQ01NAM", "CQ02NAM", "SMQ01NAM", "SMQ02NAM"),
27		#' REFNAME = c(
28		#' "D.2.1.5.3/A.1.1.1.1 AESI", "X.9.9.9.9/Y.8.8.8.8 AESI",
29		#' "C.1.1.1.3/B.2.2.3.1 AESI", "C.1.1.1.3/B.3.3.3.3 AESI"
30		#' ),
31		#' SCOPE = c("", "", "BROAD", "BROAD"),
32		#' stringsAsFactors = FALSE
33		#' )
34		#'
35		#' basket_name <- character(nrow(aag))
36		#' cq_pos <- grep("^(CQ).+NAM$", aag$NAMVAR)
37		#' smq_pos <- grep("^(SMQ).+NAM$", aag$NAMVAR)
38		#' basket_name[cq_pos] <- aag$REFNAME[cq_pos]
39		#' basket_name[smq_pos] <- paste0(
40		#' aag$REFNAME[smq_pos], "(", aag$SCOPE[smq_pos], ")"
41		#' )
42		#'
43		#' aag_summary <- data.frame(
44		#' basket = aag$NAMVAR,
45		#' basket_name = basket_name,
46		#' stringsAsFactors = TRUE
47		#' )
48		#'
49		#' result <- h_stack_by_baskets(df = adae, aag_summary = aag_summary)
50		#' all(levels(aag_summary$basket_name) %in% levels(result$SMQ))
51		#'
52		#' h_stack_by_baskets(
53		#' df = adae,
54		#' aag_summary = NULL,
55		#' keys = c("STUDYID", "USUBJID", "AEDECOD", "ARM"),
56		#' baskets = "SMQ01NAM"
57		#' )
58		#'
59		#' @export
60		h_stack_by_baskets <- function(df,
61		baskets = grep("^(SMQ\|CQ).+NAM$", names(df), value = TRUE),
62		smq_varlabel = "Standardized MedDRA Query",
63		keys = c("STUDYID", "USUBJID", "ASTDTM", "AEDECOD", "AESEQ"),
64		aag_summary = NULL,
65		na_level = "<Missing>") {
66	5x	smq_nam <- baskets[startsWith(baskets, "SMQ")]
67		# SC corresponding to NAM
68	5x	smq_sc <- gsub(pattern = "NAM", replacement = "SC", x = smq_nam, fixed = TRUE)
69	5x	smq <- stats::setNames(smq_sc, smq_nam)
70
71	5x	checkmate::assert_character(baskets)
72	5x	checkmate::assert_string(smq_varlabel)
73	5x	checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
74	5x	checkmate::assert_true(all(startsWith(baskets, "SMQ") \| startsWith(baskets, "CQ")))
75	4x	checkmate::assert_true(all(endsWith(baskets, "NAM")))
76	3x	checkmate::assert_subset(baskets, names(df))
77	3x	checkmate::assert_subset(keys, names(df))
78	3x	checkmate::assert_subset(smq_sc, names(df))
79	3x	checkmate::assert_string(na_level)
80
81	3x	if (!is.null(aag_summary)) {
82	1x	assert_df_with_variables(
83	1x	df = aag_summary,
84	1x	variables = list(val = c("basket", "basket_name"))
85		)
86		# Warning in case there is no match between `aag_summary$basket` and `baskets` argument.
87		# Honestly, I think those should completely match. Target baskets should be the same.
88	1x	if (length(intersect(baskets, unique(aag_summary$basket))) == 0) {
89	!	warning("There are 0 baskets in common between aag_summary$basket and `baskets` argument.")
90		}
91		}
92
93	3x	var_labels <- c(formatters::var_labels(df[, keys]), "SMQ" = smq_varlabel)
94
95		# convert `na_level` records from baskets to NA for the later loop and from wide to long steps
96	3x	df[, c(baskets, smq_sc)][df[, c(baskets, smq_sc)] == na_level] <- NA
97
98	3x	if (all(is.na(df[, baskets]))) { # in case there is no level for the target baskets
99	1x	df_long <- df[-seq_len(nrow(df)), keys] # we just need an empty dataframe keeping all factor levels
100		} else {
101		# Concatenate SMQxxxNAM with corresponding SMQxxxSC
102	2x	df_cnct <- df[, c(keys, baskets[startsWith(baskets, "CQ")])]
103
104	2x	for (nam in names(smq)) {
105	4x	sc <- smq[nam] # SMQxxxSC corresponding to SMQxxxNAM
106	4x	nam_notna <- !is.na(df[[nam]])
107	4x	new_colname <- paste(nam, sc, sep = "_")
108	4x	df_cnct[nam_notna, new_colname] <- paste0(df[[nam]], "(", df[[sc]], ")")[nam_notna]
109		}
110
111	2x	df_cnct$unique_id <- seq(1, nrow(df_cnct))
112	2x	var_cols <- names(df_cnct)[!(names(df_cnct) %in% c(keys, "unique_id"))]
113		# have to convert df_cnct from tibble to dataframe
114		# as it throws a warning otherwise about rownames.
115		# tibble do not support rownames and reshape creates rownames
116
117	2x	df_long <- stats::reshape(
118	2x	data = as.data.frame(df_cnct),
119	2x	varying = var_cols,
120	2x	v.names = "SMQ",
121	2x	idvar = names(df_cnct)[names(df_cnct) %in% c(keys, "unique_id")],
122	2x	direction = "long",
123	2x	new.row.names = seq(prod(length(var_cols), nrow(df_cnct)))
124		)
125
126	2x	df_long <- df_long[!is.na(df_long[, "SMQ"]), !(names(df_long) %in% c("time", "unique_id"))]
127	2x	df_long$SMQ <- as.factor(df_long$SMQ)
128		}
129
130	3x	smq_levels <- setdiff(levels(df_long[["SMQ"]]), na_level)
131
132	3x	if (!is.null(aag_summary)) {
133		# A warning in case there is no match between df and aag_summary records
134	1x	if (length(intersect(smq_levels, unique(aag_summary$basket_name))) == 0) {
135	1x	warning("There are 0 basket levels in common between aag_summary$basket_name and df.")
136		}
137	1x	df_long[["SMQ"]] <- factor(
138	1x	df_long[["SMQ"]],
139	1x	levels = sort(
140	1x	c(
141	1x	smq_levels,
142	1x	setdiff(unique(aag_summary$basket_name), smq_levels)
143		)
144		)
145		)
146		} else {
147	2x	all_na_basket_flag <- vapply(df[, baskets], function(x) {
148	6x	all(is.na(x))
149	2x	}, FUN.VALUE = logical(1))
150	2x	all_na_basket <- baskets[all_na_basket_flag]
151
152	2x	df_long[["SMQ"]] <- factor(
153	2x	df_long[["SMQ"]],
154	2x	levels = sort(c(smq_levels, all_na_basket))
155		)
156		}
157	3x	formatters::var_labels(df_long) <- var_labels
158	3x	tibble::tibble(df_long)
159		}

1		#' Summary numeric variables in columns
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
4		#'
5		#' Layout-creating function which can be used for creating column-wise summary tables.
6		#' This function sets the analysis methods as column labels and is a wrapper for
7		#' [rtables::analyze_colvars()]. It was designed principally for PK tables.
8		#'
9		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
10		#' @inheritParams rtables::analyze_colvars
11		#' @param imp_rule (`character`)\cr imputation rule setting. Defaults to `NULL` for no imputation rule. Can
12		#' also be `"1/3"` to implement 1/3 imputation rule or `"1/2"` to implement 1/2 imputation rule. In order
13		#' to use an imputation rule, the `avalcat_var` argument must be specified. See [imputation_rule()]
14		#' for more details on imputation.
15		#' @param avalcat_var (`character`)\cr if `imp_rule` is not `NULL`, name of variable that indicates whether a
16		#' row in the data corresponds to an analysis value in category `"BLQ"`, `"LTR"`, `"<PCLLOQ"`, or none of
17		#' the above (defaults to `"AVALCAT1"`). Variable must be present in the data and should match the variable
18		#' used to calculate the `n_blq` statistic (if included in `.stats`).
19		#' @param cache (`flag`)\cr whether to store computed values in a temporary caching environment. This will
20		#' speed up calculations in large tables, but should be set to `FALSE` if the same `rtable` layout is
21		#' used for multiple tables with different data. Defaults to `FALSE`.
22		#' @param row_labels (`character`)\cr as this function works in columns space, usual `.labels`
23		#' character vector applies on the column space. You can change the row labels by defining this
24		#' parameter to a named character vector with names corresponding to the split values. It defaults
25		#' to `NULL` and if it contains only one `string`, it will duplicate that as a row label.
26		#' @param do_summarize_row_groups (`flag`)\cr defaults to `FALSE` and applies the analysis to the current
27		#' label rows. This is a wrapper of [rtables::summarize_row_groups()] and it can accept `labelstr`
28		#' to define row labels. This behavior is not supported as we never need to overload row labels.
29		#' @param split_col_vars (`flag`)\cr defaults to `TRUE` and puts the analysis results onto the columns.
30		#' This option allows you to add multiple instances of this functions, also in a nested fashion,
31		#' without adding more splits. This split must happen only one time on a single layout.
32		#'
33		#' @return
34		#' A layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions, or to [rtables::build_table()].
35		#' Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will summarize the given variables, arrange the output
36		#' in columns, and add it to the table layout.
37		#'
38		#' @note This is an experimental implementation of [rtables::summarize_row_groups()] and
39		#' [rtables::analyze_colvars()] that may be subjected to changes as `rtables` extends its
40		#' support to more complex analysis pipelines on the column space. For the same reasons,
41		#' we encourage to read the examples carefully and file issues for cases that differ from
42		#' them.
43		#'
44		#' Here `labelstr` behaves differently than usual. If it is not defined (default as `NULL`),
45		#' row labels are assigned automatically to the split values in case of `rtables::analyze_colvars`
46		#' (`do_summarize_row_groups = FALSE`, the default), and to the group label for
47		#' `do_summarize_row_groups = TRUE`.
48		#'
49		#' @seealso [analyze_vars()], [rtables::analyze_colvars()].
50		#'
51		#' @examples
52		#' library(dplyr)
53		#'
54		#' # Data preparation
55		#' adpp <- tern_ex_adpp %>% h_pkparam_sort()
56		#'
57		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
58		#' split_rows_by(var = "STRATA1", label_pos = "topleft") %>%
59		#' split_rows_by(
60		#' var = "SEX",
61		#' label_pos = "topleft",
62		#' child_label = "hidden"
63		#' ) %>% # Removes duplicated labels
64		#' analyze_vars_in_cols(vars = "AGE")
65		#' result <- build_table(lyt = lyt, df = adpp)
66		#' result
67		#'
68		#' # By selecting just some statistics and ad-hoc labels
69		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
70		#' split_rows_by(var = "ARM", label_pos = "topleft") %>%
71		#' split_rows_by(
72		#' var = "SEX",
73		#' label_pos = "topleft",
74		#' child_labels = "hidden",
75		#' split_fun = drop_split_levels
76		#' ) %>%
77		#' analyze_vars_in_cols(
78		#' vars = "AGE",
79		#' .stats = c("n", "cv", "geom_mean"),
80		#' .labels = c(
81		#' n = "aN",
82		#' cv = "aCV",
83		#' geom_mean = "aGeomMean"
84		#' )
85		#' )
86		#' result <- build_table(lyt = lyt, df = adpp)
87		#' result
88		#'
89		#' # Changing row labels
90		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
91		#' analyze_vars_in_cols(
92		#' vars = "AGE",
93		#' row_labels = "some custom label"
94		#' )
95		#' result <- build_table(lyt, df = adpp)
96		#' result
97		#'
98		#' # Pharmacokinetic parameters
99		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
100		#' split_rows_by(
101		#' var = "TLG_DISPLAY",
102		#' split_label = "PK Parameter",
103		#' label_pos = "topleft",
104		#' child_label = "hidden"
105		#' ) %>%
106		#' analyze_vars_in_cols(
107		#' vars = "AVAL"
108		#' )
109		#' result <- build_table(lyt, df = adpp)
110		#' result
111		#'
112		#' # Multiple calls (summarize label and analyze underneath)
113		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
114		#' split_rows_by(
115		#' var = "TLG_DISPLAY",
116		#' split_label = "PK Parameter",
117		#' label_pos = "topleft"
118		#' ) %>%
119		#' analyze_vars_in_cols(
120		#' vars = "AVAL",
121		#' do_summarize_row_groups = TRUE # does a summarize level
122		#' ) %>%
123		#' split_rows_by("SEX",
124		#' child_label = "hidden",
125		#' label_pos = "topleft"
126		#' ) %>%
127		#' analyze_vars_in_cols(
128		#' vars = "AVAL",
129		#' split_col_vars = FALSE # avoids re-splitting the columns
130		#' )
131		#' result <- build_table(lyt, df = adpp)
132		#' result
133		#'
134		#' @export
135		analyze_vars_in_cols <- function(lyt,
136		vars,
137		...,
138		.stats = c(
139		"n",
140		"mean",
141		"sd",
142		"se",
143		"cv",
144		"geom_cv"
145		),
146		.labels = c(
147		n = "n",
148		mean = "Mean",
149		sd = "SD",
150		se = "SE",
151		cv = "CV (%)",
152		geom_cv = "CV % Geometric Mean"
153		),
154		row_labels = NULL,
155		do_summarize_row_groups = FALSE,
156		split_col_vars = TRUE,
157		imp_rule = NULL,
158		avalcat_var = "AVALCAT1",
159		cache = FALSE,
160		.indent_mods = NULL,
161		nested = TRUE,
162		na_level = NULL,
163		.formats = NULL,
164		.aligns = NULL) {
165	10x	checkmate::assert_string(na_level, null.ok = TRUE)
166	10x	checkmate::assert_character(row_labels, null.ok = TRUE)
167	10x	checkmate::assert_int(.indent_mods, null.ok = TRUE)
168	10x	checkmate::assert_flag(nested)
169	10x	checkmate::assert_flag(split_col_vars)
170	10x	checkmate::assert_flag(do_summarize_row_groups)
171
172		# Filtering
173	10x	met_grps <- paste0("analyze_vars", c("_numeric", "_counts"))
174	10x	.stats <- get_stats(met_grps, stats_in = .stats)
175	10x	formats_v <- get_formats_from_stats(stats = .stats, formats_in = .formats)
176	10x	labels_v <- get_labels_from_stats(stats = .stats, labels_in = .labels)
177
178		# Check for vars in the case that one or more are used
179	10x	if (length(vars) == 1) {
180	7x	vars <- rep(vars, length(.stats))
181	3x	} else if (length(vars) != length(.stats)) {
182	1x	stop(
183	1x	"Analyzed variables (vars) does not have the same ",
184	1x	"number of elements of specified statistics (.stats)."
185		)
186		}
187
188	9x	if (split_col_vars) {
189		# Checking there is not a previous identical column split
190	8x	clyt <- tail(clayout(lyt), 1)[[1]]
191
192	8x	dummy_lyt <- split_cols_by_multivar(
193	8x	lyt = basic_table(),
194	8x	vars = vars,
195	8x	varlabels = labels_v
196		)
197
198	8x	if (any(sapply(clyt, identical, y = get_last_col_split(dummy_lyt)))) {
199	!	stop(
200	!	"Column split called again with the same values. ",
201	!	"This can create many unwanted columns. Please consider adding ",
202	!	"split_col_vars = FALSE to the last call of ",
203	!	deparse(sys.calls()[[sys.nframe() - 1]]), "."
204		)
205		}
206
207		# Main col split
208	8x	lyt <- split_cols_by_multivar(
209	8x	lyt = lyt,
210	8x	vars = vars,
211	8x	varlabels = labels_v
212		)
213		}
214
215	9x	env <- new.env() # create caching environment
216
217	9x	if (do_summarize_row_groups) {
218	2x	if (length(unique(vars)) > 1) {
219	!	stop("When using do_summarize_row_groups only one label level var should be inserted.")
220		}
221
222		# Function list for do_summarize_row_groups. Slightly different handling of labels
223	2x	cfun_list <- Map(
224	2x	function(stat, use_cache, cache_env) {
225	12x	function(u, .spl_context, labelstr, .df_row, ...) {
226		# Statistic
227	24x	var_row_val <- paste(
228	24x	gsub("\\._\\[\\[[0-9]+\\]\\]_\\.", "", paste(tail(.spl_context$cur_col_split_val, 1)[[1]], collapse = "_")),
229	24x	paste(.spl_context$value, collapse = "_"),
230	24x	sep = "_"
231		)
232	24x	if (use_cache) {
233	!	if (is.null(cache_env[[var_row_val]])) cache_env[[var_row_val]] <- s_summary(u, ...)
234	!	x_stats <- cache_env[[var_row_val]]
235		} else {
236	24x	x_stats <- s_summary(u, ...)
237		}
238
239	24x	if (is.null(imp_rule) \|\| !stat %in% c("mean", "sd", "cv", "geom_mean", "geom_cv", "median", "min", "max")) {
240	24x	res <- x_stats[[stat]]
241		} else {
242	!	res_imp <- imputation_rule(
243	!	.df_row, x_stats, stat,
244	!	imp_rule = imp_rule, post = as.numeric(tail(.spl_context$value, 1)) > 0, avalcat_var = avalcat_var
245		)
246	!	res <- res_imp[["val"]]
247	!	na_level <- res_imp[["na_level"]]
248		}
249
250		# Label check and replacement
251	24x	if (length(row_labels) > 1) {
252	12x	if (!(labelstr %in% names(row_labels))) {
253	!	stop(
254	!	"Replacing the labels in do_summarize_row_groups needs a named vector",
255	!	"that contains the split values. In the current split variable ",
256	!	.spl_context$split[nrow(.spl_context)],
257	!	" the labelstr value (split value by default) ", labelstr, " is not in",
258	!	" row_labels names: ", names(row_labels)
259		)
260		}
261	12x	lbl <- unlist(row_labels[labelstr])
262		} else {
263	12x	lbl <- labelstr
264		}
265
266		# Cell creation
267	24x	rcell(res,
268	24x	label = lbl,
269	24x	format = formats_v[names(formats_v) == stat][[1]],
270	24x	format_na_str = na_level,
271	24x	indent_mod = ifelse(is.null(.indent_mods), 0L, .indent_mods),
272	24x	align = .aligns
273		)
274		}
275		},
276	2x	stat = .stats,
277	2x	use_cache = cache,
278	2x	cache_env = replicate(length(.stats), env)
279		)
280
281		# Main call to rtables
282	2x	summarize_row_groups(
283	2x	lyt = lyt,
284	2x	var = unique(vars),
285	2x	cfun = cfun_list,
286	2x	extra_args = list(...)
287		)
288		} else {
289		# Function list for analyze_colvars
290	7x	afun_list <- Map(
291	7x	function(stat, use_cache, cache_env) {
292	32x	function(u, .spl_context, .df_row, ...) {
293		# Main statistics
294	210x	var_row_val <- paste(
295	210x	gsub("\\._\\[\\[[0-9]+\\]\\]_\\.", "", paste(tail(.spl_context$cur_col_split_val, 1)[[1]], collapse = "_")),
296	210x	paste(.spl_context$value, collapse = "_"),
297	210x	sep = "_"
298		)
299	210x	if (use_cache) {
300	16x	if (is.null(cache_env[[var_row_val]])) cache_env[[var_row_val]] <- s_summary(u, ...)
301	56x	x_stats <- cache_env[[var_row_val]]
302		} else {
303	154x	x_stats <- s_summary(u, ...)
304		}
305
306	210x	if (is.null(imp_rule) \|\| !stat %in% c("mean", "sd", "cv", "geom_mean", "geom_cv", "median", "min", "max")) {
307	170x	res <- x_stats[[stat]]
308		} else {
309	40x	res_imp <- imputation_rule(
310	40x	.df_row, x_stats, stat,
311	40x	imp_rule = imp_rule, post = as.numeric(tail(.spl_context$value, 1)) > 0, avalcat_var = avalcat_var
312		)
313	40x	res <- res_imp[["val"]]
314	40x	na_level <- res_imp[["na_level"]]
315		}
316
317	210x	if (is.list(res)) {
318	19x	if (length(res) > 1) {
319	1x	stop("The analyzed column produced more than one category of results.")
320		} else {
321	18x	res <- unlist(res)
322		}
323		}
324
325		# Label from context
326	209x	label_from_context <- .spl_context$value[nrow(.spl_context)]
327
328		# Label switcher
329	209x	if (is.null(row_labels)) {
330	149x	lbl <- label_from_context
331		} else {
332	60x	if (length(row_labels) > 1) {
333	48x	if (!(label_from_context %in% names(row_labels))) {
334	!	stop(
335	!	"Replacing the labels in do_summarize_row_groups needs a named vector",
336	!	"that contains the split values. In the current split variable ",
337	!	.spl_context$split[nrow(.spl_context)],
338	!	" the split value ", label_from_context, " is not in",
339	!	" row_labels names: ", names(row_labels)
340		)
341		}
342	48x	lbl <- unlist(row_labels[label_from_context])
343		} else {
344	12x	lbl <- row_labels
345		}
346		}
347
348		# Cell creation
349	209x	rcell(res,
350	209x	label = lbl,
351	209x	format = formats_v[names(formats_v) == stat][[1]],
352	209x	format_na_str = na_level,
353	209x	indent_mod = ifelse(is.null(.indent_mods), 0L, .indent_mods),
354	209x	align = .aligns
355		)
356		}
357		},
358	7x	stat = .stats,
359	7x	use_cache = cache,
360	7x	cache_env = replicate(length(.stats), env)
361		)
362
363		# Main call to rtables
364	7x	analyze_colvars(lyt,
365	7x	afun = afun_list,
366	7x	nested = nested,
367	7x	extra_args = list(...)
368		)
369		}
370		}
371
372		# Help function
373		get_last_col_split <- function(lyt) {
374	1x	tail(tail(clayout(lyt), 1)[[1]], 1)[[1]]
375		}

1		#' Controls for Cox Regression
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Sets a list of parameters for Cox regression fit. Used internally.
6		#'
7		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
8		#' @param pval_method (`string`)\cr the method used for estimation of p.values; `wald` (default) or `likelihood`.
9		#' @param interaction (`flag`)\cr if `TRUE`, the model includes the interaction between the studied
10		#' treatment and candidate covariate. Note that for univariate models without treatment arm, and
11		#' multivariate models, no interaction can be used so that this needs to be `FALSE`.
12		#' @param ties (`string`)\cr among `exact` (equivalent to `DISCRETE` in SAS), `efron` and `breslow`,
13		#' see [survival::coxph()]. Note: there is no equivalent of SAS `EXACT` method in R.
14		#'
15		#' @return A `list` of items with names corresponding to the arguments.
16		#'
17		#' @seealso [fit_coxreg_univar()] and [fit_coxreg_multivar()].
18		#'
19		#' @examples
20		#' control_coxreg()
21		#'
22		#' @export
23		control_coxreg <- function(pval_method = c("wald", "likelihood"),
24		ties = c("exact", "efron", "breslow"),
25		conf_level = 0.95,
26		interaction = FALSE) {
27	43x	pval_method <- match.arg(pval_method)
28	43x	ties <- match.arg(ties)
29	43x	checkmate::assert_flag(interaction)
30	43x	assert_proportion_value(conf_level)
31	43x	list(
32	43x	pval_method = pval_method,
33	43x	ties = ties,
34	43x	conf_level = conf_level,
35	43x	interaction = interaction
36		)
37		}
38
39		#' Custom Tidy Methods for Cox Regression
40		#'
41		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
42		#'
43		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
44		#' @param x (`list`)\cr Result of the Cox regression model fitted by [fit_coxreg_univar()] (for univariate models)
45		#' or [fit_coxreg_multivar()] (for multivariate models).
46		#'
47		#' @return [tidy()] returns:
48		#' * For `summary.coxph` objects, a `data.frame` with columns: `Pr(>\|z\|)`, `exp(coef)`, `exp(-coef)`, `lower .95`,
49		#' `upper .95`, `level`, and `n`.
50		#' * For `coxreg.univar` objects, a `data.frame` with columns: `effect`, `term`, `term_label`, `level`, `n`, `hr`,
51		#' `lcl`, `ucl`, `pval`, and `ci`.
52		#' * For `coxreg.multivar` objects, a `data.frame` with columns: `term`, `pval`, `term_label`, `hr`, `lcl`, `ucl`,
53		#' `level`, and `ci`.
54		#'
55		#' @seealso [cox_regression]
56		#'
57		#' @name tidy_coxreg
58		NULL
59
60		#' @describeIn tidy_coxreg Custom tidy method for [survival::coxph()] summary results.
61		#'
62		#' Tidy the [survival::coxph()] results into a `data.frame` to extract model results.
63		#'
64		#' @method tidy summary.coxph
65		#'
66		#' @examples
67		#' library(survival)
68		#' library(broom)
69		#'
70		#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
71		#'
72		#' dta_bladder <- with(
73		#' data = bladder[bladder$enum < 5, ],
74		#' data.frame(
75		#' time = stop,
76		#' status = event,
77		#' armcd = as.factor(rx),
78		#' covar1 = as.factor(enum),
79		#' covar2 = factor(
80		#' sample(as.factor(enum)),
81		#' levels = 1:4, labels = c("F", "F", "M", "M")
82		#' )
83		#' )
84		#' )
85		#' labels <- c("armcd" = "ARM", "covar1" = "A Covariate Label", "covar2" = "Sex (F/M)")
86		#' formatters::var_labels(dta_bladder)[names(labels)] <- labels
87		#' dta_bladder$age <- sample(20:60, size = nrow(dta_bladder), replace = TRUE)
88		#'
89		#' formula <- "survival::Surv(time, status) ~ armcd + covar1"
90		#' msum <- summary(coxph(stats::as.formula(formula), data = dta_bladder))
91		#' tidy(msum)
92		#'
93		#' @export
94		tidy.summary.coxph <- function(x, # nolint
95		...) {
96	124x	checkmate::assert_class(x, "summary.coxph")
97	124x	pval <- x$coefficients
98	124x	confint <- x$conf.int
99	124x	levels <- rownames(pval)
100
101	124x	pval <- tibble::as_tibble(pval)
102	124x	confint <- tibble::as_tibble(confint)
103
104	124x	ret <- cbind(pval[, grepl("Pr", names(pval))], confint)
105	124x	ret$level <- levels
106	124x	ret$n <- x[["n"]]
107	124x	ret
108		}
109
110		#' @describeIn tidy_coxreg Custom tidy method for a univariate Cox regression.
111		#'
112		#' Tidy up the result of a Cox regression model fitted by [fit_coxreg_univar()].
113		#'
114		#' @method tidy coxreg.univar
115		#'
116		#' @examples
117		#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate.
118		#' mod1 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
119		#' variables = list(
120		#' time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
121		#' covariates = "covar1"
122		#' ),
123		#' data = dta_bladder,
124		#' control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91)
125		#' )
126		#'
127		#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate + interaction, 2 candidate covariates.
128		#' mod2 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
129		#' variables = list(
130		#' time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
131		#' covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
132		#' ),
133		#' data = dta_bladder,
134		#' control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91, interaction = TRUE)
135		#' )
136		#'
137		#' tidy(mod1)
138		#' tidy(mod2)
139		#'
140		#' @export
141		tidy.coxreg.univar <- function(x, # nolint
142		...) {
143	29x	checkmate::assert_class(x, "coxreg.univar")
144	29x	mod <- x$mod
145	29x	vars <- c(x$vars$arm, x$vars$covariates)
146	29x	has_arm <- "arm" %in% names(x$vars)
147
148	29x	result <- if (!has_arm) {
149	5x	Map(
150	5x	mod = mod, vars = vars,
151	5x	f = function(mod, vars) {
152	6x	h_coxreg_multivar_extract(
153	6x	var = vars,
154	6x	data = x$data,
155	6x	mod = mod,
156	6x	control = x$control
157		)
158		}
159		)
160	29x	} else if (x$control$interaction) {
161	10x	Map(
162	10x	mod = mod, covar = vars,
163	10x	f = function(mod, covar) {
164	22x	h_coxreg_extract_interaction(
165	22x	effect = x$vars$arm, covar = covar, mod = mod, data = x$data,
166	22x	at = x$at, control = x$control
167		)
168		}
169		)
170		} else {
171	14x	Map(
172	14x	mod = mod, vars = vars,
173	14x	f = function(mod, vars) {
174	36x	h_coxreg_univar_extract(
175	36x	effect = x$vars$arm, covar = vars, data = x$data, mod = mod,
176	36x	control = x$control
177		)
178		}
179		)
180		}
181	29x	result <- do.call(rbind, result)
182
183	29x	result$ci <- Map(lcl = result$lcl, ucl = result$ucl, f = function(lcl, ucl) c(lcl, ucl))
184	29x	result$n <- lapply(result$n, empty_vector_if_na)
185	29x	result$ci <- lapply(result$ci, empty_vector_if_na)
186	29x	result$hr <- lapply(result$hr, empty_vector_if_na)
187	29x	if (x$control$interaction) {
188	10x	result$pval_inter <- lapply(result$pval_inter, empty_vector_if_na)
189		# Remove interaction p-values due to change in specifications.
190	10x	result$pval[result$effect != "Treatment:"] <- NA
191		}
192	29x	result$pval <- lapply(result$pval, empty_vector_if_na)
193	29x	attr(result, "conf_level") <- x$control$conf_level
194	29x	result
195		}
196
197		#' @describeIn tidy_coxreg Custom tidy method for a multivariate Cox regression.
198		#'
199		#' Tidy up the result of a Cox regression model fitted by [fit_coxreg_multivar()].
200		#'
201		#' @method tidy coxreg.multivar
202		#'
203		#' @examples
204		#' multivar_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(
205		#' variables = list(
206		#' time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
207		#' covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
208		#' ),
209		#' data = dta_bladder
210		#' )
211		#' broom::tidy(multivar_model)
212		#'
213		#' @export
214		tidy.coxreg.multivar <- function(x, # nolint
215		...) {
216	8x	checkmate::assert_class(x, "coxreg.multivar")
217	8x	vars <- c(x$vars$arm, x$vars$covariates)
218
219		# Convert the model summaries to data.
220	8x	result <- Map(
221	8x	vars = vars,
222	8x	f = function(vars) {
223	28x	h_coxreg_multivar_extract(
224	28x	var = vars, data = x$data,
225	28x	mod = x$mod, control = x$control
226		)
227		}
228		)
229	8x	result <- do.call(rbind, result)
230
231	8x	result$ci <- Map(lcl = result$lcl, ucl = result$ucl, f = function(lcl, ucl) c(lcl, ucl))
232	8x	result$ci <- lapply(result$ci, empty_vector_if_na)
233	8x	result$hr <- lapply(result$hr, empty_vector_if_na)
234	8x	result$pval <- lapply(result$pval, empty_vector_if_na)
235	8x	result <- result[, names(result) != "n"]
236	8x	attr(result, "conf_level") <- x$control$conf_level
237
238	8x	result
239		}
240
241		#' Fits for Cox Proportional Hazards Regression
242		#'
243		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
244		#'
245		#' Fitting functions for univariate and multivariate Cox regression models.
246		#'
247		#' @param variables (`list`)\cr a named list corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`, passed as a named
248		#' list and corresponding to `time`, `event`, `arm`, `strata`, and `covariates` terms. If `arm` is missing from
249		#' `variables`, then only Cox model(s) including the `covariates` will be fitted and the corresponding effect
250		#' estimates will be tabulated later.
251		#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr the dataset containing the variables to fit the models.
252		#' @param at (`list` of `numeric`)\cr when the candidate covariate is a `numeric`, use `at` to specify
253		#' the value of the covariate at which the effect should be estimated.
254		#' @param control (`list`)\cr a list of parameters as returned by the helper function [control_coxreg()].
255		#'
256		#' @seealso [h_cox_regression] for relevant helper functions, [cox_regression].
257		#'
258		#' @examples
259		#' library(survival)
260		#'
261		#' set.seed(1, kind = "Mersenne-Twister")
262		#'
263		#' # Testing dataset [survival::bladder].
264		#' dta_bladder <- with(
265		#' data = bladder[bladder$enum < 5, ],
266		#' data.frame(
267		#' time = stop,
268		#' status = event,
269		#' armcd = as.factor(rx),
270		#' covar1 = as.factor(enum),
271		#' covar2 = factor(
272		#' sample(as.factor(enum)),
273		#' levels = 1:4, labels = c("F", "F", "M", "M")
274		#' )
275		#' )
276		#' )
277		#' labels <- c("armcd" = "ARM", "covar1" = "A Covariate Label", "covar2" = "Sex (F/M)")
278		#' formatters::var_labels(dta_bladder)[names(labels)] <- labels
279		#' dta_bladder$age <- sample(20:60, size = nrow(dta_bladder), replace = TRUE)
280		#'
281		#' plot(
282		#' survfit(Surv(time, status) ~ armcd + covar1, data = dta_bladder),
283		#' lty = 2:4,
284		#' xlab = "Months",
285		#' col = c("blue1", "blue2", "blue3", "blue4", "red1", "red2", "red3", "red4")
286		#' )
287		#'
288		#' @name fit_coxreg
289		NULL
290
291		#' @describeIn fit_coxreg Fit a series of univariate Cox regression models given the inputs.
292		#'
293		#' @return
294		#' * `fit_coxreg_univar()` returns a `coxreg.univar` class object which is a named `list`
295		#' with 5 elements:
296		#' * `mod`: Cox regression models fitted by [survival::coxph()].
297		#' * `data`: The original data frame input.
298		#' * `control`: The original control input.
299		#' * `vars`: The variables used in the model.
300		#' * `at`: Value of the covariate at which the effect should be estimated.
301		#'
302		#' @note When using `fit_coxreg_univar` there should be two study arms.
303		#'
304		#' @examples
305		#' # fit_coxreg_univar
306		#'
307		#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate.
308		#' mod1 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
309		#' variables = list(
310		#' time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
311		#' covariates = "covar1"
312		#' ),
313		#' data = dta_bladder,
314		#' control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91)
315		#' )
316		#'
317		#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate + interaction, 2 candidate covariates.
318		#' mod2 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
319		#' variables = list(
320		#' time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
321		#' covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
322		#' ),
323		#' data = dta_bladder,
324		#' control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91, interaction = TRUE)
325		#' )
326		#'
327		#' ## Cox regression: arm + 1 covariate, stratified analysis.
328		#' mod3 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
329		#' variables = list(
330		#' time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd", strata = "covar2",
331		#' covariates = c("covar1")
332		#' ),
333		#' data = dta_bladder,
334		#' control = control_coxreg(conf_level = 0.91)
335		#' )
336		#'
337		#' ## Cox regression: no arm, only covariates.
338		#' mod4 <- fit_coxreg_univar(
339		#' variables = list(
340		#' time = "time", event = "status",
341		#' covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
342		#' ),
343		#' data = dta_bladder
344		#' )
345		#'
346		#' @export
347		fit_coxreg_univar <- function(variables,
348		data,
349		at = list(),
350		control = control_coxreg()) {
351	34x	checkmate::assert_list(variables, names = "named")
352	34x	has_arm <- "arm" %in% names(variables)
353	34x	arm_name <- if (has_arm) "arm" else NULL
354
355	34x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates, null.ok = TRUE)
356
357	34x	assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
358	34x	assert_list_of_variables(variables[c(arm_name, "event", "time")])
359
360	34x	if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
361	4x	checkmate::assert_disjunct(control$pval_method, "likelihood")
362		}
363	33x	if (has_arm) {
364	27x	assert_df_with_factors(data, list(val = variables$arm), min.levels = 2, max.levels = 2)
365		}
366	32x	vars <- unlist(variables[c(arm_name, "covariates", "strata")], use.names = FALSE)
367	32x	for (i in vars) {
368	73x	if (is.factor(data[[i]])) {
369	63x	attr(data[[i]], "levels") <- levels(droplevels(data[[i]]))
370		}
371		}
372	32x	forms <- h_coxreg_univar_formulas(variables, interaction = control$interaction)
373	32x	mod <- lapply(
374	32x	forms, function(x) {
375	69x	survival::coxph(formula = stats::as.formula(x), data = data, ties = control$ties)
376		}
377		)
378	32x	structure(
379	32x	list(
380	32x	mod = mod,
381	32x	data = data,
382	32x	control = control,
383	32x	vars = variables,
384	32x	at = at
385		),
386	32x	class = "coxreg.univar"
387		)
388		}
389
390		#' @describeIn fit_coxreg Fit a multivariate Cox regression model.
391		#'
392		#' @return
393		#' * `fit_coxreg_multivar()` returns a `coxreg.multivar` class object which is a named list
394		#' with 4 elements:
395		#' * `mod`: Cox regression model fitted by [survival::coxph()].
396		#' * `data`: The original data frame input.
397		#' * `control`: The original control input.
398		#' * `vars`: The variables used in the model.
399		#'
400		#' @examples
401		#' # fit_coxreg_multivar
402		#'
403		#' ## Cox regression: multivariate Cox regression.
404		#' multivar_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(
405		#' variables = list(
406		#' time = "time", event = "status", arm = "armcd",
407		#' covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
408		#' ),
409		#' data = dta_bladder
410		#' )
411		#'
412		#' # Example without treatment arm.
413		#' multivar_covs_model <- fit_coxreg_multivar(
414		#' variables = list(
415		#' time = "time", event = "status",
416		#' covariates = c("covar1", "covar2")
417		#' ),
418		#' data = dta_bladder
419		#' )
420		#'
421		#' @export
422		fit_coxreg_multivar <- function(variables,
423		data,
424		control = control_coxreg()) {
425	51x	checkmate::assert_list(variables, names = "named")
426	51x	has_arm <- "arm" %in% names(variables)
427	51x	arm_name <- if (has_arm) "arm" else NULL
428
429	51x	if (!is.null(variables$covariates)) {
430	13x	checkmate::assert_character(variables$covariates)
431		}
432
433	51x	checkmate::assert_false(control$interaction)
434	51x	assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
435	51x	assert_list_of_variables(variables[c(arm_name, "event", "time")])
436
437	51x	if (!is.null(variables$strata)) {
438	3x	checkmate::assert_disjunct(control$pval_method, "likelihood")
439		}
440
441	50x	form <- h_coxreg_multivar_formula(variables)
442	50x	mod <- survival::coxph(
443	50x	formula = stats::as.formula(form),
444	50x	data = data,
445	50x	ties = control$ties
446		)
447	50x	structure(
448	50x	list(
449	50x	mod = mod,
450	50x	data = data,
451	50x	control = control,
452	50x	vars = variables
453		),
454	50x	class = "coxreg.multivar"
455		)
456		}
457
458		#' Muffled `car::Anova`
459		#'
460		#' Applied on survival models, [car::Anova()] signal that the `strata` terms is dropped from the model formula when
461		#' present, this function deliberately muffles this message.
462		#'
463		#' @param mod (`coxph`)\cr Cox regression model fitted by [survival::coxph()].
464		#' @param test_statistic (`string`)\cr the method used for estimation of p.values; `wald` (default) or `likelihood`.
465		#'
466		#' @return Returns the output of [car::Anova()], with convergence message muffled.
467		#'
468		#' @keywords internal
469		muffled_car_anova <- function(mod, test_statistic) {
470	142x	tryCatch(
471	142x	withCallingHandlers(
472	142x	expr = {
473	142x	car::Anova(
474	142x	mod,
475	142x	test.statistic = test_statistic,
476	142x	type = "III"
477		)
478		},
479	142x	message = function(m) invokeRestart("muffleMessage"),
480	142x	error = function(e) {
481	1x	stop(paste(
482	1x	"the model seems to have convergence problems, please try to change",
483	1x	"the configuration of covariates or strata variables, e.g.",
484	1x	"- original error:", e
485		))
486		}
487		)
488		)
489		}

1		#' Tabulate Binary Response by Subgroup
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Tabulate statistics such as response rate and odds ratio for population subgroups.
6		#'
7		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
8		#'
9		#' @details These functions create a layout starting from a data frame which contains
10		#' the required statistics. Tables typically used as part of forest plot.
11		#'
12		#' @seealso [extract_rsp_subgroups()]
13		#'
14		#' @examples
15		#' library(dplyr)
16		#' library(forcats)
17		#'
18		#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
19		#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs)
20		#'
21		#' adrs_f <- adrs %>%
22		#' filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
23		#' filter(ARM %in% c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")) %>%
24		#' droplevels() %>%
25		#' mutate(
26		#' # Reorder levels of factor to make the placebo group the reference arm.
27		#' ARM = fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo"),
28		#' rsp = AVALC == "CR"
29		#' )
30		#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(adrs_labels, "Response")
31		#'
32		#' # Unstratified analysis.
33		#' df <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
34		#' variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
35		#' data = adrs_f
36		#' )
37		#' df
38		#'
39		#' @name response_subgroups
40		NULL
41
42		#' Prepares Response Data for Population Subgroups in Data Frames
43		#'
44		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
45		#'
46		#' Prepares response rates and odds ratios for population subgroups in data frames. Simple wrapper
47		#' for [h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df()] and [h_proportion_subgroups_df()]. Result is a list of two
48		#' `data.frames`: `prop` and `or`. `variables` corresponds to the names of variables found in `data`,
49		#' passed as a named `list` and requires elements `rsp`, `arm` and optionally `subgroups` and `strat`.
50		#' `groups_lists` optionally specifies groupings for `subgroups` variables.
51		#'
52		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
53		#' @inheritParams response_subgroups
54		#' @param label_all (`string`)\cr label for the total population analysis.
55		#'
56		#' @return A named list of two elements:
57		#' * `prop`: A `data.frame` containing columns `arm`, `n`, `n_rsp`, `prop`, `subgroup`, `var`,
58		#' `var_label`, and `row_type`.
59		#' * `or`: A `data.frame` containing columns `arm`, `n_tot`, `or`, `lcl`, `ucl`, `conf_level`,
60		#' `subgroup`, `var`, `var_label`, and `row_type`.
61		#'
62		#' @seealso [response_subgroups]
63		#'
64		#' @examples
65		#' library(dplyr)
66		#' library(forcats)
67		#'
68		#' adrs <- tern_ex_adrs
69		#' adrs_labels <- formatters::var_labels(adrs)
70		#'
71		#' adrs_f <- adrs %>%
72		#' filter(PARAMCD == "BESRSPI") %>%
73		#' filter(ARM %in% c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")) %>%
74		#' droplevels() %>%
75		#' mutate(
76		#' # Reorder levels of factor to make the placebo group the reference arm.
77		#' ARM = fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo"),
78		#' rsp = AVALC == "CR"
79		#' )
80		#' formatters::var_labels(adrs_f) <- c(adrs_labels, "Response")
81		#'
82		#' # Unstratified analysis.
83		#' df <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
84		#' variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
85		#' data = adrs_f
86		#' )
87		#' df
88		#'
89		#' # Stratified analysis.
90		#' df_strat <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
91		#' variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2"), strat = "STRATA1"),
92		#' data = adrs_f
93		#' )
94		#' df_strat
95		#'
96		#' # Grouping of the BMRKR2 levels.
97		#' df_grouped <- extract_rsp_subgroups(
98		#' variables = list(rsp = "rsp", arm = "ARM", subgroups = c("SEX", "BMRKR2")),
99		#' data = adrs_f,
100		#' groups_lists = list(
101		#' BMRKR2 = list(
102		#' "low" = "LOW",
103		#' "low/medium" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM"),
104		#' "low/medium/high" = c("LOW", "MEDIUM", "HIGH")
105		#' )
106		#' )
107		#' )
108		#' df_grouped
109		#'
110		#' @export
111		extract_rsp_subgroups <- function(variables,
112		data,
113		groups_lists = list(),
114		conf_level = 0.95,
115		method = NULL,
116		label_all = "All Patients") {
117	10x	df_prop <- h_proportion_subgroups_df(
118	10x	variables,
119	10x	data,
120	10x	groups_lists = groups_lists,
121	10x	label_all = label_all
122		)
123	10x	df_or <- h_odds_ratio_subgroups_df(
124	10x	variables,
125	10x	data,
126	10x	groups_lists = groups_lists,
127	10x	conf_level = conf_level,
128	10x	method = method,
129	10x	label_all = label_all
130		)
131
132	10x	list(prop = df_prop, or = df_or)
133		}
134
135		#' @describeIn response_subgroups Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `tabulate_rsp_subgroups()`.
136		#'
137		#' @return
138		#' * `a_response_subgroups()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
139		#'
140		#' @keywords internal
141		a_response_subgroups <- function(.formats = list(
142		n = "xx",
143		n_rsp = "xx",
144		prop = "xx.x%",
145		n_tot = "xx",
146		or = list(format_extreme_values(2L)),
147		ci = list(format_extreme_values_ci(2L)),
148		pval = "x.xxxx \| (<0.0001)"
149		)) {
150	13x	checkmate::assert_list(.formats)
151	13x	checkmate::assert_subset(
152	13x	names(.formats),
153	13x	c("n", "n_rsp", "prop", "n_tot", "or", "ci", "pval")
154		)
155
156	13x	afun_lst <- Map(
157	13x	function(stat, fmt) {
158	86x	if (stat == "ci") {
159	12x	function(df, labelstr = "", ...) {
160	24x	in_rows(.list = combine_vectors(df$lcl, df$ucl), .labels = as.character(df$subgroup), .formats = fmt)
161		}
162		} else {
163	74x	function(df, labelstr = "", ...) {
164	142x	in_rows(.list = as.list(df[[stat]]), .labels = as.character(df$subgroup), .formats = fmt)
165		}
166		}
167		},
168	13x	stat = names(.formats),
169	13x	fmt = .formats
170		)
171
172	13x	afun_lst
173		}
174
175		#' @describeIn response_subgroups Table-creating function which creates a table
176		#' summarizing binary response by subgroup. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze_colvars()]
177		#' and [rtables::summarize_row_groups()].
178		#'
179		#' @param df (`list`)\cr of data frames containing all analysis variables. List should be
180		#' created using [extract_rsp_subgroups()].
181		#' @param vars (`character`)\cr the names of statistics to be reported among:
182		#' * `n`: Total number of observations per group.
183		#' * `n_rsp`: Number of responders per group.
184		#' * `prop`: Proportion of responders.
185		#' * `n_tot`: Total number of observations.
186		#' * `or`: Odds ratio.
187		#' * `ci` : Confidence interval of odds ratio.
188		#' * `pval`: p-value of the effect.
189		#' Note, the statistics `n_tot`, `or` and `ci` are required.
190		#'
191		#' @return An `rtables` table summarizing binary response by subgroup.
192		#'
193		#' @examples
194		#' ## Table with default columns.
195		#' basic_table() %>%
196		#' tabulate_rsp_subgroups(df)
197		#'
198		#' ## Table with selected columns.
199		#' basic_table() %>%
200		#' tabulate_rsp_subgroups(
201		#' df = df,
202		#' vars = c("n_tot", "n", "n_rsp", "prop", "or", "ci")
203		#' )
204		#'
205		#' @export
206		tabulate_rsp_subgroups <- function(lyt,
207		df,
208		vars = c("n_tot", "n", "prop", "or", "ci")) {
209	6x	conf_level <- df$or$conf_level[1]
210	6x	method <- if ("pval_label" %in% names(df$or)) {
211	4x	df$or$pval_label[1]
212		} else {
213	2x	NULL
214		}
215
216	6x	afun_lst <- a_response_subgroups()
217	6x	colvars <- d_rsp_subgroups_colvars(vars, conf_level = conf_level, method = method)
218
219	6x	colvars_prop <- list(
220	6x	vars = colvars$vars[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n", "prop", "n_rsp")],
221	6x	labels = colvars$labels[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n", "prop", "n_rsp")]
222		)
223	6x	colvars_or <- list(
224	6x	vars = colvars$vars[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n_tot", "or", "ci", "pval")],
225	6x	labels = colvars$labels[names(colvars$labels) %in% c("n_tot", "or", "ci", "pval")]
226		)
227
228		# Columns from table_prop are optional.
229	6x	if (length(colvars_prop$vars) > 0) {
230	6x	lyt_prop <- split_cols_by(lyt = lyt, var = "arm")
231	6x	lyt_prop <- split_cols_by_multivar(
232	6x	lyt = lyt_prop,
233	6x	vars = colvars_prop$vars,
234	6x	varlabels = colvars_prop$labels
235		)
236
237		# "All Patients" row
238	6x	lyt_prop <- split_rows_by(
239	6x	lyt = lyt_prop,
240	6x	var = "row_type",
241	6x	split_fun = keep_split_levels("content"),
242	6x	nested = FALSE,
243	6x	child_labels = "hidden"
244		)
245	6x	lyt_prop <- analyze_colvars(
246	6x	lyt = lyt_prop,
247	6x	afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_prop$labels)]
248		)
249
250	6x	if ("analysis" %in% df$prop$row_type) {
251	5x	lyt_prop <- split_rows_by(
252	5x	lyt = lyt_prop,
253	5x	var = "row_type",
254	5x	split_fun = keep_split_levels("analysis"),
255	5x	nested = FALSE,
256	5x	child_labels = "hidden"
257		)
258	5x	lyt_prop <- split_rows_by(lyt = lyt_prop, var = "var_label", nested = TRUE)
259	5x	lyt_prop <- analyze_colvars(
260	5x	lyt = lyt_prop,
261	5x	afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_prop$labels)],
262	5x	inclNAs = TRUE
263		)
264		}
265
266	6x	table_prop <- build_table(lyt_prop, df = df$prop)
267		} else {
268	!	table_prop <- NULL
269		}
270
271		# Columns "n_tot", "or", "ci" in table_or are required.
272	6x	lyt_or <- split_cols_by(lyt = lyt, var = "arm")
273	6x	lyt_or <- split_cols_by_multivar(
274	6x	lyt = lyt_or,
275	6x	vars = colvars_or$vars,
276	6x	varlabels = colvars_or$labels
277		)
278
279		# "All Patients" row
280	6x	lyt_or <- split_rows_by(
281	6x	lyt = lyt_or,
282	6x	var = "row_type",
283	6x	split_fun = keep_split_levels("content"),
284	6x	nested = FALSE,
285	6x	child_labels = "hidden"
286		)
287	6x	lyt_or <- analyze_colvars(
288	6x	lyt = lyt_or,
289	6x	afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_or$labels)]
290		) %>%
291	6x	append_topleft("Baseline Risk Factors")
292
293	6x	if ("analysis" %in% df$or$row_type) {
294	5x	lyt_or <- split_rows_by(
295	5x	lyt = lyt_or,
296	5x	var = "row_type",
297	5x	split_fun = keep_split_levels("analysis"),
298	5x	nested = FALSE,
299	5x	child_labels = "hidden"
300		)
301	5x	lyt_or <- split_rows_by(lyt = lyt_or, var = "var_label", nested = TRUE)
302	5x	lyt_or <- analyze_colvars(
303	5x	lyt = lyt_or,
304	5x	afun = afun_lst[names(colvars_or$labels)],
305	5x	inclNAs = TRUE
306		)
307		}
308	6x	table_or <- build_table(lyt_or, df = df$or)
309
310	6x	n_tot_id <- match("n_tot", colvars_or$vars)
311	6x	if (is.null(table_prop)) {
312	!	result <- table_or
313	!	or_id <- match("or", colvars_or$vars)
314	!	ci_id <- match("lcl", colvars_or$vars)
315		} else {
316	6x	result <- cbind_rtables(table_or[, n_tot_id], table_prop, table_or[, -n_tot_id])
317	6x	or_id <- 1L + ncol(table_prop) + match("or", colvars_or$vars[-n_tot_id])
318	6x	ci_id <- 1L + ncol(table_prop) + match("lcl", colvars_or$vars[-n_tot_id])
319	6x	n_tot_id <- 1L
320		}
321	6x	structure(
322	6x	result,
323	6x	forest_header = paste0(levels(df$prop$arm), "\nBetter"),
324	6x	col_x = or_id,
325	6x	col_ci = ci_id,
326	6x	col_symbol_size = n_tot_id
327		)
328		}
329
330		#' Labels for Column Variables in Binary Response by Subgroup Table
331		#'
332		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
333		#'
334		#' Internal function to check variables included in [tabulate_rsp_subgroups()] and create column labels.
335		#'
336		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
337		#' @inheritParams tabulate_rsp_subgroups
338		#'
339		#' @return A `list` of variables to tabulate and their labels.
340		#'
341		#' @export
342		d_rsp_subgroups_colvars <- function(vars,
343		conf_level = NULL,
344		method = NULL) {
345	13x	checkmate::assert_character(vars)
346	13x	checkmate::assert_subset(c("n_tot", "or", "ci"), vars)
347	13x	checkmate::assert_subset(
348	13x	vars,
349	13x	c("n", "n_rsp", "prop", "n_tot", "or", "ci", "pval")
350		)
351
352	13x	varlabels <- c(
353	13x	n = "n",
354	13x	n_rsp = "Responders",
355	13x	prop = "Response (%)",
356	13x	n_tot = "Total n",
357	13x	or = "Odds Ratio"
358		)
359	13x	colvars <- vars
360
361	13x	if ("ci" %in% colvars) {
362	13x	checkmate::assert_false(is.null(conf_level))
363
364	13x	varlabels <- c(
365	13x	varlabels,
366	13x	ci = paste0(100 * conf_level, "% CI")
367		)
368
369		# The `lcl`` variable is just a placeholder available in the analysis data,
370		# it is not acutally used in the tabulation.
371		# Variables used in the tabulation are lcl and ucl, see `a_response_subgroups` for details.
372	13x	colvars[colvars == "ci"] <- "lcl"
373		}
374
375	13x	if ("pval" %in% colvars) {
376	10x	varlabels <- c(
377	10x	varlabels,
378	10x	pval = method
379		)
380		}
381
382	13x	list(
383	13x	vars = colvars,
384	13x	labels = varlabels[vars]
385		)
386		}

1		#' Summary for Poisson Negative Binomial.
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
4		#'
5		#' Summarize results of a Poisson Negative Binomial Regression.
6		#' This can be used to analyze count and/or frequency data using a linear model.
7		#'
8		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
9		#'
10		#' @name summarize_glm_count
11		NULL
12
13		#' Helper Functions for Poisson Models.
14		#'
15		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("experimental")`
16		#'
17		#' Helper functions that can be used to return the results of various Poisson models.
18		#'
19		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
20		#'
21		#' @seealso [summarize_glm_count]
22		#'
23		#' @name h_glm_count
24		NULL
25
26		#' @describeIn h_glm_count Helper function to return results of a poisson model.
27		#'
28		#' @param .df_row (`data.frame`)\cr data set that includes all the variables that are called
29		#' in `.var` and `variables`.
30		#' @param variables (named `list` of `strings`)\cr list of additional analysis variables, with
31		#' expected elements:
32		#' * `arm` (`string`)\cr group variable, for which the covariate adjusted means of multiple
33		#' groups will be summarized. Specifically, the first level of `arm` variable is taken as the
34		#' reference group.
35		#' * `covariates` (`character`)\cr a vector that can contain single variable names (such as
36		#' `"X1"`), and/or interaction terms indicated by `"X1 * X2"`.
37		#' * `offset` (`numeric`)\cr a numeric vector or scalar adding an offset.
38		#' @param weights (`character`)\cr a character vector specifying weights used
39		#' in averaging predictions. Number of weights must equal the number of levels included in the covariates.
40		#' Weights option passed to [emmeans::emmeans()].
41		#'
42		#' @return
43		#' * `h_glm_poisson()` returns the results of a Poisson model.
44		#'
45		#' @keywords internal
46		h_glm_poisson <- function(.var,
47		.df_row,
48		variables,
49		weights) {
50	12x	arm <- variables$arm
51	12x	covariates <- variables$covariates
52	12x	offset <- .df_row[[variables$offset]]
53
54	10x	formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0(
55	10x	.var, " ~ ",
56		" + ",
57	10x	paste(covariates, collapse = " + "),
58		" + ",
59	10x	arm
60		))
61
62	10x	glm_fit <- stats::glm(
63	10x	formula = formula,
64	10x	offset = offset,
65	10x	data = .df_row,
66	10x	family = stats::poisson(link = "log")
67		)
68
69	10x	emmeans_fit <- emmeans::emmeans(
70	10x	glm_fit,
71	10x	specs = arm,
72	10x	data = .df_row,
73	10x	type = "response",
74	10x	offset = 0,
75	10x	weights = weights
76		)
77
78	10x	list(
79	10x	glm_fit = glm_fit,
80	10x	emmeans_fit = emmeans_fit
81		)
82		}
83
84		#' @describeIn h_glm_count Helper function to return results of a quasipoisson model.
85		#'
86		#' @inheritParams summarize_glm_count
87		#'
88		#' @return
89		#' * `h_glm_quasipoisson()` returns the results of a Quasi-Poisson model.
90		#'
91		#'
92		#' @keywords internal
93		h_glm_quasipoisson <- function(.var,
94		.df_row,
95		variables,
96		weights) {
97	4x	arm <- variables$arm
98	4x	covariates <- variables$covariates
99	4x	offset <- .df_row[[variables$offset]]
100
101	2x	formula <- stats::as.formula(paste0(
102	2x	.var, " ~ ",
103		" + ",
104	2x	paste(covariates, collapse = " + "),
105		" + ",
106	2x	arm
107		))
108
109	2x	glm_fit <- stats::glm(
110	2x	formula = formula,
111	2x	offset = offset,
112	2x	data = .df_row,
113	2x	family = stats::quasipoisson(link = "log")
114		)
115
116	2x	emmeans_fit <- emmeans::emmeans(
117	2x	glm_fit,
118	2x	specs = arm,
119	2x	data = .df_row,
120	2x	type = "response",
121	2x	offset = 0,
122	2x	weights = weights
123		)
124
125	2x	list(
126	2x	glm_fit = glm_fit,
127	2x	emmeans_fit = emmeans_fit
128		)
129		}
130
131		#' @describeIn h_glm_count Helper function to return the results of the
132		#' selected model (poisson, quasipoisson, negative binomial).
133		#'
134		#' @param .df_row (`data.frame`)\cr data set that includes all the variables that are called
135		#' in `.var` and `variables`.
136		#' @param variables (named `list` of `strings`)\cr list of additional analysis variables, with
137		#' expected elements:
138		#' * `arm` (`string`)\cr group variable, for which the covariate adjusted means of multiple
139		#' groups will be summarized. Specifically, the first level of `arm` variable is taken as the
140		#' reference group.
141		#' * `covariates` (`character`)\cr a vector that can contain single variable names (such as
142		#' `"X1"`), and/or interaction terms indicated by `"X1 * X2"`.
143		#' * `offset` (`numeric`)\cr a numeric vector or scalar adding an offset.
144		#' @param distribution (`character`)\cr a character value specifying the distribution
145		#' used in the regression (poisson, quasipoisson).
146		#'
147		#' @return
148		#' * `h_glm_count()` returns the results of the selected model.
149		#'
150		#'
151		#' @keywords internal
152		h_glm_count <- function(.var,
153		.df_row,
154		variables,
155		distribution,
156		weights) {
157	11x	if (distribution == "negbin") {
158	!	stop("negative binomial distribution is not currently available.")
159		}
160	9x	switch(distribution,
161	9x	poisson = h_glm_poisson(.var, .df_row, variables, weights),
162	!	quasipoisson = h_glm_quasipoisson(.var, .df_row, variables, weights),
163	!	negbin = list() # h_glm_negbin(.var, .df_row, variables, weights) # nolint
164		)
165		}
166
167		#' @describeIn h_glm_count Helper function to return the estimated means.
168		#'
169		#' @param .df_row (`data.frame`)\cr data set that includes all the variables that are called in `.var` and `variables`.
170		#' @param conf_level (`numeric`)\cr value used to derive the confidence interval for the rate.
171		#' @param obj (`glm.fit`)\cr fitted model object used to derive the mean rate estimates in each treatment arm.
172		#' @param arm (`string`)\cr group variable, for which the covariate adjusted means of multiple groups will be
173		#' summarized. Specifically, the first level of `arm` variable is taken as the reference group.
174		#'
175		#' @return
176		#' * `h_ppmeans()` returns the estimated means.
177		#'
178		#'
179		#' @keywords internal
180		h_ppmeans <- function(obj, .df_row, arm, conf_level) {
181	!	alpha <- 1 - conf_level
182	!	p <- 1 - alpha / 2
183
184	!	arm_levels <- levels(.df_row[[arm]])
185
186	!	out <- lapply(arm_levels, function(lev) {
187	!	temp <- .df_row
188	!	temp[[arm]] <- factor(lev, levels = arm_levels)
189
190	!	mf <- stats::model.frame(obj$formula, data = temp)
191	!	X <- stats::model.matrix(obj$formula, data = mf) # nolint
192
193	!	rate <- stats::predict(obj, newdata = mf, type = "response")
194	!	rate_hat <- mean(rate)
195
196	!	zz <- colMeans(rate * X)
197	!	se <- sqrt(as.numeric(t(zz) %% stats::vcov(obj) %% zz))
198	!	rate_lwr <- rate_hat * exp(-stats::qnorm(p) * se / rate_hat)
199	!	rate_upr <- rate_hat * exp(stats::qnorm(p) * se / rate_hat)
200
201	!	c(rate_hat, rate_lwr, rate_upr)
202		})
203
204	!	names(out) <- arm_levels
205	!	out <- do.call(rbind, out)
206	!	if ("negbin" %in% class(obj)) {
207	!	colnames(out) <- c("response", "asymp.LCL", "asymp.UCL")
208		} else {
209	!	colnames(out) <- c("rate", "asymp.LCL", "asymp.UCL")
210		}
211	!	out <- as.data.frame(out)
212	!	out[[arm]] <- rownames(out)
213	!	out
214		}
215
216		#' @describeIn summarize_glm_count Statistics function that produces a named list of results
217		#' of the investigated Poisson model.
218		#'
219		#' @inheritParams h_glm_count
220		#'
221		#' @return
222		#' * `s_glm_count()` returns a named `list` of 5 statistics:
223		#' * `n`: Count of complete sample size for the group.
224		#' * `rate`: Estimated event rate per follow-up time.
225		#' * `rate_ci`: Confidence level for estimated rate per follow-up time.
226		#' * `rate_ratio`: Ratio of event rates in each treatment arm to the reference arm.
227		#' * `rate_ratio_ci`: Confidence level for the rate ratio.
228		#' * `pval`: p-value.
229		#'
230		#'
231		#' @keywords internal
232		s_glm_count <- function(df,
233		.var,
234		.df_row,
235		variables,
236		.ref_group,
237		.in_ref_col,
238		distribution,
239		conf_level,
240		rate_mean_method,
241		weights,
242		scale = 1) {
243	3x	arm <- variables$arm
244
245	3x	y <- df[[.var]]
246	2x	smry_level <- as.character(unique(df[[arm]]))
247
248		# ensure there is only 1 value
249	2x	checkmate::assert_scalar(smry_level)
250
251	2x	results <- h_glm_count(
252	2x	.var = .var,
253	2x	.df_row = .df_row,
254	2x	variables = variables,
255	2x	distribution = distribution,
256	2x	weights
257		)
258
259	2x	if (rate_mean_method == "emmeans") {
260	2x	emmeans_smry <- summary(results$emmeans_fit, level = conf_level)
261	!	} else if (rate_mean_method == "ppmeans") {
262	!	emmeans_smry <- h_ppmeans(results$glm_fit, .df_row, arm, conf_level)
263		}
264
265	2x	emmeans_smry_level <- emmeans_smry[emmeans_smry[[arm]] == smry_level, ]
266
267	2x	if (.in_ref_col) {
268	1x	list(
269	1x	n = length(y[!is.na(y)]),
270	1x	rate = formatters::with_label(
271	1x	ifelse(distribution == "negbin", emmeans_smry_level$response * scale, emmeans_smry_level$rate),
272	1x	"Adjusted Rate"
273		),
274	1x	rate_ci = formatters::with_label(
275	1x	c(emmeans_smry_level$asymp.LCL * scale, emmeans_smry_level$asymp.UCL * scale),
276	1x	f_conf_level(conf_level)
277		),
278	1x	rate_ratio = formatters::with_label(character(), "Adjusted Rate Ratio"),
279	1x	rate_ratio_ci = formatters::with_label(character(), f_conf_level(conf_level)),
280	1x	pval = formatters::with_label(character(), "p-value")
281		)
282		} else {
283	1x	emmeans_contrasts <- emmeans::contrast(
284	1x	results$emmeans_fit,
285	1x	method = "trt.vs.ctrl",
286	1x	ref = grep(
287	1x	as.character(unique(.ref_group[[arm]])),
288	1x	as.data.frame(results$emmeans_fit)[[arm]]
289		)
290		)
291
292	1x	contrasts_smry <- summary(
293	1x	emmeans_contrasts,
294	1x	infer = TRUE,
295	1x	adjust = "none"
296		)
297
298	1x	smry_contrasts_level <- contrasts_smry[grepl(smry_level, contrasts_smry$contrast), ]
299
300	1x	list(
301	1x	n = length(y[!is.na(y)]),
302	1x	rate = formatters::with_label(
303	1x	ifelse(distribution == "negbin", emmeans_smry_level$response * scale, emmeans_smry_level$rate),
304	1x	"Adjusted Rate"
305		),
306	1x	rate_ci = formatters::with_label(
307	1x	c(emmeans_smry_level$asymp.LCL * scale, emmeans_smry_level$asymp.UCL * scale),
308	1x	f_conf_level(conf_level)
309		),
310	1x	rate_ratio = formatters::with_label(smry_contrasts_level$ratio, "Adjusted Rate Ratio"),
311	1x	rate_ratio_ci = formatters::with_label(
312	1x	c(smry_contrasts_level$asymp.LCL, smry_contrasts_level$asymp.UCL),
313	1x	f_conf_level(conf_level)
314		),
315	1x	pval = formatters::with_label(smry_contrasts_level$p.value, "p-value")
316		)
317		}
318		}
319
320		#' @describeIn summarize_glm_count Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `summarize_glm_count()`.
321		#'
322		#' @return
323		#' * `a_glm_count()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
324		#'
325		#'
326		#' @keywords internal
327		a_glm_count <- make_afun(
328		s_glm_count,
329		.indent_mods = c(
330		"n" = 0L,
331		"rate" = 0L,
332		"rate_ci" = 1L,
333		"rate_ratio" = 0L,
334		"rate_ratio_ci" = 1L,
335		"pval" = 1L
336		),
337		.formats = c(
338		"n" = "xx",
339		"rate" = "xx.xxxx",
340		"rate_ci" = "(xx.xxxx, xx.xxxx)",
341		"rate_ratio" = "xx.xxxx",
342		"rate_ratio_ci" = "(xx.xxxx, xx.xxxx)",
343		"pval" = "x.xxxx \| (<0.0001)"
344		),
345		.null_ref_cells = FALSE
346		)
347
348		#' @describeIn summarize_glm_count Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
349		#' and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
350		#'
351		#' @return
352		#' * `summarize_glm_count()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
353		#' or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
354		#' the statistics from `s_glm_count()` to the table layout.
355		#'
356		#' @examples
357		#' library(dplyr)
358		#' anl <- tern_ex_adtte %>% filter(PARAMCD == "TNE")
359		#' anl$AVAL_f <- as.factor(anl$AVAL)
360		#'
361		#' lyt <- basic_table() %>%
362		#' split_cols_by("ARM", ref_group = "B: Placebo") %>%
363		#' add_colcounts() %>%
364		#' analyze_vars(
365		#' "AVAL_f",
366		#' var_labels = "Number of exacerbations per patient",
367		#' .stats = c("count_fraction"),
368		#' .formats = c("count_fraction" = "xx (xx.xx%)"),
369		#' .label = c("Number of exacerbations per patient")
370		#' ) %>%
371		#' summarize_glm_count(
372		#' vars = "AVAL",
373		#' variables = list(arm = "ARM", offset = "lgTMATRSK", covariates = NULL),
374		#' conf_level = 0.95,
375		#' distribution = "poisson",
376		#' rate_mean_method = "emmeans",
377		#' var_labels = "Unadjusted exacerbation rate (per year)",
378		#' table_names = "unadj",
379		#' .stats = c("rate"),
380		#' .labels = c(rate = "Rate")
381		#' ) %>%
382		#' summarize_glm_count(
383		#' vars = "AVAL",
384		#' variables = list(arm = "ARM", offset = "lgTMATRSK", covariates = c("REGION1")),
385		#' conf_level = 0.95,
386		#' distribution = "quasipoisson",
387		#' rate_mean_method = "ppmeans",
388		#' var_labels = "Adjusted (QP) exacerbation rate (per year)",
389		#' table_names = "adj",
390		#' .stats = c("rate", "rate_ci", "rate_ratio", "rate_ratio_ci", "pval"),
391		#' .labels = c(
392		#' rate = "Rate", rate_ci = "Rate CI", rate_ratio = "Rate Ratio",
393		#' rate_ratio_ci = "Rate Ratio CI", pval = "p value"
394		#' )
395		#' )
396		#' build_table(lyt = lyt, df = anl)
397		#'
398		#' @export
399		summarize_glm_count <- function(lyt,
400		vars,
401		var_labels,
402		nested = TRUE,
403		...,
404		show_labels = "visible",
405		table_names = vars,
406		.stats = NULL,
407		.formats = NULL,
408		.labels = NULL,
409		.indent_mods = NULL) {
410	1x	afun <- make_afun(
411	1x	a_glm_count,
412	1x	.stats = .stats,
413	1x	.formats = .formats,
414	1x	.labels = .labels,
415	1x	.indent_mods = .indent_mods
416		)
417
418	1x	analyze(
419	1x	lyt,
420	1x	vars,
421	1x	var_labels = var_labels,
422	1x	show_labels = show_labels,
423	1x	table_names = table_names,
424	1x	afun = afun,
425	1x	nested = nested,
426	1x	extra_args = list(...)
427		)
428		}

1		#' Additional Assertions for `checkmate`
2		#'
3		#' Additional assertion functions which can be used together with the `checkmate` package.
4		#'
5		#' @inheritParams checkmate::assert_factor
6		#' @param x (`any`)\cr object to test.
7		#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr data set to test.
8		#' @param variables (named `list` of `character`)\cr list of variables to test.
9		#' @param include_boundaries (`logical`)\cr whether to include boundaries when testing
10		#' for proportions.
11		#' @param na_level (`character`)\cr the string you have been using to represent NA or
12		#' missing data. For `NA` values please consider using directly [is.na()] or
13		#' similar approaches.
14		#'
15		#' @return Nothing if assertion passes, otherwise prints the error message.
16		#'
17		#' @name assertions
18		NULL
19
20		check_list_of_variables <- function(x) {
21		# drop NULL elements in list
22	2190x	x <- Filter(Negate(is.null), x)
23
24	2190x	res <- checkmate::check_list(x,
25	2190x	names = "named",
26	2190x	min.len = 1,
27	2190x	any.missing = FALSE,
28	2190x	types = "character"
29		)
30		# no empty strings allowed
31	2190x	if (isTRUE(res)) {
32	2185x	res <- checkmate::check_character(unlist(x), min.chars = 1)
33		}
34	2190x	return(res)
35		}
36		#' @describeIn assertions Checks whether `x` is a valid list of variable names.
37		#' `NULL` elements of the list `x` are dropped with `Filter(Negate(is.null), x)`.
38		#'
39		#' @keywords internal
40		assert_list_of_variables <- checkmate::makeAssertionFunction(check_list_of_variables)
41
42		check_df_with_variables <- function(df, variables, na_level = NULL) {
43	1956x	checkmate::assert_data_frame(df)
44	1954x	assert_list_of_variables(variables)
45
46		# flag for equal variables and column names
47	1952x	err_flag <- all(unlist(variables) %in% colnames(df))
48	1952x	checkmate::assert_flag(err_flag)
49
50	1952x	if (isFALSE(err_flag)) {
51	5x	vars <- setdiff(unlist(variables), colnames(df))
52	5x	return(paste(
53	5x	deparse(substitute(df)),
54	5x	"does not contain all specified variables as column names. Missing from dataframe:",
55	5x	paste(vars, collapse = ", ")
56		))
57		}
58		# checking if na_level is present and in which column
59	1947x	if (!is.null(na_level)) {
60	9x	checkmate::assert_string(na_level)
61	9x	res <- unlist(lapply(as.list(df)[unlist(variables)], function(x) any(x == na_level)))
62	9x	if (any(res)) {
63	1x	return(paste0(
64	1x	deparse(substitute(df)), " contains explicit na_level (", na_level,
65	1x	") in the following columns: ", paste0(unlist(variables)[res],
66	1x	collapse = ", "
67		)
68		))
69		}
70		}
71	1946x	return(TRUE)
72		}
73		#' @describeIn assertions Check whether `df` is a data frame with the analysis `variables`.
74		#' Please notice how this produces an error when not all variables are present in the
75		#' data.frame while the opposite is not required.
76		#'
77		#' @keywords internal
78		assert_df_with_variables <- checkmate::makeAssertionFunction(check_df_with_variables)
79
80		check_valid_factor <- function(x,
81		min.levels = 1, # nolint
82		max.levels = NULL, # nolint
83		null.ok = TRUE, # nolint
84		any.missing = TRUE, # nolint
85		n.levels = NULL, # nolint
86		len = NULL) {
87		# checks on levels insertion
88	846x	checkmate::assert_int(min.levels, lower = 1)
89
90		# main factor check
91	846x	res <- checkmate::check_factor(x,
92	846x	min.levels = min.levels,
93	846x	null.ok = null.ok,
94	846x	max.levels = max.levels,
95	846x	any.missing = any.missing,
96	846x	n.levels = n.levels
97		)
98
99		# no empty strings allowed
100	846x	if (isTRUE(res)) {
101	832x	res <- checkmate::check_character(levels(x), min.chars = 1)
102		}
103
104	846x	return(res)
105		}
106		#' @describeIn assertions Check whether `x` is a valid factor (i.e. has levels and no empty
107		#' string levels). Note that `NULL` and `NA` elements are allowed.
108		#'
109		#' @keywords internal
110		assert_valid_factor <- checkmate::makeAssertionFunction(check_valid_factor)
111
112
113		check_df_with_factors <- function(df,
114		variables,
115		min.levels = 1, # nolint
116		max.levels = NULL, # nolint
117		any.missing = TRUE, # nolint
118		na_level = NULL) {
119	190x	res <- check_df_with_variables(df, variables, na_level)
120		# checking if all the columns specified by variables are valid factors
121	189x	if (isTRUE(res)) {
122		# searching the data.frame with selected columns (variables) as a list
123	187x	res <- lapply(
124	187x	X = as.list(df)[unlist(variables)],
125	187x	FUN = check_valid_factor,
126	187x	min.levels = min.levels,
127	187x	max.levels = max.levels,
128	187x	any.missing = any.missing
129		)
130	187x	res_lo <- unlist(vapply(res, Negate(isTRUE), logical(1)))
131	187x	if (any(res_lo)) {
132	6x	return(paste0(
133	6x	deparse(substitute(df)), " does not contain only factor variables among:",
134	6x	"\n* Column `", paste0(unlist(variables)[res_lo],
135	6x	"` of the data.frame -> ", res[res_lo],
136	6x	collapse = "\n* "
137		)
138		))
139		} else {
140	181x	res <- TRUE
141		}
142		}
143	183x	return(res)
144		}
145		#' @describeIn assertions Check whether `df` is a data frame where the analysis `variables`
146		#' are all factors. Note that the creation of `NA` by direct call of `factor()` will
147		#' trim `NA` levels out of the vector list itself.
148		#'
149		#' @keywords internal
150		assert_df_with_factors <- checkmate::makeAssertionFunction(check_df_with_factors)
151
152		#' @describeIn assertions Check whether `x` is a proportion: number between 0 and 1.
153		#'
154		#' @keywords internal
155		assert_proportion_value <- function(x, include_boundaries = FALSE) {
156	6855x	checkmate::assert_number(x, lower = 0, upper = 1)
157	6843x	checkmate::assert_flag(include_boundaries)
158	6843x	if (isFALSE(include_boundaries)) {
159	2900x	checkmate::assert_true(x > 0)
160	2898x	checkmate::assert_true(x < 1)
161		}
162		}

1		#' Occurrence Table Pruning
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Family of constructor and condition functions to flexibly prune occurrence tables.
6		#' The condition functions always return whether the row result is higher than the threshold.
7		#' Since they are of class [CombinationFunction()] they can be logically combined with other condition
8		#' functions.
9		#'
10		#' @note Since most table specifications are worded positively, we name our constructor and condition
11		#' functions positively, too. However, note that the result of [keep_rows()] says what
12		#' should be pruned, to conform with the [rtables::prune_table()] interface.
13		#'
14		#' @examples
15		#' \donttest{
16		#' tab <- basic_table() %>%
17		#' split_cols_by("ARM") %>%
18		#' split_rows_by("RACE") %>%
19		#' split_rows_by("STRATA1") %>%
20		#' summarize_row_groups() %>%
21		#' analyze_vars("COUNTRY", .stats = "count_fraction") %>%
22		#' build_table(DM)
23		#' }
24		#'
25		#' @name prune_occurrences
26		NULL
27
28		#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating pruning functions based on
29		#' a row condition function. This removes all analysis rows (`TableRow`) that should be
30		#' pruned, i.e., don't fulfill the row condition. It removes the sub-tree if there are no
31		#' children left.
32		#'
33		#' @param row_condition (`CombinationFunction`)\cr condition function which works on individual
34		#' analysis rows and flags whether these should be kept in the pruned table.
35		#'
36		#' @return
37		#' * `keep_rows()` returns a pruning function that can be used with [rtables::prune_table()]
38		#' to prune an `rtables` table.
39		#'
40		#' @examples
41		#' \donttest{
42		#' # `keep_rows`
43		#' is_non_empty <- !CombinationFunction(all_zero_or_na)
44		#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(is_non_empty))
45		#' }
46		#'
47		#' @export
48		keep_rows <- function(row_condition) {
49	6x	checkmate::assert_function(row_condition)
50	6x	function(table_tree) {
51	2256x	if (inherits(table_tree, "TableRow")) {
52	1872x	return(!row_condition(table_tree))
53		}
54	384x	children <- tree_children(table_tree)
55	384x	identical(length(children), 0L)
56		}
57		}
58
59		#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating pruning functions based on
60		#' a condition for the (first) content row in leaf tables. This removes all leaf tables where
61		#' the first content row does not fulfill the condition. It does not check individual rows.
62		#' It then proceeds recursively by removing the sub tree if there are no children left.
63		#'
64		#' @param content_row_condition (`CombinationFunction`)\cr condition function which works on individual
65		#' first content rows of leaf tables and flags whether these leaf tables should be kept in the pruned table.
66		#'
67		#' @return
68		#' * `keep_content_rows()` returns a pruning function that checks the condition on the first content
69		#' row of leaf tables in the table.
70		#'
71		#' @examples
72		#' # `keep_content_rows`
73		#' \donttest{
74		#' more_than_twenty <- has_count_in_cols(atleast = 20L, col_names = names(tab))
75		#' prune_table(tab, keep_content_rows(more_than_twenty))
76		#' }
77		#'
78		#' @export
79		keep_content_rows <- function(content_row_condition) {
80	1x	checkmate::assert_function(content_row_condition)
81	1x	function(table_tree) {
82	166x	if (is_leaf_table(table_tree)) {
83	24x	content_row <- h_content_first_row(table_tree)
84	24x	return(!content_row_condition(content_row))
85		}
86	142x	if (inherits(table_tree, "DataRow")) {
87	120x	return(FALSE)
88		}
89	22x	children <- tree_children(table_tree)
90	22x	identical(length(children), 0L)
91		}
92		}
93
94		#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition functions on total counts in the specified columns.
95		#'
96		#' @param atleast (`count` or `proportion`)\cr threshold which should be met in order to keep the row.
97		#' @param ... arguments for row or column access, see [`rtables_access`]: either `col_names` (`character`) including
98		#' the names of the columns which should be used, or alternatively `col_indices` (`integer`) giving the indices
99		#' directly instead.
100		#'
101		#' @return
102		#' * `has_count_in_cols()` returns a condition function that sums the counts in the specified column.
103		#'
104		#' @examples
105		#' \donttest{
106		#' more_than_one <- has_count_in_cols(atleast = 1L, col_names = names(tab))
107		#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_one))
108		#' }
109		#'
110		#' @export
111		has_count_in_cols <- function(atleast, ...) {
112	3x	checkmate::assert_count(atleast)
113	3x	CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
114	334x	row_counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
115	334x	total_count <- sum(row_counts)
116	334x	total_count >= atleast
117		})
118		}
119
120		#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition functions on any of the counts in
121		#' the specified columns satisfying a threshold.
122		#'
123		#' @param atleast (`count` or `proportion`)\cr threshold which should be met in order to keep the row.
124		#'
125		#' @return
126		#' * `has_count_in_any_col()` returns a condition function that compares the counts in the
127		#' specified columns with the threshold.
128		#'
129		#' @examples
130		#' \donttest{
131		#' # `has_count_in_any_col`
132		#' any_more_than_one <- has_count_in_any_col(atleast = 1L, col_names = names(tab))
133		#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(any_more_than_one))
134		#' }
135		#'
136		#' @export
137		has_count_in_any_col <- function(atleast, ...) {
138	!	checkmate::assert_count(atleast)
139	!	CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
140	!	row_counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
141	!	any(row_counts >= atleast)
142		})
143		}
144
145		#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition functions on total fraction in
146		#' the specified columns.
147		#'
148		#' @return
149		#' * `has_fraction_in_cols()` returns a condition function that sums the counts in the
150		#' specified column, and computes the fraction by dividing by the total column counts.
151		#'
152		#' @examples
153		#' \donttest{
154		#' # `has_fraction_in_cols`
155		#' more_than_five_percent <- has_fraction_in_cols(atleast = 0.05, col_names = names(tab))
156		#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_five_percent))
157		#' }
158		#'
159		#' @export
160		has_fraction_in_cols <- function(atleast, ...) {
161	1x	assert_proportion_value(atleast, include_boundaries = TRUE)
162	1x	CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
163	303x	row_counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
164	303x	total_count <- sum(row_counts)
165	303x	col_counts <- h_col_counts(table_row, ...)
166	303x	total_n <- sum(col_counts)
167	303x	total_percent <- total_count / total_n
168	303x	total_percent >= atleast
169		})
170		}
171
172		#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition functions on any fraction in
173		#' the specified columns.
174		#'
175		#' @return
176		#' * `has_fraction_in_any_col()` returns a condition function that looks at the fractions
177		#' in the specified columns and checks whether any of them fulfill the threshold.
178		#'
179		#' @examples
180		#' \donttest{
181		#' # `has_fraction_in_any_col`
182		#' any_atleast_five_percent <- has_fraction_in_any_col(atleast = 0.05, col_names = names(tab))
183		#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_five_percent))
184		#' }
185		#'
186		#' @export
187		has_fraction_in_any_col <- function(atleast, ...) {
188	!	assert_proportion_value(atleast, include_boundaries = TRUE)
189	!	CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
190	!	row_fractions <- h_row_fractions(table_row, ...)
191	!	any(row_fractions >= atleast)
192		})
193		}
194
195		#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition function that checks the difference
196		#' between the fractions reported in each specified column.
197		#'
198		#' @return
199		#' * `has_fractions_difference()` returns a condition function that extracts the fractions of each
200		#' specified column, and computes the difference of the minimum and maximum.
201		#'
202		#' @examples
203		#' \donttest{
204		#' # `has_fractions_difference`
205		#' more_than_five_percent_diff <- has_fractions_difference(atleast = 0.05, col_names = names(tab))
206		#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_five_percent_diff))
207		#' }
208		#'
209		#' @export
210		has_fractions_difference <- function(atleast, ...) {
211	1x	assert_proportion_value(atleast, include_boundaries = TRUE)
212	1x	CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
213	243x	fractions <- h_row_fractions(table_row, ...)
214	243x	difference <- diff(range(fractions))
215	243x	difference >= atleast
216		})
217		}
218
219		#' @describeIn prune_occurrences Constructor for creating condition function that checks the difference
220		#' between the counts reported in each specified column.
221		#'
222		#' @return
223		#' * `has_counts_difference()` returns a condition function that extracts the counts of each
224		#' specified column, and computes the difference of the minimum and maximum.
225		#'
226		#' @examples
227		#' \donttest{
228		#' more_than_one_diff <- has_counts_difference(atleast = 1L, col_names = names(tab))
229		#' prune_table(tab, keep_rows(more_than_one_diff))
230		#' }
231		#'
232		#' @export
233		has_counts_difference <- function(atleast, ...) {
234	1x	checkmate::assert_count(atleast)
235	1x	CombinationFunction(function(table_row) {
236	27x	counts <- h_row_counts(table_row, ...)
237	27x	difference <- diff(range(counts))
238	27x	difference >= atleast
239		})
240		}

1		#' Stack Multiple Grobs
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Stack grobs as a new grob with 1 column and multiple rows layout.
6		#'
7		#' @param ... grobs.
8		#' @param grobs list of grobs.
9		#' @param padding unit of length 1, space between each grob.
10		#' @param vp a [viewport()] object (or `NULL`).
11		#' @param name a character identifier for the grob.
12		#' @param gp A [gpar()] object.
13		#'
14		#' @return A `grob`.
15		#'
16		#' @examples
17		#' library(grid)
18		#'
19		#' g1 <- circleGrob(gp = gpar(col = "blue"))
20		#' g2 <- circleGrob(gp = gpar(col = "red"))
21		#' g3 <- textGrob("TEST TEXT")
22		#' grid.newpage()
23		#' grid.draw(stack_grobs(g1, g2, g3))
24		#'
25		#' showViewport()
26		#'
27		#' grid.newpage()
28		#' pushViewport(viewport(layout = grid.layout(1, 2)))
29		#' vp1 <- viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 2)
30		#' grid.draw(stack_grobs(g1, g2, g3, vp = vp1, name = "test"))
31		#'
32		#' showViewport()
33		#' grid.ls(grobs = TRUE, viewports = TRUE, print = FALSE)
34		#'
35		#' @export
36		stack_grobs <- function(...,
37		grobs = list(...),
38		padding = grid::unit(2, "line"),
39		vp = NULL,
40		gp = NULL,
41		name = NULL) {
42	4x	checkmate::assert_true(
43	4x	all(vapply(grobs, grid::is.grob, logical(1)))
44		)
45
46	4x	if (length(grobs) == 1) {
47	1x	return(grobs[[1]])
48		}
49
50	3x	n_layout <- 2 * length(grobs) - 1
51	3x	hts <- lapply(
52	3x	seq(1, n_layout),
53	3x	function(i) {
54	39x	if (i %% 2 != 0) {
55	21x	grid::unit(1, "null")
56		} else {
57	18x	padding
58		}
59		}
60		)
61	3x	hts <- do.call(grid::unit.c, hts)
62
63	3x	main_vp <- grid::viewport(
64	3x	layout = grid::grid.layout(nrow = n_layout, ncol = 1, heights = hts)
65		)
66
67	3x	nested_grobs <- Map(function(g, i) {
68	21x	grid::gTree(
69	21x	children = grid::gList(g),
70	21x	vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = 1)
71		)
72	3x	}, grobs, seq_along(grobs) * 2 - 1)
73
74	3x	grobs_mainvp <- grid::gTree(
75	3x	children = do.call(grid::gList, nested_grobs),
76	3x	vp = main_vp
77		)
78
79	3x	grid::gTree(
80	3x	children = grid::gList(grobs_mainvp),
81	3x	vp = vp,
82	3x	gp = gp,
83	3x	name = name
84		)
85		}
86
87		#' Arrange Multiple Grobs
88		#'
89		#' Arrange grobs as a new grob with \verb{nm (rowscols)} layout.
90		#'
91		#' @inheritParams stack_grobs
92		#' @param ncol number of columns in layout.
93		#' @param nrow number of rows in layout.
94		#' @param padding_ht unit of length 1, vertical space between each grob.
95		#' @param padding_wt unit of length 1, horizontal space between each grob.
96		#'
97		#' @return A `grob`.
98		#' @examples
99		#' library(grid)
100		#'
101		#' \donttest{
102		#' num <- lapply(1:9, textGrob)
103		#' grid::grid.newpage()
104		#' grid.draw(arrange_grobs(grobs = num, ncol = 2))
105		#'
106		#' showViewport()
107		#'
108		#' g1 <- circleGrob(gp = gpar(col = "blue"))
109		#' g2 <- circleGrob(gp = gpar(col = "red"))
110		#' g3 <- textGrob("TEST TEXT")
111		#' grid::grid.newpage()
112		#' grid.draw(arrange_grobs(g1, g2, g3, nrow = 2))
113		#'
114		#' showViewport()
115		#'
116		#' grid::grid.newpage()
117		#' grid.draw(arrange_grobs(g1, g2, g3, ncol = 3))
118		#'
119		#' grid::grid.newpage()
120		#' grid::pushViewport(grid::viewport(layout = grid::grid.layout(1, 2)))
121		#' vp1 <- grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = 1, layout.pos.col = 2)
122		#' grid.draw(arrange_grobs(g1, g2, g3, ncol = 2, vp = vp1))
123		#'
124		#' showViewport()
125		#' }
126		#' @export
127		arrange_grobs <- function(...,
128		grobs = list(...),
129		ncol = NULL, nrow = NULL,
130		padding_ht = grid::unit(2, "line"),
131		padding_wt = grid::unit(2, "line"),
132		vp = NULL,
133		gp = NULL,
134		name = NULL) {
135	5x	checkmate::assert_true(
136	5x	all(vapply(grobs, grid::is.grob, logical(1)))
137		)
138
139	5x	if (length(grobs) == 1) {
140	1x	return(grobs[[1]])
141		}
142
143	4x	if (is.null(ncol) && is.null(nrow)) {
144	1x	ncol <- 1
145	1x	nrow <- ceiling(length(grobs) / ncol)
146	3x	} else if (!is.null(ncol) && is.null(nrow)) {
147	1x	nrow <- ceiling(length(grobs) / ncol)
148	2x	} else if (is.null(ncol) && !is.null(nrow)) {
149	!	ncol <- ceiling(length(grobs) / nrow)
150		}
151
152	4x	if (ncol * nrow < length(grobs)) {
153	1x	stop("specififed ncol and nrow are not enough for arranging the grobs ")
154		}
155
156	3x	if (ncol == 1) {
157	2x	return(stack_grobs(grobs = grobs, padding = padding_ht, vp = vp, gp = gp, name = name))
158		}
159
160	1x	n_col <- 2 * ncol - 1
161	1x	n_row <- 2 * nrow - 1
162	1x	hts <- lapply(
163	1x	seq(1, n_row),
164	1x	function(i) {
165	5x	if (i %% 2 != 0) {
166	3x	grid::unit(1, "null")
167		} else {
168	2x	padding_ht
169		}
170		}
171		)
172	1x	hts <- do.call(grid::unit.c, hts)
173
174	1x	wts <- lapply(
175	1x	seq(1, n_col),
176	1x	function(i) {
177	5x	if (i %% 2 != 0) {
178	3x	grid::unit(1, "null")
179		} else {
180	2x	padding_wt
181		}
182		}
183		)
184	1x	wts <- do.call(grid::unit.c, wts)
185
186	1x	main_vp <- grid::viewport(
187	1x	layout = grid::grid.layout(nrow = n_row, ncol = n_col, widths = wts, heights = hts)
188		)
189
190	1x	nested_grobs <- list()
191	1x	k <- 0
192	1x	for (i in seq(nrow) * 2 - 1) {
193	3x	for (j in seq(ncol) * 2 - 1) {
194	9x	k <- k + 1
195	9x	if (k <= length(grobs)) {
196	9x	nested_grobs <- c(
197	9x	nested_grobs,
198	9x	list(grid::gTree(
199	9x	children = grid::gList(grobs[[k]]),
200	9x	vp = grid::viewport(layout.pos.row = i, layout.pos.col = j)
201		))
202		)
203		}
204		}
205		}
206	1x	grobs_mainvp <- grid::gTree(
207	1x	children = do.call(grid::gList, nested_grobs),
208	1x	vp = main_vp
209		)
210
211	1x	grid::gTree(
212	1x	children = grid::gList(grobs_mainvp),
213	1x	vp = vp,
214	1x	gp = gp,
215	1x	name = name
216		)
217		}
218
219		#' Draw `grob`
220		#'
221		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
222		#'
223		#' Draw grob on device page.
224		#'
225		#' @param grob grid object
226		#' @param newpage draw on a new page
227		#' @param vp a [viewport()] object (or `NULL`).
228		#'
229		#' @return A `grob`.
230		#'
231		#' @examples
232		#' library(dplyr)
233		#' library(grid)
234		#'
235		#' \donttest{
236		#' rect <- rectGrob(width = grid::unit(0.5, "npc"), height = grid::unit(0.5, "npc"))
237		#' rect %>% draw_grob(vp = grid::viewport(angle = 45))
238		#'
239		#' num <- lapply(1:10, textGrob)
240		#' num %>%
241		#' arrange_grobs(grobs = .) %>%
242		#' draw_grob()
243		#' showViewport()
244		#' }
245		#'
246		#' @export
247		draw_grob <- function(grob, newpage = TRUE, vp = NULL) {
248	3x	if (newpage) {
249	3x	grid::grid.newpage()
250		}
251	3x	if (!is.null(vp)) {
252	1x	grid::pushViewport(vp)
253		}
254	3x	grid::grid.draw(grob)
255		}
256
257		tern_grob <- function(x) {
258	!	class(x) <- unique(c("ternGrob", class(x)))
259	!	x
260		}
261
262		print.ternGrob <- function(x, ...) {
263	!	grid::grid.newpage()
264	!	grid::grid.draw(x)
265		}

1		#' Univariate Formula Special Term
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' The special term `univariate` indicate that the model should be fitted individually for
6		#' every variable included in univariate.
7		#'
8		#' @param x A vector of variable name separated by commas.
9		#'
10		#' @return When used within a model formula, produces univariate models for each variable provided.
11		#'
12		#' @details
13		#' If provided alongside with pairwise specification, the model
14		#' `y ~ ARM + univariate(SEX, AGE, RACE)` lead to the study and comparison of the models
15		#' + `y ~ ARM`
16		#' + `y ~ ARM + SEX`
17		#' + `y ~ ARM + AGE`
18		#' + `y ~ ARM + RACE`
19		#'
20		#' @export
21		univariate <- function(x) {
22	1x	structure(x, varname = deparse(substitute(x)))
23		}
24
25		# Get the right-hand-term of a formula
26		rht <- function(x) {
27	4x	checkmate::assert_formula(x)
28	4x	y <- as.character(rev(x)[[1]])
29	4x	return(y)
30		}
31
32		#' Hazard Ratio Estimation in Interactions
33		#'
34		#' This function estimates the hazard ratios between arms when an interaction variable is given with
35		#' specific values.
36		#'
37		#' @param variable,given Names of two variable in interaction. We seek the estimation of the levels of `variable`
38		#' given the levels of `given`.
39		#' @param lvl_var,lvl_given corresponding levels has given by `levels`.
40		#' @param mmat A name numeric filled with 0 used as template to obtain the design matrix.
41		#' @param coef Numeric of estimated coefficients.
42		#' @param vcov Variance-covariance matrix of underlying model.
43		#' @param conf_level Single numeric for the confidence level of estimate intervals.
44		#'
45		#' @details Given the cox regression investigating the effect of Arm (A, B, C; reference A)
46		#' and Sex (F, M; reference Female). The model is abbreviated: y ~ Arm + Sex + Arm x Sex.
47		#' The cox regression estimates the coefficients along with a variance-covariance matrix for:
48		#'
49		#' - b1 (arm b), b2 (arm c)
50		#' - b3 (sex m)
51		#' - b4 (arm b: sex m), b5 (arm c: sex m)
52		#'
53		#' Given that I want an estimation of the Hazard Ratio for arm C/sex M, the estimation
54		#' will be given in reference to arm A/Sex M by exp(b2 + b3 + b5)/ exp(b3) = exp(b2 + b5),
55		#' therefore the interaction coefficient is given by b2 + b5 while the standard error is obtained
56		#' as $1.96 * sqrt(Var b2 + Var b5 + 2 * covariance (b2,b5))$ for a confidence level of 0.95.
57		#'
58		#' @return A list of matrix (one per level of variable) with rows corresponding to the combinations of
59		#' `variable` and `given`, with columns:
60		#' * `coef_hat`: Estimation of the coefficient.
61		#' * `coef_se`: Standard error of the estimation.
62		#' * `hr`: Hazard ratio.
63		#' * `lcl, ucl`: Lower/upper confidence limit of the hazard ratio.
64		#'
65		#' @seealso [s_cox_multivariate()].
66		#'
67		#' @examples
68		#' library(dplyr)
69		#' library(survival)
70		#'
71		#' ADSL <- tern_ex_adsl %>%
72		#' filter(SEX %in% c("F", "M"))
73		#'
74		#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte %>% filter(PARAMCD == "PFS")
75		#' adtte$ARMCD <- droplevels(adtte$ARMCD)
76		#' adtte$SEX <- droplevels(adtte$SEX)
77		#'
78		#' mod <- coxph(
79		#' formula = Surv(time = AVAL, event = 1 - CNSR) ~ (SEX + ARMCD)^2,
80		#' data = adtte
81		#' )
82		#'
83		#' mmat <- stats::model.matrix(mod)[1, ]
84		#' mmat[!mmat == 0] <- 0
85		#'
86		#' @keywords internal
87		estimate_coef <- function(variable, given,
88		lvl_var, lvl_given,
89		coef,
90		mmat,
91		vcov,
92		conf_level = 0.95) {
93	8x	var_lvl <- paste0(variable, lvl_var[-1]) # [-1]: reference level
94	8x	giv_lvl <- paste0(given, lvl_given)
95
96	8x	design_mat <- expand.grid(variable = var_lvl, given = giv_lvl)
97	8x	design_mat <- design_mat[order(design_mat$variable, design_mat$given), ]
98	8x	design_mat <- within(
99	8x	data = design_mat,
100	8x	expr = {
101	8x	inter <- paste0(variable, ":", given)
102	8x	rev_inter <- paste0(given, ":", variable)
103		}
104		)
105
106	8x	split_by_variable <- design_mat$variable
107	8x	interaction_names <- paste(design_mat$variable, design_mat$given, sep = "/")
108
109	8x	design_mat <- apply(
110	8x	X = design_mat, MARGIN = 1, FUN = function(x) {
111	27x	mmat[names(mmat) %in% x[-which(names(x) == "given")]] <- 1
112	27x	return(mmat)
113		}
114		)
115	8x	colnames(design_mat) <- interaction_names
116
117	8x	betas <- as.matrix(coef)
118
119	8x	coef_hat <- t(design_mat) %*% betas
120	8x	dimnames(coef_hat)[2] <- "coef"
121
122	8x	coef_se <- apply(design_mat, 2, function(x) {
123	27x	vcov_el <- as.logical(x)
124	27x	y <- vcov[vcov_el, vcov_el]
125	27x	y <- sum(y)
126	27x	y <- sqrt(y)
127	27x	return(y)
128		})
129
130	8x	q_norm <- stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2)
131	8x	y <- cbind(coef_hat, `se(coef)` = coef_se)
132
133	8x	y <- apply(y, 1, function(x) {
134	27x	x["hr"] <- exp(x["coef"])
135	27x	x["lcl"] <- exp(x["coef"] - q_norm * x["se(coef)"])
136	27x	x["ucl"] <- exp(x["coef"] + q_norm * x["se(coef)"])
137
138	27x	return(x)
139		})
140
141	8x	y <- t(y)
142	8x	y <- by(y, split_by_variable, identity)
143	8x	y <- lapply(y, as.matrix)
144
145	8x	attr(y, "details") <- paste0(
146	8x	"Estimations of ", variable,
147	8x	" hazard ratio given the level of ", given, " compared to ",
148	8x	variable, " level ", lvl_var[1], "."
149		)
150	8x	return(y)
151		}
152
153		#' `tryCatch` around `car::Anova`
154		#'
155		#' Captures warnings when executing [car::Anova].
156		#'
157		#' @inheritParams car::Anova
158		#'
159		#' @return A list with item `aov` for the result of the model and `error_text` for the captured warnings.
160		#'
161		#' @examples
162		#' # `car::Anova` on cox regression model including strata and expected
163		#' # a likelihood ratio test triggers a warning as only `Wald` method is
164		#' # accepted.
165		#'
166		#' library(survival)
167		#'
168		#' mod <- coxph(
169		#' formula = Surv(time = futime, event = fustat) ~ factor(rx) + strata(ecog.ps),
170		#' data = ovarian
171		#' )
172		#'
173		#' @keywords internal
174		try_car_anova <- function(mod,
175		test.statistic) { # nolint
176	2x	y <- tryCatch(
177	2x	withCallingHandlers(
178	2x	expr = {
179	2x	warn_text <- c()
180	2x	list(
181	2x	aov = car::Anova(
182	2x	mod,
183	2x	test.statistic = test.statistic,
184	2x	type = "III"
185		),
186	2x	warn_text = warn_text
187		)
188		},
189	2x	warning = function(w) {
190		# If a warning is detected it is handled as "w".
191	!	warn_text <<- trimws(paste0("Warning in `try_car_anova`: ", w))
192
193		# A warning is sometimes expected, then, we want to restart
194		# the execution while ignoring the warning.
195	!	invokeRestart("muffleWarning")
196		}
197		),
198	2x	finally = {
199		}
200		)
201
202	2x	return(y)
203		}
204
205		#' Fit the Cox Regression Model and `Anova`
206		#'
207		#' The functions allows to derive from the [survival::coxph()] results the effect p.values using [car::Anova()].
208		#' This last package introduces more flexibility to get the effect p.values.
209		#'
210		#' @inheritParams t_coxreg
211		#'
212		#' @return A list with items `mod` (results of [survival::coxph()]), `msum` (result of `summary`) and
213		#' `aov` (result of [car::Anova()]).
214		#'
215		#' @noRd
216		fit_n_aov <- function(formula,
217		data = data,
218		conf_level = conf_level,
219		pval_method = c("wald", "likelihood"),
220		...) {
221	1x	pval_method <- match.arg(pval_method)
222
223	1x	environment(formula) <- environment()
224	1x	suppressWarnings({
225		# We expect some warnings due to coxph which fails strict programming.
226	1x	mod <- survival::coxph(formula, data = data, ...)
227	1x	msum <- summary(mod, conf.int = conf_level)
228		})
229
230	1x	aov <- try_car_anova(
231	1x	mod,
232	1x	test.statistic = switch(pval_method,
233	1x	"wald" = "Wald",
234	1x	"likelihood" = "LR"
235		)
236		)
237
238	1x	warn_attr <- aov$warn_text
239	!	if (!is.null(aov$warn_text)) message(warn_attr)
240
241	1x	aov <- aov$aov
242	1x	y <- list(mod = mod, msum = msum, aov = aov)
243	1x	attr(y, "message") <- warn_attr
244
245	1x	return(y)
246		}
247
248		# argument_checks
249		check_formula <- function(formula) {
250	1x	if (!(inherits(formula, "formula"))) {
251	1x	stop("Check `formula`. A formula should resemble `Surv(time = AVAL, event = 1 - CNSR) ~ study_arm(ARMCD)`.")
252		}
253
254	!	invisible()
255		}
256
257		check_covariate_formulas <- function(covariates) {
258	1x	if (!all(vapply(X = covariates, FUN = inherits, what = "formula", FUN.VALUE = TRUE)) \|\| is.null(covariates)) {
259	1x	stop("Check `covariates`, it should be a list of right-hand-term formulas, e.g. list(Age = ~AGE).")
260		}
261
262	!	invisible()
263		}
264
265		name_covariate_names <- function(covariates) {
266	1x	miss_names <- names(covariates) == ""
267	1x	no_names <- is.null(names(covariates))
268	!	if (any(miss_names)) names(covariates)[miss_names] <- vapply(covariates[miss_names], FUN = rht, FUN.VALUE = "name")
269	!	if (no_names) names(covariates) <- vapply(covariates, FUN = rht, FUN.VALUE = "name")
270	1x	return(covariates)
271		}
272
273		check_increments <- function(increments, covariates) {
274	1x	if (!is.null(increments)) {
275	1x	covariates <- vapply(covariates, FUN = rht, FUN.VALUE = "name")
276	1x	lapply(
277	1x	X = names(increments), FUN = function(x) {
278	3x	if (!x %in% covariates) {
279	1x	warning(
280	1x	paste(
281	1x	"Check `increments`, the `increment` for ", x,
282	1x	"doesn't match any names in investigated covariate(s)."
283		)
284		)
285		}
286		}
287		)
288		}
289
290	1x	invisible()
291		}
292
293		#' Multivariate Cox Model - Summarized Results
294		#'
295		#' Analyses based on multivariate Cox model are usually not performed for the Controlled Substance Reporting or
296		#' regulatory documents but serve exploratory purposes only (e.g., for publication). In practice, the model usually
297		#' includes only the main effects (without interaction terms). It produces the hazard ratio estimates for each of the
298		#' covariates included in the model.
299		#' The analysis follows the same principles (e.g., stratified vs. unstratified analysis and tie handling) as the
300		#' usual Cox model analysis. Since there is usually no pre-specified hypothesis testing for such analysis,
301		#' the p.values need to be interpreted with caution. (Statistical Analysis of Clinical Trials Data with R,
302		#' `NEST's bookdown`)
303		#'
304		#' @param formula (`formula`)\cr A formula corresponding to the investigated [survival::Surv()] survival model
305		#' including covariates.
306		#' @param data (`data.frame`)\cr A data frame which includes the variable in formula and covariates.
307		#' @param conf_level (`proportion`)\cr The confidence level for the hazard ratio interval estimations. Default is 0.95.
308		#' @param pval_method (`character`)\cr The method used for the estimation of p-values, should be one of
309		#' `"wald"` (default) or `"likelihood"`.
310		#' @param ... Optional parameters passed to [survival::coxph()]. Can include `ties`, a character string specifying the
311		#' method for tie handling, one of `exact` (default), `efron`, `breslow`.
312		#'
313		#' @return A `list` with elements `mod`, `msum`, `aov`, and `coef_inter`.
314		#'
315		#' @details The output is limited to single effect terms. Work in ongoing for estimation of interaction terms
316		#' but is out of scope as defined by the Global Data Standards Repository
317		#' (`GDS_Standard_TLG_Specs_Tables_2.doc`).
318		#'
319		#' @seealso [estimate_coef()].
320		#'
321		#' @examples
322		#' library(dplyr)
323		#'
324		#' adtte <- tern_ex_adtte
325		#' adtte_f <- subset(adtte, PARAMCD == "OS") # _f: filtered
326		#' adtte_f <- filter(
327		#' adtte_f,
328		#' PARAMCD == "OS" &
329		#' SEX %in% c("F", "M") &
330		#' RACE %in% c("ASIAN", "BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN", "WHITE")
331		#' )
332		#' adtte_f$SEX <- droplevels(adtte_f$SEX)
333		#' adtte_f$RACE <- droplevels(adtte_f$RACE)
334		#'
335		#' @keywords internal
336		s_cox_multivariate <- function(formula, data,
337		conf_level = 0.95,
338		pval_method = c("wald", "likelihood"),
339		...) {
340	1x	tf <- stats::terms(formula, specials = c("strata"))
341	1x	covariates <- rownames(attr(tf, "factors"))[-c(1, unlist(attr(tf, "specials")))]
342	1x	lapply(
343	1x	X = covariates,
344	1x	FUN = function(x) {
345	3x	if (is.character(data[[x]])) {
346	1x	data[[x]] <<- as.factor(data[[x]])
347		}
348	3x	invisible()
349		}
350		)
351	1x	pval_method <- match.arg(pval_method)
352
353		# Results directly exported from environment(fit_n_aov) to environment(s_function_draft)
354	1x	y <- fit_n_aov(
355	1x	formula = formula,
356	1x	data = data,
357	1x	conf_level = conf_level,
358	1x	pval_method = pval_method,
359		...
360		)
361	1x	mod <- y$mod
362	1x	aov <- y$aov
363	1x	msum <- y$msum
364	1x	list2env(as.list(y), environment())
365
366	1x	all_term_labs <- attr(mod$terms, "term.labels")
367	1x	term_labs <- all_term_labs[which(attr(mod$terms, "order") == 1)]
368	1x	names(term_labs) <- term_labs
369
370	1x	coef_inter <- NULL
371	1x	if (any(attr(mod$terms, "order") > 1)) {
372	1x	for_inter <- all_term_labs[attr(mod$terms, "order") > 1]
373	1x	names(for_inter) <- for_inter
374	1x	mmat <- stats::model.matrix(mod)[1, ]
375	1x	mmat[!mmat == 0] <- 0
376	1x	mcoef <- stats::coef(mod)
377	1x	mvcov <- stats::vcov(mod)
378
379	1x	estimate_coef_local <- function(variable, given) {
380	6x	estimate_coef(
381	6x	variable, given,
382	6x	coef = mcoef, mmat = mmat, vcov = mvcov, conf_level = conf_level,
383	6x	lvl_var = levels(data[[variable]]), lvl_given = levels(data[[given]])
384		)
385		}
386
387	1x	coef_inter <- lapply(
388	1x	for_inter, function(x) {
389	3x	y <- attr(mod$terms, "factor")[, x]
390	3x	y <- names(y[y > 0])
391	3x	Map(estimate_coef_local, variable = y, given = rev(y))
392		}
393		)
394		}
395
396	1x	list(mod = mod, msum = msum, aov = aov, coef_inter = coef_inter)
397		}

1		#' Line plot with the optional table
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Line plot with the optional table.
6		#'
7		#' @param df (`data.frame`)\cr data set containing all analysis variables.
8		#' @param alt_counts_df (`data.frame` or `NULL`)\cr data set that will be used (only) to counts objects in strata.
9		#' @param variables (named `character` vector) of variable names in `df` data set. Details are:
10		#' * `x` (`character`)\cr name of x-axis variable.
11		#' * `y` (`character`)\cr name of y-axis variable.
12		#' * `strata` (`character`)\cr name of grouping variable, i.e. treatment arm. Can be `NA` to indicate lack of groups.
13		#' * `paramcd` (`character`)\cr name of the variable for parameter's code. Used for y-axis label and plot's subtitle.
14		#' Can be `NA` if `paramcd` is not to be added to the y-axis label or subtitle.
15		#' * `y_unit` (`character`)\cr name of variable with units of `y`. Used for y-axis label and plot's subtitle.
16		#' Can be `NA` if y unit is not to be added to the y-axis label or subtitle.
17		#' @param mid (`character` or `NULL`)\cr names of the statistics that will be plotted as midpoints.
18		#' All the statistics indicated in `mid` variable must be present in the object returned by `sfun`,
19		#' and be of a `double` or `numeric` type vector of length one.
20		#' @param interval (`character` or `NULL`)\cr names of the statistics that will be plotted as intervals.
21		#' All the statistics indicated in `interval` variable must be present in the object returned by `sfun`,
22		#' and be of a `double` or `numeric` type vector of length two.
23		#' @param whiskers (`character`)\cr names of the interval whiskers that will be plotted. Must match the `names`
24		#' attribute of the `interval` element in the list returned by `sfun`. It is possible to specify one whisker only,
25		#' lower or upper.
26		#' @param table (`character` or `NULL`)\cr names of the statistics that will be displayed in the table below the plot.
27		#' All the statistics indicated in `table` variable must be present in the object returned by `sfun`.
28		#' @param sfun (`closure`)\cr the function to compute the values of required statistics. It must return a named `list`
29		#' with atomic vectors. The names of the `list` elements refer to the names of the statistics and are used by `mid`,
30		#' `interval`, `table`. It must be able to accept as input a vector with data for which statistics are computed.
31		#' @param ... optional arguments to `sfun`.
32		#' @param mid_type (`character`)\cr controls the type of the `mid` plot, it can be point (`p`), line (`l`),
33		#' or point and line (`pl`).
34		#' @param mid_point_size (`integer` or `double`)\cr controls the font size of the point for `mid` plot.
35		#' @param position (`character` or `call`)\cr geom element position adjustment, either as a string, or the result of
36		#' a call to a position adjustment function.
37		#' @param legend_title (`character` string)\cr legend title.
38		#' @param legend_position (`character`)\cr the position of the plot legend (`none`, `left`, `right`, `bottom`, `top`,
39		#' or two-element numeric vector).
40		#' @param ggtheme (`theme`)\cr a graphical theme as provided by `ggplot2` to control styling of the plot.
41		#' @param y_lab (`character`)\cr y-axis label. If equal to `NULL`, then no label will be added.
42		#' @param y_lab_add_paramcd (`logical`)\cr should `paramcd`, i.e. `unique(df[[variables["paramcd"]]])` be added to the
43		#' y-axis label `y_lab`?
44		#' @param y_lab_add_unit (`logical`)\cr should y unit, i.e. `unique(df[[variables["y_unit"]]])` be added to the y-axis
45		#' label `y_lab`?
46		#' @param title (`character`)\cr plot title.
47		#' @param subtitle (`character`)\cr plot subtitle.
48		#' @param subtitle_add_paramcd (`logical`)\cr should `paramcd`, i.e. `unique(df[[variables["paramcd"]]])` be added to
49		#' the plot's subtitle `subtitle`?
50		#' @param subtitle_add_unit (`logical`)\cr should y unit, i.e. `unique(df[[variables["y_unit"]]])` be added to the
51		#' plot's subtitle `subtitle`?
52		#' @param caption (`character`)\cr optional caption below the plot.
53		#' @param table_format (named `character` or `NULL`)\cr format patterns for descriptive statistics used in the
54		#' (optional) table appended to the plot. It is passed directly to the `h_format_row` function through the `format`
55		#' parameter. Names of `table_format` must match the names of statistics returned by `sfun` function.
56		#' @param table_labels (named `character` or `NULL`)\cr labels for descriptive statistics used in the (optional) table
57		#' appended to the plot. Names of `table_labels` must match the names of statistics returned by `sfun` function.
58		#' @param table_font_size (`integer` or `double`)\cr controls the font size of values in the table.
59		#' @param newpage (`logical`)\cr should plot be drawn on new page?
60		#' @param col (`character`)\cr colors.
61		#'
62		#' @return A `ggplot` line plot (and statistics table if applicable).
63		#'
64		#' @examples
65		#' library(nestcolor)
66		#'
67		#' adsl <- tern_ex_adsl
68		#' adlb <- tern_ex_adlb %>% dplyr::filter(ANL01FL == "Y", PARAMCD == "ALT", AVISIT != "SCREENING")
69		#' adlb$AVISIT <- droplevels(adlb$AVISIT)
70		#' adlb <- dplyr::mutate(adlb, AVISIT = forcats::fct_reorder(AVISIT, AVISITN, min))
71		#'
72		#' # Mean with CI
73		#' g_lineplot(adlb, adsl, subtitle = "Laboratory Test:")
74		#'
75		#' # Mean with CI, no stratification
76		#' g_lineplot(adlb, variables = control_lineplot_vars(strata = NA))
77		#'
78		#' # Mean, upper whisker of CI, no strata counts N
79		#' g_lineplot(
80		#' adlb,
81		#' whiskers = "mean_ci_upr",
82		#' title = "Plot of Mean and Upper 95% Confidence Limit by Visit"
83		#' )
84		#'
85		#' # Median with CI
86		#' g_lineplot(
87		#' adlb,
88		#' adsl,
89		#' mid = "median",
90		#' interval = "median_ci",
91		#' whiskers = c("median_ci_lwr", "median_ci_upr"),
92		#' title = "Plot of Median and 95% Confidence Limits by Visit"
93		#' )
94		#'
95		#' # Mean, +/- SD
96		#' g_lineplot(adlb, adsl,
97		#' interval = "mean_sdi",
98		#' whiskers = c("mean_sdi_lwr", "mean_sdi_upr"),
99		#' title = "Plot of Median +/- SD by Visit"
100		#' )
101		#'
102		#' # Mean with CI plot with stats table
103		#' g_lineplot(adlb, adsl, table = c("n", "mean", "mean_ci"))
104		#'
105		#' # Mean with CI, table and customized confidence level
106		#' g_lineplot(
107		#' adlb,
108		#' adsl,
109		#' table = c("n", "mean", "mean_ci"),
110		#' control = control_analyze_vars(conf_level = 0.80),
111		#' title = "Plot of Mean and 80% Confidence Limits by Visit"
112		#' )
113		#'
114		#' # Mean with CI, table, filtered data
115		#' adlb_f <- dplyr::filter(adlb, ARMCD != "ARM A" \| AVISIT == "BASELINE")
116		#' g_lineplot(adlb_f, table = c("n", "mean"))
117		#'
118		#' @export
119		g_lineplot <- function(df,
120		alt_counts_df = NULL,
121		variables = control_lineplot_vars(),
122		mid = "mean",
123		interval = "mean_ci",
124		whiskers = c("mean_ci_lwr", "mean_ci_upr"),
125		table = NULL,
126		sfun = tern::s_summary,
127		...,
128		mid_type = "pl",
129		mid_point_size = 2,
130		position = ggplot2::position_dodge(width = 0.4),
131		legend_title = NULL,
132		legend_position = "bottom",
133		ggtheme = nestcolor::theme_nest(),
134		y_lab = NULL,
135		y_lab_add_paramcd = TRUE,
136		y_lab_add_unit = TRUE,
137		title = "Plot of Mean and 95% Confidence Limits by Visit",
138		subtitle = "",
139		subtitle_add_paramcd = TRUE,
140		subtitle_add_unit = TRUE,
141		caption = NULL,
142		table_format = summary_formats(),
143		table_labels = summary_labels(),
144		table_font_size = 3,
145		newpage = TRUE,
146		col = NULL) {
147	2x	checkmate::assert_character(variables, any.missing = TRUE)
148	2x	checkmate::assert_character(mid, null.ok = TRUE)
149	2x	checkmate::assert_character(interval, null.ok = TRUE)
150	2x	checkmate::assert_character(col, null.ok = TRUE)
151
152	2x	checkmate::assert_string(title, null.ok = TRUE)
153	2x	checkmate::assert_string(subtitle, null.ok = TRUE)
154
155	2x	if (is.character(interval)) {
156	2x	checkmate::assert_vector(whiskers, min.len = 0, max.len = 2)
157		}
158
159	2x	if (length(whiskers) == 1) {
160	!	checkmate::assert_character(mid)
161		}
162
163	2x	if (is.character(mid)) {
164	2x	checkmate::assert_scalar(mid_type)
165	2x	checkmate::assert_subset(mid_type, c("pl", "p", "l"))
166		}
167
168	2x	x <- variables[["x"]]
169	2x	y <- variables[["y"]]
170	2x	paramcd <- variables["paramcd"] # NA if paramcd == NA or it is not in variables
171	2x	y_unit <- variables["y_unit"] # NA if y_unit == NA or it is not in variables
172	2x	if (is.na(variables["strata"])) {
173	!	strata <- NULL # NULL if strata == NA or it is not in variables
174		} else {
175	2x	strata <- variables[["strata"]]
176		}
177	2x	checkmate::assert_flag(y_lab_add_paramcd, null.ok = TRUE)
178	2x	checkmate::assert_flag(subtitle_add_paramcd, null.ok = TRUE)
179	2x	if ((!is.null(y_lab) && y_lab_add_paramcd) \|\| (!is.null(subtitle) && subtitle_add_paramcd)) {
180	2x	checkmate::assert_false(is.na(paramcd))
181	2x	checkmate::assert_scalar(unique(df[[paramcd]]))
182		}
183
184	2x	checkmate::assert_flag(y_lab_add_unit, null.ok = TRUE)
185	2x	checkmate::assert_flag(subtitle_add_unit, null.ok = TRUE)
186	2x	if ((!is.null(y_lab) && y_lab_add_unit) \|\| (!is.null(subtitle) && subtitle_add_unit)) {
187	2x	checkmate::assert_false(is.na(y_unit))
188	2x	checkmate::assert_scalar(unique(df[[y_unit]]))
189		}
190
191	2x	if (!is.null(strata) && !is.null(alt_counts_df)) {
192	2x	checkmate::assert_set_equal(unique(alt_counts_df[[strata]]), unique(df[[strata]]))
193		}
194
195		####################################### \|
196		# ---- Compute required statistics ----
197		####################################### \|
198	2x	if (!is.null(strata)) {
199	2x	df_grp <- tidyr::expand(df, .data[[strata]], .data[[x]]) # expand based on levels of factors
200		} else {
201	!	df_grp <- tidyr::expand(df, NULL, .data[[x]])
202		}
203	2x	df_grp <- df_grp %>%
204	2x	dplyr::full_join(y = df[, c(strata, x, y)], by = c(strata, x), multiple = "all") %>%
205	2x	dplyr::group_by_at(c(strata, x))
206
207	2x	df_stats <- df_grp %>%
208	2x	dplyr::summarise(
209	2x	data.frame(t(do.call(c, unname(sfun(.data[[y]], ...)[c(mid, interval)])))),
210	2x	.groups = "drop"
211		)
212
213	2x	df_stats <- df_stats[!is.na(df_stats[[mid]]), ]
214
215		# add number of objects N in strata
216	2x	if (!is.null(strata) && !is.null(alt_counts_df)) {
217	2x	strata_N <- paste0(strata, "_N") # nolint
218
219	2x	df_N <- as.data.frame(table(alt_counts_df[[strata]], exclude = c(NA, NaN, Inf))) # nolint
220	2x	colnames(df_N) <- c(strata, "N") # nolint
221	2x	df_N[[strata_N]] <- paste0(df_N[[strata]], " (N = ", df_N$N, ")") # nolint
222
223		# strata_N should not be in clonames(df_stats)
224	2x	checkmate::assert_disjunct(strata_N, colnames(df_stats))
225
226	2x	df_stats <- merge(x = df_stats, y = df_N[, c(strata, strata_N)], by = strata)
227	!	} else if (!is.null(strata)) {
228	!	strata_N <- strata # nolint
229		} else {
230	!	strata_N <- NULL # nolint
231		}
232
233		############################################### \|
234		# ---- Prepare certain plot's properties. ----
235		############################################### \|
236		# legend title
237	2x	if (is.null(legend_title) && !is.null(strata) && legend_position != "none") {
238	2x	legend_title <- attr(df[[strata]], "label")
239		}
240
241		# y label
242	2x	if (!is.null(y_lab)) {
243	1x	if (y_lab_add_paramcd) {
244	1x	y_lab <- paste(y_lab, unique(df[[paramcd]]))
245		}
246
247	1x	if (y_lab_add_unit) {
248	1x	y_lab <- paste0(y_lab, " (", unique(df[[y_unit]]), ")")
249		}
250
251	1x	y_lab <- trimws(y_lab)
252		}
253
254		# subtitle
255	2x	if (!is.null(subtitle)) {
256	2x	if (subtitle_add_paramcd) {
257	2x	subtitle <- paste(subtitle, unique(df[[paramcd]]))
258		}
259
260	2x	if (subtitle_add_unit) {
261	2x	subtitle <- paste0(subtitle, " (", unique(df[[y_unit]]), ")")
262		}
263
264	2x	subtitle <- trimws(subtitle)
265		}
266
267		############################### \|
268		# ---- Build plot object. ----
269		############################### \|
270	2x	p <- ggplot2::ggplot(
271	2x	data = df_stats,
272	2x	mapping = ggplot2::aes(
273	2x	x = .data[[x]], y = .data[[mid]],
274	2x	color = if (is.null(strata_N)) NULL else .data[[strata_N]],
275	2x	shape = if (is.null(strata_N)) NULL else .data[[strata_N]],
276	2x	lty = if (is.null(strata_N)) NULL else .data[[strata_N]],
277	2x	group = if (is.null(strata_N)) NULL else .data[[strata_N]]
278		)
279		)
280
281	2x	if (!is.null(mid)) {
282		# points
283	2x	if (grepl("p", mid_type, fixed = TRUE)) {
284	2x	p <- p + ggplot2::geom_point(position = position, size = mid_point_size, na.rm = TRUE)
285		}
286
287		# lines
288		# further conditions in if are to ensure that not all of the groups consist of only one observation
289	2x	if (grepl("l", mid_type, fixed = TRUE) &&
290	2x	!is.null(strata) &&
291	2x	!all(dplyr::summarise(df_grp, count_n = dplyr::n())[["count_n"]] == 1L)) {
292	2x	p <- p + ggplot2::geom_line(position = position, na.rm = TRUE)
293		}
294		}
295
296		# interval
297	2x	if (!is.null(interval)) {
298	2x	p <- p +
299	2x	ggplot2::geom_errorbar(
300	2x	ggplot2::aes(ymin = .data[[whiskers[1]]], ymax = .data[[whiskers[max(1, length(whiskers))]]]),
301	2x	width = 0.45,
302	2x	position = position
303		)
304
305	2x	if (length(whiskers) == 1) { # lwr or upr only; mid is then required
306		# workaround as geom_errorbar does not provide single-direction whiskers
307	!	p <- p +
308	!	ggplot2::geom_linerange(
309	!	data = df_stats[!is.na(df_stats[[whiskers]]), ], # as na.rm =TRUE does not suppress warnings
310	!	ggplot2::aes(ymin = .data[[mid]], ymax = .data[[whiskers]]),
311	!	position = position,
312	!	na.rm = TRUE,
313	!	show.legend = FALSE
314		)
315		}
316		}
317
318	2x	p <- p +
319	2x	ggplot2::scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::comma, expand = ggplot2::expansion(c(0.25, .25))) +
320	2x	ggplot2::labs(
321	2x	title = title,
322	2x	subtitle = subtitle,
323	2x	caption = caption,
324	2x	color = legend_title,
325	2x	lty = legend_title,
326	2x	shape = legend_title,
327	2x	x = attr(df[[x]], "label"),
328	2x	y = y_lab
329		)
330
331	2x	if (!is.null(col)) {
332	!	p <- p +
333	!	ggplot2::scale_color_manual(values = col)
334		}
335
336	2x	if (!is.null(ggtheme)) {
337	2x	p <- p + ggtheme
338		} else {
339	!	p <- p +
340	!	ggplot2::theme_bw() +
341	!	ggplot2::theme(
342	!	legend.key.width = grid::unit(1, "cm"),
343	!	legend.position = legend_position,
344	!	legend.direction = ifelse(
345	!	legend_position %in% c("top", "bottom"),
346	!	"horizontal",
347	!	"vertical"
348		)
349		)
350		}
351
352		############################################################# \|
353		# ---- Optionally, add table to the bottom of the plot. ----
354		############################################################# \|
355	2x	if (!is.null(table)) {
356	1x	df_stats_table <- df_grp %>%
357	1x	dplyr::summarise(
358	1x	h_format_row(
359	1x	x = sfun(.data[[y]], ...)[table],
360	1x	format = table_format,
361	1x	labels = table_labels
362		),
363	1x	.groups = "drop"
364		)
365
366	1x	stats_lev <- rev(setdiff(colnames(df_stats_table), c(strata, x)))
367
368	1x	df_stats_table <- df_stats_table %>%
369	1x	tidyr::pivot_longer(
370	1x	cols = -dplyr::all_of(c(strata, x)),
371	1x	names_to = "stat",
372	1x	values_to = "value",
373	1x	names_ptypes = list(stat = factor(levels = stats_lev))
374		)
375
376	1x	tbl <- ggplot2::ggplot(
377	1x	df_stats_table,
378	1x	ggplot2::aes(x = .data[[x]], y = .data[["stat"]], label = .data[["value"]])
379		) +
380	1x	ggplot2::geom_text(size = table_font_size) +
381	1x	ggplot2::theme_bw() +
382	1x	ggplot2::theme(
383	1x	panel.border = ggplot2::element_blank(),
384	1x	panel.grid.major = ggplot2::element_blank(),
385	1x	panel.grid.minor = ggplot2::element_blank(),
386	1x	axis.ticks = ggplot2::element_blank(),
387	1x	axis.title = ggplot2::element_blank(),
388	1x	axis.text.x = ggplot2::element_blank(),
389	1x	axis.text.y = ggplot2::element_text(margin = ggplot2::margin(t = 0, r = 0, b = 0, l = 5)),
390	1x	strip.text = ggplot2::element_text(hjust = 0),
391	1x	strip.text.x = ggplot2::element_text(margin = ggplot2::margin(1.5, 0, 1.5, 0, "pt")),
392	1x	strip.background = ggplot2::element_rect(fill = "grey95", color = NA),
393	1x	legend.position = "none"
394		)
395
396	1x	if (!is.null(strata)) {
397	1x	tbl <- tbl + ggplot2::facet_wrap(facets = strata, ncol = 1)
398		}
399
400		# align plot and table
401	1x	cowplot::plot_grid(p, tbl, ncol = 1)
402		} else {
403	1x	p
404		}
405		}
406
407		#' Helper function to get the right formatting in the optional table in `g_lineplot`.
408		#'
409		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
410		#'
411		#' @param x (named `list`)\cr list of numerical values to be formatted and optionally labeled.
412		#' Elements of `x` must be `numeric` vectors.
413		#' @param format (named `character` or `NULL`)\cr format patterns for `x`. Names of the `format` must
414		#' match the names of `x`. This parameter is passed directly to the `rtables::format_rcell`
415		#' function through the `format` parameter.
416		#' @param labels (named `character` or `NULL`)\cr optional labels for `x`. Names of the `labels` must
417		#' match the names of `x`. When a label is not specified for an element of `x`,
418		#' then this function tries to use `label` or `names` (in this order) attribute of that element
419		#' (depending on which one exists and it is not `NULL` or `NA` or `NaN`). If none of these attributes
420		#' are attached to a given element of `x`, then the label is automatically generated.
421		#'
422		#' @return A single row `data.frame` object.
423		#'
424		#' @examples
425		#' mean_ci <- c(48, 51)
426		#' x <- list(mean = 50, mean_ci = mean_ci)
427		#' format <- c(mean = "xx.x", mean_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)")
428		#' labels <- c(mean = "My Mean")
429		#' h_format_row(x, format, labels)
430		#'
431		#' attr(mean_ci, "label") <- "Mean 95% CI"
432		#' x <- list(mean = 50, mean_ci = mean_ci)
433		#' h_format_row(x, format, labels)
434		#'
435		#' @export
436		h_format_row <- function(x, format, labels = NULL) {
437		# cell: one row, one column data.frame
438	19x	format_cell <- function(x, format, label = NULL) {
439	56x	fc <- format_rcell(x = x, format = unlist(format))
440	56x	if (is.na(fc)) {
441	!	fc <- "NA"
442		}
443	56x	x_label <- attr(x, "label")
444	56x	if (!is.null(label) && !is.na(label)) {
445	55x	names(fc) <- label
446	1x	} else if (!is.null(x_label) && !is.na(x_label)) {
447	!	names(fc) <- x_label
448	1x	} else if (length(x) == length(fc)) {
449	!	names(fc) <- names(x)
450		}
451	56x	as.data.frame(t(fc))
452		}
453
454	19x	row <- do.call(
455	19x	cbind,
456	19x	lapply(
457	19x	names(x), function(xn) format_cell(x[[xn]], format = format[xn], label = labels[xn])
458		)
459		)
460
461	19x	row
462		}
463
464		#' Control Function for `g_lineplot` Function
465		#'
466		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
467		#'
468		#' Default values for `variables` parameter in `g_lineplot` function.
469		#' A variable's default value can be overwritten for any variable.
470		#'
471		#' @param x (`character`)\cr x variable name.
472		#' @param y (`character`)\cr y variable name.
473		#' @param strata (`character` or `NA`)\cr strata variable name.
474		#' @param paramcd (`character` or `NA`)\cr `paramcd` variable name.
475		#' @param y_unit (`character` or `NA`)\cr `y_unit` variable name.
476		#'
477		#' @return A named character vector of variable names.
478		#'
479		#' @examples
480		#' control_lineplot_vars()
481		#' control_lineplot_vars(strata = NA)
482		#'
483		#' @export
484		control_lineplot_vars <- function(x = "AVISIT", y = "AVAL", strata = "ARM", paramcd = "PARAMCD", y_unit = "AVALU") {
485	2x	checkmate::assert_string(x)
486	2x	checkmate::assert_string(y)
487	2x	checkmate::assert_string(strata, na.ok = TRUE)
488	2x	checkmate::assert_string(paramcd, na.ok = TRUE)
489	2x	checkmate::assert_string(y_unit, na.ok = TRUE)
490
491	2x	variables <- c(x = x, y = y, strata = strata, paramcd = paramcd, y_unit = y_unit)
492	2x	return(variables)
493		}

1		#' Confidence Interval for Mean
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Convenient function for calculating the mean confidence interval. It calculates the arithmetic as well as the
6		#' geometric mean. It can be used as a `ggplot` helper function for plotting.
7		#'
8		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
9		#' @param n_min (`number`)\cr a minimum number of non-missing `x` to estimate the confidence interval for mean.
10		#' @param gg_helper (`logical`)\cr `TRUE` when output should be aligned for the use with `ggplot`.
11		#' @param geom_mean (`logical`)\cr `TRUE` when the geometric mean should be calculated.
12		#'
13		#' @return A named `vector` of values `mean_ci_lwr` and `mean_ci_upr`.
14		#'
15		#' @examples
16		#' stat_mean_ci(sample(10), gg_helper = FALSE)
17		#'
18		#' p <- ggplot2::ggplot(mtcars, ggplot2::aes(cyl, mpg)) +
19		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
20		#'
21		#' p + ggplot2::stat_summary(
22		#' fun.data = stat_mean_ci,
23		#' geom = "errorbar"
24		#' )
25		#'
26		#' p + ggplot2::stat_summary(
27		#' fun.data = stat_mean_ci,
28		#' fun.args = list(conf_level = 0.5),
29		#' geom = "errorbar"
30		#' )
31		#'
32		#' p + ggplot2::stat_summary(
33		#' fun.data = stat_mean_ci,
34		#' fun.args = list(conf_level = 0.5, geom_mean = TRUE),
35		#' geom = "errorbar"
36		#' )
37		#'
38		#' @export
39		stat_mean_ci <- function(x,
40		conf_level = 0.95,
41		na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
42		n_min = 2,
43		gg_helper = TRUE,
44		geom_mean = FALSE) {
45	592x	if (na.rm) {
46	2x	x <- stats::na.omit(x)
47		}
48	592x	n <- length(x)
49
50	592x	if (!geom_mean) {
51	297x	m <- mean(x)
52		} else {
53	295x	negative_values_exist <- any(is.na(x[!is.na(x)]) <- x[!is.na(x)] <= 0)
54	295x	if (negative_values_exist) {
55	22x	m <- NA_real_
56		} else {
57	273x	x <- log(x)
58	273x	m <- mean(x)
59		}
60		}
61
62	592x	if (n < n_min \|\| is.na(m)) {
63	100x	ci <- c(mean_ci_lwr = NA_real_, mean_ci_upr = NA_real_)
64		} else {
65	492x	hci <- stats::qt((1 + conf_level) / 2, df = n - 1) * stats::sd(x) / sqrt(n)
66	492x	ci <- c(mean_ci_lwr = m - hci, mean_ci_upr = m + hci)
67	492x	if (geom_mean) {
68	238x	ci <- exp(ci)
69		}
70		}
71
72	592x	if (gg_helper) {
73	!	m <- ifelse(is.na(m), NA_real_, m)
74	!	ci <- data.frame(y = ifelse(geom_mean, exp(m), m), ymin = ci[[1]], ymax = ci[[2]])
75		}
76
77	592x	return(ci)
78		}
79
80		#' Confidence Interval for Median
81		#'
82		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
83		#'
84		#' Convenient function for calculating the median confidence interval. It can be used as a `ggplot` helper
85		#' function for plotting.
86		#'
87		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
88		#' @param gg_helper (`logical`)\cr `TRUE` when output should be aligned for the use with `ggplot`.
89		#'
90		#' @details The function was adapted from `DescTools/versions/0.99.35/source`
91		#'
92		#' @return A named `vector` of values `median_ci_lwr` and `median_ci_upr`.
93		#'
94		#' @examples
95		#' stat_median_ci(sample(10), gg_helper = FALSE)
96		#'
97		#' p <- ggplot2::ggplot(mtcars, ggplot2::aes(cyl, mpg)) +
98		#' ggplot2::geom_point()
99		#' p + ggplot2::stat_summary(
100		#' fun.data = stat_median_ci,
101		#' geom = "errorbar"
102		#' )
103		#'
104		#' @export
105		stat_median_ci <- function(x,
106		conf_level = 0.95,
107		na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
108		gg_helper = TRUE) {
109	298x	x <- unname(x)
110	298x	if (na.rm) {
111	3x	x <- x[!is.na(x)]
112		}
113	298x	n <- length(x)
114	298x	med <- stats::median(x)
115
116	298x	k <- stats::qbinom(p = (1 - conf_level) / 2, size = n, prob = 0.5, lower.tail = TRUE)
117
118		# k == 0 - for small samples (e.g. n <= 5) ci can be outside the observed range
119	298x	if (k == 0 \|\| is.na(med)) {
120	79x	ci <- c(median_ci_lwr = NA_real_, median_ci_upr = NA_real_)
121	79x	empir_conf_level <- NA_real_
122		} else {
123	219x	x_sort <- sort(x)
124	219x	ci <- c(median_ci_lwr = x_sort[k], median_ci_upr = x_sort[n - k + 1])
125	219x	empir_conf_level <- 1 - 2 * stats::pbinom(k - 1, size = n, prob = 0.5)
126		}
127
128	298x	if (gg_helper) {
129	!	ci <- data.frame(y = med, ymin = ci[[1]], ymax = ci[[2]])
130		}
131
132	298x	attr(ci, "conf_level") <- empir_conf_level
133
134	298x	return(ci)
135		}
136
137		#' p-Value of the Mean
138		#'
139		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
140		#'
141		#' Convenient function for calculating the two-sided p-value of the mean.
142		#'
143		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
144		#' @param n_min (`numeric`)\cr a minimum number of non-missing `x` to estimate the p-value of the mean.
145		#' @param test_mean (`numeric`)\cr mean value to test under the null hypothesis.
146		#'
147		#' @return A p-value.
148		#'
149		#' @examples
150		#' stat_mean_pval(sample(10))
151		#'
152		#' stat_mean_pval(rnorm(10), test_mean = 0.5)
153		#'
154		#' @export
155		stat_mean_pval <- function(x,
156		na.rm = TRUE, # nolint
157		n_min = 2,
158		test_mean = 0) {
159	299x	if (na.rm) {
160	4x	x <- stats::na.omit(x)
161		}
162	299x	n <- length(x)
163
164	299x	x_mean <- mean(x)
165	299x	x_sd <- stats::sd(x)
166
167	299x	if (n < n_min) {
168	42x	pv <- c(p_value = NA_real_)
169		} else {
170	257x	x_se <- stats::sd(x) / sqrt(n)
171	257x	ttest <- (x_mean - test_mean) / x_se
172	257x	pv <- c(p_value = 2 * stats::pt(-abs(ttest), df = n - 1))
173		}
174
175	299x	return(pv)
176		}
177
178		#' Proportion Difference and Confidence Interval
179		#'
180		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
181		#'
182		#' Function for calculating the proportion (or risk) difference and confidence interval between arm
183		#' X (reference group) and arm Y. Risk difference is calculated by subtracting cumulative incidence
184		#' in arm Y from cumulative incidence in arm X.
185		#'
186		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
187		#' @param x (`list` of `integer`)\cr list of number of occurrences in arm X (reference group).
188		#' @param y (`list` of `integer`)\cr list of number of occurrences in arm Y. Must be of equal length to `x`.
189		#' @param N_x (`numeric`)\cr total number of records in arm X.
190		#' @param N_y (`numeric`)\cr total number of records in arm Y.
191		#' @param list_names (`character`)\cr names of each variable/level corresponding to pair of proportions in
192		#' `x` and `y`. Must be of equal length to `x` and `y`.
193		#' @param pct (`flag`)\cr whether output should be returned as percentages. Defaults to `TRUE`.
194		#'
195		#' @return List of proportion differences and CIs corresponding to each pair of number of occurrences in `x` and
196		#' `y`. Each list element consists of 3 statistics: proportion difference, CI lower bound, and CI upper bound.
197		#'
198		#' @seealso Split function [add_riskdiff()] which, when used as `split_fun` within [rtables::split_cols_by()]
199		#' with `riskdiff` argument is set to `TRUE` in subsequent analyze functions, adds a column containing
200		#' proportion (risk) difference to an `rtables` layout.
201		#'
202		#' @examples
203		#' stat_propdiff_ci(
204		#' x = list(0.375), y = list(0.01), N_x = 5, N_y = 5, list_names = "x", conf_level = 0.9
205		#' )
206		#'
207		#' stat_propdiff_ci(
208		#' x = list(0.5, 0.75, 1), y = list(0.25, 0.05, 0.5), N_x = 10, N_y = 20, pct = FALSE
209		#' )
210		#'
211		#' @export
212		stat_propdiff_ci <- function(x,
213		y,
214		N_x, # nolint
215		N_y, # nolint
216		list_names = NULL,
217		conf_level = 0.95,
218		pct = TRUE) {
219	11x	checkmate::assert_list(x, types = "numeric")
220	11x	checkmate::assert_list(y, types = "numeric", len = length(x))
221	11x	checkmate::assert_character(list_names, len = length(x), null.ok = TRUE)
222	11x	rd_list <- lapply(seq_along(x), function(i) {
223	25x	p_x <- x[[i]] / N_x
224	25x	p_y <- y[[i]] / N_y
225	25x	rd_ci <- p_x - p_y + c(-1, 1) * stats::qnorm((1 + conf_level) / 2) *
226	25x	sqrt(p_x * (1 - p_x) / N_x + p_y * (1 - p_y) / N_y)
227	25x	c(p_x - p_y, rd_ci) * ifelse(pct, 100, 1)
228		})
229	11x	names(rd_list) <- list_names
230	11x	rd_list
231		}

1		#' Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern (STEP) Fit for Binary (Response) Outcome
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' This fits the Subgroup Treatment Effect Pattern logistic regression models for a binary
6		#' (response) outcome. The treatment arm variable must have exactly 2 levels,
7		#' where the first one is taken as reference and the estimated odds ratios are
8		#' for the comparison of the second level vs. the first one.
9		#'
10		#' The (conditional) logistic regression model which is fit is:
11		#'
12		#' `response ~ arm * poly(biomarker, degree) + covariates + strata(strata)`
13		#'
14		#' where `degree` is specified by `control_step()`.
15		#'
16		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
17		#' @param variables (named `list` of `character`)\cr list of analysis variables:
18		#' needs `response`, `arm`, `biomarker`, and optional `covariates` and `strata`.
19		#' @param control (named `list`)\cr combined control list from [control_step()]
20		#' and [control_logistic()].
21		#'
22		#' @return A matrix of class `step`. The first part of the columns describe the
23		#' subgroup intervals used for the biomarker variable, including where the
24		#' center of the intervals are and their bounds. The second part of the
25		#' columns contain the estimates for the treatment arm comparison.
26		#'
27		#' @note For the default degree 0 the `biomarker` variable is not included in the model.
28		#'
29		#' @seealso [control_step()] and [control_logistic()] for the available
30		#' customization options.
31		#'
32		#' @examples
33		#' # Testing dataset with just two treatment arms.
34		#' library(survival)
35		#' library(dplyr)
36		#'
37		#' adrs_f <- tern_ex_adrs %>%
38		#' filter(
39		#' PARAMCD == "BESRSPI",
40		#' ARM %in% c("B: Placebo", "A: Drug X")
41		#' ) %>%
42		#' mutate(
43		#' # Reorder levels of ARM to have Placebo as reference arm for Odds Ratio calculations.
44		#' ARM = droplevels(forcats::fct_relevel(ARM, "B: Placebo")),
45		#' RSP = case_when(AVALC %in% c("PR", "CR") ~ 1, TRUE ~ 0),
46		#' SEX = factor(SEX)
47		#' )
48		#'
49		#' variables <- list(
50		#' arm = "ARM",
51		#' biomarker = "BMRKR1",
52		#' covariates = "AGE",
53		#' response = "RSP"
54		#' )
55		#'
56		#' # Fit default STEP models: Here a constant treatment effect is estimated in each subgroup.
57		#' # We use a large enough bandwidth to avoid too small subgroups and linear separation in those.
58		#' step_matrix <- fit_rsp_step(
59		#' variables = variables,
60		#' data = adrs_f,
61		#' control = c(control_logistic(), control_step(bandwidth = 0.5))
62		#' )
63		#' dim(step_matrix)
64		#' head(step_matrix)
65		#'
66		#' # Specify different polynomial degree for the biomarker interaction to use more flexible local
67		#' # models. Or specify different logistic regression options, including confidence level.
68		#' step_matrix2 <- fit_rsp_step(
69		#' variables = variables,
70		#' data = adrs_f,
71		#' control = c(control_logistic(conf_level = 0.9), control_step(bandwidth = 0.6, degree = 1))
72		#' )
73		#'
74		#' # Use a global constant model. This is helpful as a reference for the subgroup models.
75		#' step_matrix3 <- fit_rsp_step(
76		#' variables = variables,
77		#' data = adrs_f,
78		#' control = c(control_logistic(), control_step(bandwidth = NULL, num_points = 2L))
79		#' )
80		#'
81		#' # It is also possible to use strata, i.e. use conditional logistic regression models.
82		#' variables2 <- list(
83		#' arm = "ARM",
84		#' biomarker = "BMRKR1",
85		#' covariates = "AGE",
86		#' response = "RSP",
87		#' strata = c("STRATA1", "STRATA2")
88		#' )
89		#'
90		#' step_matrix4 <- fit_rsp_step(
91		#' variables = variables2,
92		#' data = adrs_f,
93		#' control = c(control_logistic(), control_step(bandwidth = 0.6))
94		#' )
95		#'
96		#' @export
97		fit_rsp_step <- function(variables,
98		data,
99		control = c(control_step(), control_logistic())) {
100	5x	assert_df_with_variables(data, variables)
101	5x	checkmate::assert_list(control, names = "named")
102	5x	data <- data[!is.na(data[[variables$biomarker]]), ]
103	5x	window_sel <- h_step_window(x = data[[variables$biomarker]], control = control)
104	5x	interval_center <- window_sel$interval[, "Interval Center"]
105	5x	form <- h_step_rsp_formula(variables = variables, control = control)
106	5x	estimates <- if (is.null(control$bandwidth)) {
107	1x	h_step_rsp_est(
108	1x	formula = form,
109	1x	data = data,
110	1x	variables = variables,
111	1x	x = interval_center,
112	1x	control = control
113		)
114		} else {
115	4x	tmp <- mapply(
116	4x	FUN = h_step_rsp_est,
117	4x	x = interval_center,
118	4x	subset = as.list(as.data.frame(window_sel$sel)),
119	4x	MoreArgs = list(
120	4x	formula = form,
121	4x	data = data,
122	4x	variables = variables,
123	4x	control = control
124		)
125		)
126		# Maybe we find a more elegant solution than this.
127	4x	rownames(tmp) <- c("n", "logor", "se", "ci_lower", "ci_upper")
128	4x	t(tmp)
129		}
130	5x	result <- cbind(window_sel$interval, estimates)
131	5x	structure(
132	5x	result,
133	5x	class = c("step", "matrix"),
134	5x	variables = variables,
135	5x	control = control
136		)
137		}

1		#' Convert List of Groups to Data Frame
2		#'
3		#' This converts a list of group levels into a data frame format which is expected by [rtables::add_combo_levels()].
4		#'
5		#' @param groups_list (named `list` of `character`)\cr specifies the new group levels via the names and the
6		#' levels that belong to it in the character vectors that are elements of the list.
7		#'
8		#' @return [tibble::tibble()] in the required format.
9		#'
10		#' @examples
11		#' grade_groups <- list(
12		#' "Any Grade (%)" = c("1", "2", "3", "4", "5"),
13		#' "Grade 3-4 (%)" = c("3", "4"),
14		#' "Grade 5 (%)" = "5"
15		#' )
16		#' groups_list_to_df(grade_groups)
17		#'
18		#' @export
19		groups_list_to_df <- function(groups_list) {
20	5x	checkmate::assert_list(groups_list, names = "named")
21	5x	lapply(groups_list, checkmate::assert_character)
22	5x	tibble::tibble(
23	5x	valname = make_names(names(groups_list)),
24	5x	label = names(groups_list),
25	5x	levelcombo = unname(groups_list),
26	5x	exargs = replicate(length(groups_list), list())
27		)
28		}
29
30		#' Reference and Treatment Group Combination
31		#'
32		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
33		#'
34		#' Facilitate the re-combination of groups divided as reference and treatment groups; it helps in arranging groups of
35		#' columns in the `rtables` framework and teal modules.
36		#'
37		#' @param fct (`factor`)\cr the variable with levels which needs to be grouped.
38		#' @param ref (`string`)\cr the reference level(s).
39		#' @param collapse (`string`)\cr a character string to separate `fct` and `ref`.
40		#'
41		#' @return A `list` with first item `ref` (reference) and second item `trt` (treatment).
42		#'
43		#' @examples
44		#' groups <- combine_groups(
45		#' fct = DM$ARM,
46		#' ref = c("B: Placebo")
47		#' )
48		#'
49		#' basic_table() %>%
50		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups) %>%
51		#' add_colcounts() %>%
52		#' analyze_vars("AGE") %>%
53		#' build_table(DM)
54		#'
55		#' @export
56		combine_groups <- function(fct,
57		ref = NULL,
58		collapse = "/") {
59	10x	checkmate::assert_string(collapse)
60	10x	checkmate::assert_character(ref, min.chars = 1, any.missing = FALSE, null.ok = TRUE)
61	10x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(fct, classes = c("factor", "character"))
62
63	10x	fct <- as_factor_keep_attributes(fct)
64
65	10x	group_levels <- levels(fct)
66	10x	if (is.null(ref)) {
67	6x	ref <- group_levels[1]
68		} else {
69	4x	checkmate::assert_subset(ref, group_levels)
70		}
71
72	10x	groups <- list(
73	10x	ref = group_levels[group_levels %in% ref],
74	10x	trt = group_levels[!group_levels %in% ref]
75		)
76	10x	stats::setNames(groups, nm = lapply(groups, paste, collapse = collapse))
77		}
78
79		#' Split Columns by Groups of Levels
80		#'
81		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
82		#'
83		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
84		#' @inheritParams groups_list_to_df
85		#' @param ... additional arguments to [rtables::split_cols_by()] in order. For instance, to
86		#' control formats (`format`), add a joint column for all groups (`incl_all`).
87		#'
88		#' @return A layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions. Adding
89		#' this function to an `rtable` layout will add a column split including the given
90		#' groups to the table layout.
91		#'
92		#' @seealso [rtables::split_cols_by()]
93		#'
94		#' @examples
95		#' # 1 - Basic use
96		#'
97		#' # Without group combination `split_cols_by_groups` is
98		#' # equivalent to [rtables::split_cols_by()].
99		#' basic_table() %>%
100		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM") %>%
101		#' add_colcounts() %>%
102		#' analyze("AGE") %>%
103		#' build_table(DM)
104		#'
105		#' # Add a reference column.
106		#' basic_table() %>%
107		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM", ref_group = "B: Placebo") %>%
108		#' add_colcounts() %>%
109		#' analyze(
110		#' "AGE",
111		#' afun = function(x, .ref_group, .in_ref_col) {
112		#' if (.in_ref_col) {
113		#' in_rows("Diff Mean" = rcell(NULL))
114		#' } else {
115		#' in_rows("Diff Mean" = rcell(mean(x) - mean(.ref_group), format = "xx.xx"))
116		#' }
117		#' }
118		#' ) %>%
119		#' build_table(DM)
120		#'
121		#' # 2 - Adding group specification
122		#'
123		#' # Manual preparation of the groups.
124		#' groups <- list(
125		#' "Arms A+B" = c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo"),
126		#' "Arms A+C" = c("A: Drug X", "C: Combination")
127		#' )
128		#'
129		#' # Use of split_cols_by_groups without reference column.
130		#' basic_table() %>%
131		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups) %>%
132		#' add_colcounts() %>%
133		#' analyze("AGE") %>%
134		#' build_table(DM)
135		#'
136		#' # Including differentiated output in the reference column.
137		#' basic_table() %>%
138		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups_list = groups, ref_group = "Arms A+B") %>%
139		#' analyze(
140		#' "AGE",
141		#' afun = function(x, .ref_group, .in_ref_col) {
142		#' if (.in_ref_col) {
143		#' in_rows("Diff. of Averages" = rcell(NULL))
144		#' } else {
145		#' in_rows("Diff. of Averages" = rcell(mean(x) - mean(.ref_group), format = "xx.xx"))
146		#' }
147		#' }
148		#' ) %>%
149		#' build_table(DM)
150		#'
151		#' # 3 - Binary list dividing factor levels into reference and treatment
152		#'
153		#' # `combine_groups` defines reference and treatment.
154		#' groups <- combine_groups(
155		#' fct = DM$ARM,
156		#' ref = c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")
157		#' )
158		#' groups
159		#'
160		#' # Use group definition without reference column.
161		#' basic_table() %>%
162		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups_list = groups) %>%
163		#' add_colcounts() %>%
164		#' analyze("AGE") %>%
165		#' build_table(DM)
166		#'
167		#' # Use group definition with reference column (first item of groups).
168		#' basic_table() %>%
169		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups, ref_group = names(groups)[1]) %>%
170		#' add_colcounts() %>%
171		#' analyze(
172		#' "AGE",
173		#' afun = function(x, .ref_group, .in_ref_col) {
174		#' if (.in_ref_col) {
175		#' in_rows("Diff Mean" = rcell(NULL))
176		#' } else {
177		#' in_rows("Diff Mean" = rcell(mean(x) - mean(.ref_group), format = "xx.xx"))
178		#' }
179		#' }
180		#' ) %>%
181		#' build_table(DM)
182		#'
183		#' @export
184		split_cols_by_groups <- function(lyt,
185		var,
186		groups_list = NULL,
187		ref_group = NULL,
188		...) {
189	6x	if (is.null(groups_list)) {
190	2x	split_cols_by(
191	2x	lyt = lyt,
192	2x	var = var,
193	2x	ref_group = ref_group,
194		...
195		)
196		} else {
197	4x	groups_df <- groups_list_to_df(groups_list)
198	4x	if (!is.null(ref_group)) {
199	3x	ref_group <- groups_df$valname[groups_df$label == ref_group]
200		}
201	4x	split_cols_by(
202	4x	lyt = lyt,
203	4x	var = var,
204	4x	split_fun = add_combo_levels(groups_df, keep_levels = groups_df$valname),
205	4x	ref_group = ref_group,
206		...
207		)
208		}
209		}
210
211		#' Combine Counts
212		#'
213		#' Simplifies the estimation of column counts, especially when group combination is required.
214		#'
215		#' @inheritParams combine_groups
216		#' @inheritParams groups_list_to_df
217		#'
218		#' @return A `vector` of column counts.
219		#'
220		#' @seealso [combine_groups()]
221		#'
222		#' @examples
223		#' ref <- c("A: Drug X", "B: Placebo")
224		#' groups <- combine_groups(fct = DM$ARM, ref = ref)
225		#'
226		#' col_counts <- combine_counts(
227		#' fct = DM$ARM,
228		#' groups_list = groups
229		#' )
230		#'
231		#' basic_table() %>%
232		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups) %>%
233		#' add_colcounts() %>%
234		#' analyze_vars("AGE") %>%
235		#' build_table(DM, col_counts = col_counts)
236		#'
237		#' ref <- "A: Drug X"
238		#' groups <- combine_groups(fct = DM$ARM, ref = ref)
239		#' col_counts <- combine_counts(
240		#' fct = DM$ARM,
241		#' groups_list = groups
242		#' )
243		#'
244		#' basic_table() %>%
245		#' split_cols_by_groups("ARM", groups) %>%
246		#' add_colcounts() %>%
247		#' analyze_vars("AGE") %>%
248		#' build_table(DM, col_counts = col_counts)
249		#'
250		#' @export
251		combine_counts <- function(fct, groups_list = NULL) {
252	4x	checkmate::assert_multi_class(fct, classes = c("factor", "character"))
253
254	4x	fct <- as_factor_keep_attributes(fct)
255
256	4x	if (is.null(groups_list)) {
257	1x	y <- table(fct)
258	1x	y <- stats::setNames(as.numeric(y), nm = dimnames(y)[[1]])
259		} else {
260	3x	y <- vapply(
261	3x	X = groups_list,
262	3x	FUN = function(x) sum(table(fct)[x]),
263	3x	FUN.VALUE = 1
264		)
265		}
266	4x	y
267		}

1		#' Pairwise `CoxPH` model
2		#'
3		#' @description `r lifecycle::badge("stable")`
4		#'
5		#' Summarize p-value, HR and CIs from stratified or unstratified `CoxPH` model.
6		#'
7		#' @inheritParams argument_convention
8		#' @inheritParams s_surv_time
9		#' @param strat (`character` or `NULL`)\cr variable names indicating stratification factors.
10		#' @param control (`list`)\cr parameters for comparison details, specified by using the helper function
11		#' [control_coxph()]. Some possible parameter options are:
12		#' * `pval_method` (`string`)\cr p-value method for testing hazard ratio = 1. Default method is `"log-rank"` which
13		#' comes from [survival::survdiff()], can also be set to `"wald"` or `"likelihood"` (from [survival::coxph()]).
14		#' * `ties` (`string`)\cr specifying the method for tie handling. Default is `"efron"`,
15		#' can also be set to `"breslow"` or `"exact"`. See more in [survival::coxph()]
16		#' * `conf_level` (`proportion`)\cr confidence level of the interval for HR.
17		#'
18		#' @name survival_coxph_pairwise
19		NULL
20
21		#' @describeIn survival_coxph_pairwise Statistics function which analyzes HR, CIs of HR and p-value of a `coxph` model.
22		#'
23		#' @return
24		#' * `s_coxph_pairwise()` returns the statistics:
25		#' * `pvalue`: p-value to test HR = 1.
26		#' * `hr`: Hazard ratio.
27		#' * `hr_ci`: Confidence interval for hazard ratio.
28		#' * `n_tot`: Total number of observations.
29		#' * `n_tot_events`: Total number of events.
30		#'
31		#' @examples
32		#' library(dplyr)
33		#'
34		#' adtte_f <- tern_ex_adtte %>%
35		#' filter(PARAMCD == "OS") %>%
36		#' mutate(is_event = CNSR == 0)
37		#' df <- adtte_f %>%
38		#' filter(ARMCD == "ARM A")
39		#' df_ref_group <- adtte_f %>%
40		#' filter(ARMCD == "ARM B")
41		#'
42		#' @keywords internal
43		s_coxph_pairwise <- function(df,
44		.ref_group,
45		.in_ref_col,
46		.var,
47		is_event,
48		strat = NULL,
49		control = control_coxph()) {
50	65x	checkmate::assert_string(.var)
51	65x	checkmate::assert_numeric(df[[.var]])
52	65x	checkmate::assert_logical(df[[is_event]])
53	65x	assert_df_with_variables(df, list(tte = .var, is_event = is_event))
54	65x	pval_method <- control$pval_method
55	65x	ties <- control$ties
56	65x	conf_level <- control$conf_level
57
58	65x	if (.in_ref_col) {
59	!	return(
60	!	list(
61	!	pvalue = formatters::with_label("", paste0("p-value (", pval_method, ")")),
62	!	hr = formatters::with_label("", "Hazard Ratio"),
63	!	hr_ci = formatters::with_label("", f_conf_level(conf_level)),
64	!	n_tot = formatters::with_label("", "Total n"),
65	!	n_tot_events = formatters::with_label("", "Total events")
66		)
67		)
68		}
69	65x	data <- rbind(.ref_group, df)
70	65x	group <- factor(rep(c("ref", "x"), c(nrow(.ref_group), nrow(df))), levels = c("ref", "x"))
71
72	65x	df_cox <- data.frame(
73	65x	tte = data[[.var]],
74	65x	is_event = data[[is_event]],
75	65x	arm = group
76		)
77	65x	if (is.null(strat)) {
78	58x	formula_cox <- survival::Surv(tte, is_event) ~ arm
79		} else {
80	7x	formula_cox <- stats::as.formula(
81	7x	paste0(
82	7x	"survival::Surv(tte, is_event) ~ arm + strata(",
83	7x	paste(strat, collapse = ","),
84		")"
85		)
86		)
87	7x	df_cox <- cbind(df_cox, data[strat])
88		}
89	65x	cox_fit <- survival::coxph(
90	65x	formula = formula_cox,
91	65x	data = df_cox,
92	65x	ties = ties
93		)
94	65x	sum_cox <- summary(cox_fit, conf.int = conf_level, extend = TRUE)
95	65x	orginal_survdiff <- survival::survdiff(
96	65x	formula_cox,
97	65x	data = df_cox
98		)
99	65x	log_rank_pvalue <- 1 - pchisq(orginal_survdiff$chisq, length(orginal_survdiff$n) - 1)
100
101	65x	pval <- switch(pval_method,
102	65x	"wald" = sum_cox$waldtest["pvalue"],
103	65x	"log-rank" = log_rank_pvalue, # pvalue from original log-rank test survival::survdiff()
104	65x	"likelihood" = sum_cox$logtest["pvalue"]
105		)
106	65x	list(
107	65x	pvalue = formatters::with_label(unname(pval), paste0("p-value (", pval_method, ")")),
108	65x	hr = formatters::with_label(sum_cox$conf.int[1, 1], "Hazard Ratio"),
109	65x	hr_ci = formatters::with_label(unname(sum_cox$conf.int[1, 3:4]), f_conf_level(conf_level)),
110	65x	n_tot = formatters::with_label(sum_cox$n, "Total n"),
111	65x	n_tot_events = formatters::with_label(sum_cox$nevent, "Total events")
112		)
113		}
114
115		#' @describeIn survival_coxph_pairwise Formatted analysis function which is used as `afun` in `coxph_pairwise()`.
116		#'
117		#' @return
118		#' * `a_coxph_pairwise()` returns the corresponding list with formatted [rtables::CellValue()].
119		#'
120		#'
121		#' @keywords internal
122		a_coxph_pairwise <- make_afun(
123		s_coxph_pairwise,
124		.indent_mods = c(pvalue = 0L, hr = 0L, hr_ci = 1L, n_tot = 0L, n_tot_events = 0L),
125		.formats = c(
126		pvalue = "x.xxxx \| (<0.0001)",
127		hr = "xx.xx",
128		hr_ci = "(xx.xx, xx.xx)",
129		n_tot = "xx.xx",
130		n_tot_events = "xx.xx"
131		)
132		)
133
134		#' @describeIn survival_coxph_pairwise Layout-creating function which can take statistics function arguments
135		#' and additional format arguments. This function is a wrapper for [rtables::analyze()].
136		#'
137		#' @return
138		#' * `coxph_pairwise()` returns a layout object suitable for passing to further layouting functions,
139		#' or to [rtables::build_table()]. Adding this function to an `rtable` layout will add formatted rows containing
140		#' the statistics from `s_coxph_pairwise()` to the table layout.
141		#'
142		#' @examples
143		#' basic_table() %>%
144		#' split_cols_by(var = "ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM A") %>%
145		#' add_colcounts() %>%
146		#' coxph_pairwise(
147		#' vars = "AVAL",
148		#' is_event = "is_event",
149		#' var_labels = "Unstratified Analysis"
150		#' ) %>%
151		#' build_table(df = adtte_f)
152		#'
153		#' basic_table() %>%
154		#' split_cols_by(var = "ARMCD", ref_group = "ARM A") %>%
155		#' add_colcounts() %>%
156		#' coxph_pairwise(
157		#' vars = "AVAL",
158		#' is_event = "is_event",
159		#' var_labels = "Stratified Analysis",
160		#' strat = "SEX",
161		#' control = control_coxph(pval_method = "wald")
162		#' ) %>%
163		#' build_table(df = adtte_f)
164		#'
165		#' @export
166		coxph_pairwise <- function(lyt,
167		vars,
168		nested = TRUE,
169		...,
170		var_labels = "CoxPH",
171		show_labels = "visible",
172		table_names = vars,
173		.stats = c("pvalue", "hr", "hr_ci"),
174		.formats = NULL,
175		.labels = NULL,
176		.indent_mods = NULL) {
177	4x	afun <- make_afun(
178	4x	a_coxph_pairwise,
179	4x	.stats = .stats,
180	4x	.formats = .formats,
181	4x	.labels = .labels,
182	4x	.indent_mods = .indent_mods
183		)
184	4x	analyze(
185	4x	lyt,
186	4x	vars,
187	4x	var_labels = var_labels,
188	4x	show_labels = show_labels,
189	4x	table_names = table_names,
190	4x	afun = afun,
191	4x	nested = nested,
192	4x	extra_args = list(...)
193		)
194		}